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WRA Species Report Family: Cupressaceae Taxon: Juniperus bermudiana Synonym: Juniperus virginiana var. bermudiana (L.) Va Common Name: Bemuda juniper Sabina bermudiana (L.) Antoine Bermuda cedar Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 8/8/2012 Juniperus bermudiana (Cupressaceae) Page 1 of 10 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 y 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 n Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 7 Print Date: 8/8/2012 Juniperus bermudiana (Cupressaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 101 2008. Louppe, D./Oteng-Amoako, A.A./Brink, M.. [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] Timbers 1: volume 7 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native only to the forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). island of Bermuda. Formerly abundant there, but now rare because of a disease USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA as well as cutting." Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 202 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Quality of climate match data 2-High] forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 203 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "This subtropical forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). species is not hardy northward in temperate regions." USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 203 2008. Louppe, D./Oteng-Amoako, A.A./Brink, M.. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "In Bermuda Juniperus Timbers 1: volume 7 of Plant Resources of bermudiana occurs near sea-level, on sandy soils and limestone rocks." Tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands 204 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "This forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). subtropical species is not hardy northward in temperate regions." USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 205 1989. Little Jr., E.L./Skolmen, R.G.. Common [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural forest trees of Hawaii: (native and introduced). range?? Hawaiian Islands] "In Hawaii, Bermuda juniper is grown as an USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679. USDA ornamental and in hedges. It is also planted in the Forest Reserves on a small Forest Service, Washington, D.C. scale. Between 1921 and 1953, 6500 trees were planted in the forests on all islands. Examples may be seen at Waiahole, Oahu, Waiahou Spring Reserve (Olinda), Maui, and Pepeekeo Arboretum, Hawaii." 205 2008. Louppe, D./Oteng-Amoako, A.A./Brink, M.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Timbers 1: volume 7 of Plant Resources of range? Yes] "Juniperus bermudiana originates from Bermuda and is occasionally Tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageningen, grown elsewhere, e.g. in the Mascarene islands. It is fairly often planted in Netherlands Reunion and Mauritius, somewhat less often in Rodrigues; it has sometimes become naturalized." 301 2000. Kendle, A.D./Rose, J.E.. The aliens have [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "It is, however, worth balancing this point landed! What are the justifications for `native with a recognition that from a global perspective non-natives may represent a only' policies in landscape plantings?. Landscape resource of genetic diversity that has been lost or suffered massive depletion in and Urban Planning. 47: 19-31. its country of origin. One example is the Bermuda Cedar (Juniperus bermudiana), which is a self regenerating timber tree in St Helena but is a threatened species in Bermuda (Spooner et al., 1993)." 301 2004. Richardson, D.M./Rejmánek, M.. Conifers [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Appendix List of naturalized or invasive as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive (in bold) conifers (Pinopsida), based on hundreds of published and unpublished framework. Diversity and Distributions. 10: sources and the unpublished data and personal observation of the authors over 321–331. more than a decade." … "Juniperus bermudiana (Hawaii; St Helena)" [Listed as invasive in Hawaii and St. Helena] 301 2005. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorence, D.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Juniperus bermudiana L. Status: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. Naturalized Distribution: L/ WM (Mahinahina Gulch)" Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/index.htm Print Date: 8/8/2012 Juniperus bermudiana (Cupressaceae) Page 3 of 10 301 2008. Woo, E.. The Role of Plant-Bird [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "J. bermudiana is also known to be Interactions in the Invasion of Juniperus invasive on the mid-Atlantic island of St. Helena where it was introduced in the bermudiana in Hawaii: Integrating Experiments, 1930s (Ashmole and Ashmole 2000). " Behavior, and Models. PhD Dissertation. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 301 2009. McWilliams, J.P.. Implications of climate [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "The Bermuda cedar, Juniperus change for biodiversity in the UK Overseas bermudiana, naturally endemic to Bermuda, is now slowly spreading in some Territories. JNCC Report, No. 427. Joint Nature parts of Ascension." Conservation Committee, Peterborough 302 2003. The Nature Conservancy - Hawaii [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Potential environmental weed] "TABLE 1: Operating Unit. Kapunakea Preserve West Maui, Priority Weed Species in Kapunakea Preserve" … "Other Important Pest Hawaii. Long-Range Management Plan Fiscal Species:" [List includes Juniperus bermudiana] Years 2004-2009. 2nd Revision. 302 2008. Stow, S.J.C.. Non-native plant distribution [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Disturbance adapted] "Native species may in Montserrat: Conservation and Ecological become invasive if conditions change as in the case of the endemic Bermuda aspects. MSc Thesis. Imperial College of cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) which was able to spread across Bermuda after London, London, UK humans arrived and caused mass deforestation (Kairo et al., 2003)." 302 2008.
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