Collection Policy for the Living Collection

David Rae (Editor), Peter Baxter, David Knott, David Mitchell, David Paterson and Barry Unwin

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Contents

Regius Keeper’s Foreword 3 Section IV Collection types 22 Introduction 22 Introduction 3 Conservation collections 22 PlantNetwork Target 8 project 24 Purpose, aims and objectives 3 Scottish Plant Project 25 International Conifer Conservation Programme 25 Section I National and international context, National Council for the Conservation of Plants stakeholders and user groups 4 and Gardens (NCCPG) 25 Off-site collections 26 National and international context 4 Convention on Biological Diversity 4 Heritage or historic plants, plant collections or Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 4 landscape features 27 Plant Diversity Challenge 5 British native plants International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Scottish Plants Project (formerly known as the Conservation 6 Scottish Rare Plants Project) 29 Action Plan for the Botanic gardens in the European Union & Planta Europa 6 Section V Acquisition and transfer 30 Convention on Trade in Endangered species of Introduction 30 Wild Flora and Fauna 8 Fieldwork 30 Global warming/outside influences 8 Index Seminum 31 Stakeholders and user groups 9 Other seed and plant catalogues 31 Research and conservation 9 Acquisition 31 Education and teaching 10 Repatriation 32 Interpretation 10 Policy for the short to medium term storage Phenology 10 and sowing of seed 33 Visiting public and special interest groups 12 Deaccessions policy 34 Section II Standards of information, targets Conclusion 34 and review 13 Introduction 13 Appendices 35 Standards of information 13 Appendix I Families, genera and projects listed Minimum standards for collecting new plants 13 Minumum standards of record keeping once the in the Science Strategy 35 plant is in cultivation 13 Appendix II Geographical designations for each Publication and availability of information Garden 36 Review of new technologies to improve efficiency of Appendix III Representation themes for each record keeping 14 Garden 37 Targets 14 Appendix IV Plants growing at one of RBGE’s Review 15 Gardens and listed in Bean (and Verification 16 therefore of heritage interested) 38 Information capture 16 Appendix V Acquisition policy 40 Labelling 17 Appendix VI Family and genus designations for Dawyck and Logan 41 Section III Landscape, design and representation policy 19 Introduction 19 Acknowledgements General landscape 19 The authors acknowledge, with thanks, the comments and assistance Use of cultivars 19 given by: Peter Brownless, Rob Cubey, Martin Gardner, Mary Gibby, Representation 20 Geoff Harper, David Harris, Fiona Inches, Sabina Knees, Jeanette Latta, Phil Lusby, Michael Moeller, Toby Pennington, Graham Stewart, Philip Thomas and Kerry Walter.

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Living Collections Policy I am delighted to introduce the Royal Botanic Garden be shaped and managed over the coming years it Edinburgh’s new Living Collections Policy which has will present staff and external parties with a view of been update for the first time since 1994. The world current thinking. The Policy is intended as a guide has changed considerable since then, with more and each Curator has the responsibility to develop plant species threatened in the wild than ever before and progress the elements of it which are of most and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation setting importance to their parts of the Collection. However, out targets to address this problem. This Policy has in trying to meet as many of the standards and been drawn up with the Global Strategy very much in challenges as possible it will be necessary to make mind and I congratulate Dr David Rae and his many the very best use of available staff and resources colleagues who have contributed to the Policy for the quality and clarity of their work which will guide the development of our living collections in the future. Purpose, aims and

Prof Stephen Blackmore FRSE objectives Regius Keeper The purpose of this Collections Policy is to ensure that the Living Collection is well managed, both now Introduction and into the future. More specifically, the aim is to ensure that the right plants are in the right place for This Collection Policy updates and replaces the last those who want to use them. Acquisitions Policy published in 1994. In upgrading Objectives are as follows: to a Collection Policy a number of new chapters have • To ensure the Living Collection fulfills, and been included to describe the wider management integrates with, the wider agenda of the RBGE as of the Living Collection, not just the acquisition of described in the introduction new material. Its scope is also broader than before • To provide long term planning and continuity and it is now more closely integrated into RBGE’s for the Collection and guard against short term Mission Statement, Corporate Planning process, policy changes new Ministerial priorities (of March 2005), Science • To create the richest (total numbers, species Strategy and the National Heritage Act (1985). In diversity and diversity within species) Collection developing this Policy attention has also been paid possible within the resources available to recognizing the important role of the Living • To make the best possible use of the diverse Collection in the global and national context in issues climates at the four sites and the glasshouse such as the environment, climate change and the facilities at Edinburgh quality of life. Finally, this Policy now also recognises • To create and maintain one of the best managed the importance of national and international policies and documented botanic garden collections in and legislation and makes reference to, for instance, the world the Convention on Biological Diversity and the • To ensure the Collection is ‘fit for purpose’ so that Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, thereby it can make a positive contribution to research, highlighting the truly international value of the Living conservation, education and training Collections at all four Gardens and associated sites. • To make the Collection as accessible and The Policy lays down some challenging targets attractive as possible (both physically and that will be hard to reach and hard to sustain. intellectually) thereby creating beautiful However, the authors believed that it was important landscapes for recreation, contributing to quality to present these standards and aspirations even if of life issues and increasing visitor numbers they cannot all be met all of the time. Were they to • To be aware of the possible implications for the have presented the status quo there would have Collection of climate change and, in this respect, been no chance of raising standards. At least by make the best possible use of the microclimates presenting a vision of how the Collection should of the four gardens.

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Section I National and International Context, Stakeholders and User Groups

National and International • The long term storage of documentation and access agreements Context • Long term storage of CBD transfer (plant release) forms The Garden functions within a set of national • Benefit sharing and information sharing with and international policies, acts, guidelines, action donor countries plans and legislative frameworks, including those While it is important to comply by the restrictions produced by our sponsor Department- the Scottish of the CBD it is important also to note that issues Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department. of access, transfer and benefit-sharing (Articles 15 These policies and the newer Ministerial priorities & 16), and the responsibilities they bring, are only of March 2005 have shaped our Mission Statement part of the Convention’s purpose. Other areas of and Corporate Plan. The Living Collection is a direct relevance to RBGE (and other botanic gardens) fundamental part of the Garden and its care and include: development is clearly stated in the National • Development of national strategies Heritage (Scotland) Act 1985, Ministerial priorities (Article 6a) (“maintain and develop the collections”) and • Identification and monitoring (Article 7) Corporate Plan of 2006. National and international • In situ conservation (Article 8) policies of most relevance to the Living Collection, • Ex situ conservation (Article 9) and our interaction with them are as follows: • Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity (Article 10) The Convention on Biological Diversity • Research and training (Article 12) (CBD) • Public education and awareness (Article 13) The purpose of the CBD is: • Technical and scientific cooperation • The conservation of biological diversity (Article 18) • The sustainable use of biodiversity The Horticulture Division is very much aware of • The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits these Articles, along with the opportunities and arising from biodiversity responsibilities they bring, and will ensure that the The RBGE strives to set the highest standards of Living Collection is managed and can be utilized to compliance within the spirit and law of the CBD. In promote them. recognizing our responsibilities under the CBD RBGE has References: signed both the Principles on Access to genetic Resources IPEN web site: www.bgci.org/abs/ipen.html and Benefit-sharing (Latorre Garcia et al, 2000, see below) Latorre Garcia, F. et al. (2000). Results of the pilot project and the International Plant Exchange Network (IPEN) for botanic gardens: Principles on access to genetic (see web site reference below) guidelines. Reference resources and benefit-sharing, common policy should be made to RBGE’s CBD Policy when acquiring, guidelines to assist with their implementation and transferring or using living plant material. explanatory text. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Areas of compliance will include: • Permission to collect Global Strategy for Plant Conservation • Material Access Agreements (GSPC) • Material Transfer Agreements (including plant release forms) The purpose of the GSPC is the conservation of • Acceptance of plant gifts from unregulated/non plants. This is to be accomplished by 16 outcome compliant sources orientated targets to be achieved by 2010. RBGE can

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contribute to aspects of all 16 targets, however, eight cultivation and use and in so-doing contribute are particularly relevant to this Collections Policy. In to Target 16. this context RBGE will: • Ensure the Collection meets the standards Plant Diversity Challenge required by taxonomists, thus contributing to Plant Diversity Challenge is the UK’s response to the Target 1 GSPC. Many of the objectives set out in the GSPC • Promote integrated conservation programmes are already being met through other initiatives (such the International Conifer Conservation in the UK such as the UK Biodiversity Action Plan Programme, Scottish Plant Project and work at and the various Species and Habitat Action Plans the Lijiang Field Station) and the integration that followed. Following an explanation of what of research into conservation collections each target means within the UK context, the and reintroduction programmes, thereby report details relevant ongoing work and prioritises contributing to Targets 3 & 8 necessary additional actions which will enable the • Investigate the cultural requirements of plants UK to meet the targets. in the Living Collection thereby contributing to The report is laid out in the same order as the GSPC. targets 7 & 8 All of the comments and suggestions listed above • Grow as many (and in genetically structured are therefore relevant here, but only within the British collections where possible) Scottish Red-book situation and Target 8 is clearly the most important of listed species as practical and contribute these. For each target, however, the report also lists positively to PlantNetwork’s Target 8 project and ongoing actions contributing to meeting the target to Target 8 in general and then high, medium and lower priority additional • Check the perimeter of the Cairngorm trial work. Where relevant to the Living Collection and plot each year to check for the spread of any additional to the above, these are listed below: possible invasive alien species. Also consider the • Target 3- integrating in situ with ex situ possibility of escapes from the four main gardens conservation and developing this in conjunction and eliminate any seemingly potential invasive with Target 8 (listed as an ongoing action…..) species at an early stage. Collaborate with DEFRA, • Target 8- collecting and storing vascular plants, SEERAD and others in raising the awareness primarily in the Millennium Seed Bank, and of aliens invasive species with the public and reintroducing them as determined by the horticultural trade (Target 10). In this respect Biodiversity Action Plan process (listed as an (even though it is not strictly part of the GSPC) ongoing action….) RBGE will also collaborate with government • Target 8- developing methodologies for the agencies (eg Scottish Agricultural Science ex situ conservation and reintroduction of Agency) concerned with the control of pests bryophytes (listed as an ongoing action….) and diseases and will also abide by legislation • Target 8- developing an integrated inventory of surrounding plant passports, phytosanitary ‘living’ plant and fungal collections (listed as high certificates, quarantine and any necessary priority additional work) inspections (eg for Sudden Oak Death) • Target 8- developing scientific and horticultural • Co-operate with the Education Department expertise for the ex situ conservation of vascular and others by making available plant material plants and reintroductions (listed as high priority to support education (in its widest context) additional work) thereby contributing to Target 14 • Target 8- researching the ex situ conservation of • Use the Living Collection as the basis for lichens and their reintroduction (listed as high training staff, students and volunteers at home priority additional work) and abroad in the science and practice of • Target 8- developing protocols and guidelines horticulture and related disciplines so as to for conservation programmes to release the contribute to Target 15 potential contribution from specialist plant • Again, use the Living Collection as the basis societies, nurseries and gardeners (listed as for taking part in networks at all levels thereby medium priority work) promoting the highest standards of plant • Target 8- following the development of

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protocols and baseline collections- developing diversity conservation, integrating techniques in collections to ensure that adequate genetic ex situ and in situ conservation (1.4.1 i, bullet 2) diversity of each species is maintained to • Maintain genetically diverse and accessible support restoration programmes (listed as lower samples of the world’s plant species in our priority or long-term additional work) collection (1.4.1 i, bullet 6) • Target 9- improving the ex situ holdings of the • Develop and implement best practices in plant genetic diversity of crop wild relatives native to conservation for botanic gardens (1.4.1 i, bullet 9) the UK and of UK crop landrace material (listed • Support and implement the 19 points listed in as high priority additional work) the section on ex situ conservation (p29 of the • Target 9- planning appropriate ex situ Agenda) and reproduced in full in Appendix 22 conservation of minor food crop socio- • Use horticultural knowledge and expertise to economically valuable plant species native to promote the sustainable use of plant genetic the UK (listed as lower priority or long-term resources (2.8.1 ii) additional work) • Develop and maintain plant genetic resource • Target 15- promoting training in whole plant collections, especially of: biology at all educational levels, in particular - threatened plants of economic importance this must deliver more people trained in field - wild plants of economic importance, identification (listed as high priority additional including crop relatives work) - cultivars, prime cultivars (land races) and semi domesticated plants The International Agenda for Botanic • Facilitate and provide access to our collections Gardens in Conservation for bona fide users The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Reference: Conservation (Wyse Jackson and Sutherland, 2000) Wyse Jackson, P.S. and Sutherland, L.A. (2000). provides a global framework for the development International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in of botanic garden policies and programmes for the Conservation. Botanic Garden Conservation effective implementation of international treaties International, UK and national laws, policies and strategies relevant to biodiversity conservation. Within the Agenda Action Plan for Botanic Gardens in the the role of botanic gardens in the development of European Union global partnerships and alliances for biodiversity The Action Plan for Botanic Gardens in the European conservation are defined and a means to monitor Union was published in 2000 (Cheney, J. et al) in the work of botanic gardens in plant conservation is response to the need for coordination and unity presented. between European botanic gardens, identified by Edinburgh and each of the three Regional Gardens the European Union Botanic Gardens Consortium have signed up to the International Agenda (IA) and international conferences organised by them in and support its aim and objectives. In supporting it Edinburgh and the Canaries. The Action Plan sets out through the Living Collection RBGE will: more than 30 objectives arranged under six major Maintain and develop the Living Collection to • headings. Following each objective, suggestions are a standard of maintenance and development presented listing ways in which botanic gardens can and to a degree of accessibility (physically and contribute. In addition, the Plan includes numerous intellectually) to meet the main elements of boxed case studies illustrating good examples. The the global mission as listed in 1.4.1 of the IA. six major sections are as follows: Elements of the IA of most relevance to the A, Science and horticulture Living Collections follow below. • B, Heritage, culture and tourism Stimulate the evaluation and development of • • C, Conservation and biodiversity conservation policies and practices in botanic • D, Education, training and awareness gardens to enforce their effectiveness and • E, Networking and cooperation efficiency (objective 1.1 iii) • F, Capacity building • Help set agreed levels and standards in plant •

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There are numerous objectives that are relevant d. combating the ecological threat posed by to RBGE’s Collection and for this reason they are not non-native invasive species listed here in detail. For the purpose of this Policy a 3. Using plant diversity sustainably general statement supporting the Action Plan and 4. Promoting education and awareness RBGE’s commitment to it is as follows: 5. Building capacity for the conservation of plant • BGE endorses the Action Plan and encourages diversity the use of the Collection to support the As members or signatories of the EU, CBD and objectives presented in the six major sections. GSPC RBGE is, in effect, signed up to the European Reference: Plant Conservation Strategy and supports its aim and objectives. It is also worth noting that The European Cheney, J. et al (eds.) (2000). Action Plan for botanic Botanic Gardens Consortium is strongly linked with, gardens in the European Union. National Botanic and supports, the Strategy. In supporting it through Garden of Belgium for BGCI. Universa, Wetteren the Living Collection RBGE will contribute to the European Plant Conservation Strategy following sub targets: • 1.9 List of threatened European plant taxa in and Planta Europa ex situ collections published on the web (lead Planta Europa is a developing network of organisation- BGCI) organisations (government and non-government) • 2.4 Spore bank for pteridophytes established working for plant conservation in Europe. The with necessary technical protocols developed ultimate mission of this network is to conserve wild (lead organisation- RBGE) plants, both higher and lower, and their habitats. The • 2.6 At least 123 priority species of bryophtes vision is ‘a world in which wild plants are valued- now brought in to ex situ conservation and and for the future’ and the goal is to ‘halt the loss of methodology promoted internationally (lead wild plant diversity in Europe’. Plantlife International organisation- RBG Kew) hosts the Planta Europa Secretariat. • 2.7 Manual with guidelines and case studies of The European Plant Conservation Strategy was best practice for integrated (in situ and ex situ) developed at the third Planta Europa conference for plant conservation programmes made available the conservation of wild plants, held in June 2001 at on the web (lead organisation- Federation de Průhonice in the Czech Republic. It is a joint Council Conservatoire Botanique, France) of Europe and Planta Europa strategy and has been • 2.8 Protocols for ex situ conservation for all endorsed by the Conference of the Parties of the groups of vascular plants, cryptogamic plants Convention on Biological Diversity. and fungi produced (lead organisations- ECP/GR, The Strategy is presented in six major targets EUFORGEN, BGCI) and numerous sub targets, many of which echo It should be noted that there are numerous sub the GSPC. Each sub target has a lead organisation targets relevant to Science and Education and in and lists of contributing organisations. They each, many cases the Living Collection can help these also, have ‘suggested long term European actions’ Divisions/Departments contribute to their targets. which frequently link in with other initiatives, eg In addition there are many ‘Suggested long term E6 ‘Establish regular monitoring of the status of European actions’ listed in the Strategy that are threatened plants on Annex II of the EU Habitats relevant, in a general way, to the Living Collection Directive’. The six major targets are as follows: but they are not listed here. 1. Understanding and documenting plant diversity Reference: 2. Conserving plant diversity, which is broken Planta Europa & Council of Europe (2002). European down into four subsections plant conservation strategy (‘Saving the plants of a. reversing the impacts of intensive agriculture Europe’). Plantlife- the wild plant conservation and forestry charity, London. b. preventing habitat destruction and ensuring It is worth noting that Appendix 1 of the Strategy- appropriate management the policy and legislative framework for plant c. addressing environmental pollution, including conservation, provides a very useful, short water pollution account of many global, European and national

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conservation policies and initiatives. Appendix 3 created for all plants. Mild winters, dry summers, – Acronyms, is similarly very helpful. outbursts of torrential rain and the greater than average number of stormy days are visibly taking their Convention on International Trade in toll on some species with the increased incidence Endangered Species of Wild Fauna of some pests and diseases along with stress caused and Flora (CITES) directly by adverse patterns of climate. It is not possible to accurately predict the long- The purpose of CITES is to regulate and monitor term effect of climate change on our collection and trade in endangered species (living and dead) therefore we are not able to issue precise instructions thereby reducing the market for, and financial reward on what to do with specific parts of the Collection. gained from, plundering plants (and animals) directly None-the-less it is right that this Collection Policy at from the wild. RBGE does not trade in plants whether least makes reference to the fact that the effect of endangered or not (except commercially available climate change on the collections is now becoming ‘garden’ plants through BTC) but, in the context an issue and is being discussed more frequently. of CITES ‘trade’ is taken to mean the crossing of a While most reference to, and discussion of, climate national boundary irrespective of whether money change and global warming tends to be negative we is involved. On occasions RBGE does wish to collect should also be alive to any opportunities that it might CITES-listed plants from the wild or to transfer them afford in terms of growing ‘new’ plants/collections, to others. RBGE’s policy is as follows: exploiting our four gardens to the full and developing • To ensure relevant staff are aware of CITES and innovative conservation programmes. its implications In reviewing the possible impact of climate change • Abide by CITES regulations at all times and global warming on the collections RBGE will: • Obtain CITES permits to collect or transfer CITES- • Consider the benefits of growing some of listed plants, if required Edinburgh’s glasshouse plants in LBG, or indeed • Co-operate with Customs staff in holding, or at other gardens if appropriate holding in quarantine, plants confiscated from • Support the phenology project as it makes good others due to CITES infringements use of the diversity of the collection in providing • Help customs staff identify plants if requested data to help measure the impact of climate • To hold, and make available if requested, CITES change. paperwork/ documentation/licences • Be aware of any possible benefits of climate • To keep any CITES documentation up to date in change and review options for cultivating computerised databases so that proper actions groups of plants thought to be too tender in the can be taken for CITES-related flora past (ie look for new opportunities). • Not make radical changes now, but start to Climate change and global warming become more aware of possible implications There is now little doubt that the world’s climate is and try to identify or predict groups of plants at changing and becoming warmer and more erratic. all 4 sites that might need to be relocated and Evidence for this comes not only from numerous therefore to initiate repropagation programmes scientific reports but also from our own phenological for possible plant redistribution. studies and from observation of the collections. It • Collaborate with others (eg SNH) to identify is clear to see, for instance, that the Rhododendron species likely to become increasingly collection at Edinburgh is under increasing stress threatened in the wild by climate change/global from lack of rainfall and increased incidence of pests warming and initiate or join with appropriate and diseases and that spring flowering plants are conservation programmes flowering earlier almost every year. The fact that • Take note of any new sightings or infestations of climate is now known to be changing faster than at insects or fungi not normally associated with any any time in history will inevitably have consequences of our gardens or collections for our plants. The diversity of our collection, with The following two references are a useful source so many different species growing in just four sites, of information: Cannell et al. (1999) provides useful inevitably means that ideal conditions cannot be factual information while Bisgrove and Hadley (2002)

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have evaluated evidence on how plants and garden The ways in which the Living Collection is used components are likely to repond to climate change. by these groups is as follows (NB some of the above References: have been grouped together to avoid duplication): Cannell, M.G.R., Palutikof, J.P. and Sparks, T.H. (1999). Research and Conservation Indicators of climate change. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. The Living Collection plays an important part in Bisgrove, R. and Hadley, P. (2002). The impacts of supporting the Garden’s research and conservation climate change on gardens in the UK. UK Climate programmes. It is also available to, and used Impacts Programme. widely by, the wider research and conservation communities. The use of plant material for these Stakeholders and User Groups purposes is of fundamental significance and separates botanic gardens, such as RBGE, from other The Living Collection exists to be used but it is also types of garden or collections of plants. This Policy part of Scotland’s important national heritage and recognises the importance of cultivating plant an international reference collection. In developing material to support research and conservation and this Policy thought has been given to the range believes this to be one of the most important uses of of demands and uses placed on the Collection by the Collection. For reference Appendix I lists families, internal and external users and stakeholders. These genera and projects highlghted in the Science are as follows: Strategy 2004. The Horticulture Division will strive for Internal stakeholders and users- the highest standards of cultivation, representation Science staff, eg for molecular studies, reference, • and liaison to support this use of the collection. In flora writing and evolution & developmental particular we will: studies Cultivate the most wide-ranging collection of Horticulture staff • • plants possible within the parameters of this Conservation staff eg International Conifer • Policy, our climate and soil conditions and Conservation Programme (ICCP) and Scottish available resources Plant Project (SPP) Liaise closely with colleagues from the Science PhD students • • Division to ensure the Living Collection meets MSc teaching and projects • their needs or to discuss new projects or new HND teaching and projects • requirements Schools programmes • Maintain the highest standards of record Adult Education Programmes eg painting and • • keeping possible gardening classes Support, through the provision of space, Phenological project • • resources and plant material short-term MSc, External stakeholders and users- PhD and HND projects wherever possible Science community including universities and • Where necessary provide research material of other botanic gardens • different growth stages (seedlings to flowering Conservation community such as Scottish • material) Natural Heritage and Darwin Initiative In conjunction with others and where Horticulture community (in the widest sense to • • appropriate, strive to extract the maximum include arboriculture, forestry, allotment holders, amount of data from the collections, as parks departments etc) including horticultural highlighted in the 2003 Horticulture Visiting students and amateur gardeners Group (photographs, herbarium vouchers, DNA Education community, including schools, • and seeds for banking). While this is not yet colleges and all aspects of education and practicable but we aspire to these standards. learning See also Section II, Information capture for more Other botanic gardens (for any purposes not • information. listed above), in the UK and abroad • Artists and art students • General members of the public

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Education and Teaching processes or activities are taking place. To date most interpretation has been designed The Garden runs a number of formal and informal around existing plantings but it is recognised courses in which plant material is used on a regular that, ideally, new plantings should be designed in basis. This Policy recognizes the importance of conjunction with interpretation. In future: providing plant material to support these courses. Horticultural staff will be encouraged to liaise It especially recognises the particular importance • closely with interpretation staff and to notify of the Living Collections to support the HND them of impending changes, additions or Horticulture with Plantsmanship course and alterations to planted areas appreciates the unique value of the collection for this Interpretation staff will be encouraged to liaise particular course. Wherever possible the plants listed • closely with horticultural staff and to discuss in the appendices will be maintained and made their requirements for plants/plantings to available for this purpose. In addition: complement interpretation. • We recognise that it is a prime responsibility of the Horticulture Division to supply suitable plant Phenology material for the HND course • We also undertake to supply material for other Phenology is the study of the timing of natural courses, including Adult Education classes and events. Within the context of a botanic garden it welcome regular dialogue with course providers will usually involve the dates of flowering, fruiting to ensure realistic expectations and an efficient etc. Phenology is particularly topical at the moment service as it can be used as evidence to support the • If any taxa are lost or deaccessed then course occurrence and rate of climate change. Botanic tutors should be notified and replacements garden collections are particularly appropriate for agreed phenological recording due to their long term and • Lists should be reviewed by Horticulture staff stable nature, high standards of record keeping, and course tutors at least every three years recording of meteorological data and their large • Where possible Regional Garden collections comprehensive collections. should be included in the list Phenological projects have been undertaken • Where individual plants are used on a very at Edinburgh for various periods of time for many regular basis multiple plantings should be years. A work associated with John Hope lists the established where possible flowering dates of many species around Edinburgh • Where appropriate we agree to supply plant in 1764 and 1765. The earliest phenological data material to other institutions for teaching recorded specifically from RBGE at Inverleith are purposes. the first flowering dates of 24 plants in 1850. James • We also agree to acquire new material requested McNab continued recording the first-flowering by any teaching staff if possible. dates of some 90 species until 1878. Thereafter the work was continued by the next two curators Interpretation (Sadler and Lindsay) until 1895, when recording may have ceased. Monitoring was continued in the Where possible selected new and existing plantings 20th century, and handwritten records exist in the will be interpreted for the widest possible audience garden archives for weekly or monthly observations using appropriate media to add to the visitor between 1906 and 1939, often throughout the experience and to fulfill our Mission Statement, calendar year. Unfortunately no records have been following the guidelines of the Interpretation found for the period between 1940 and 2000, Masterplan. although it is known that observations continued to Ideally all interpretation should generally be be made after World War 2. achieved through collaboration with staff from Based on general interest and concern about the Science Division. However it is recognised that climate change and the enthusiasm of a group the Horticulture Division may sometimes lead of staff, phenological recording started again at this process. We recognize the value of short term RBGE in January 2002. Initially this started with the seasonal interpretation eg when particular projects, ‘daily project’ but it has expanded to include other

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projects. Currently, the following projects are taking since 2002. the index can be calculated for any date place: in spring, so long as enough taxa have flowered by • Daily project then. At present 15 March is used as a convenient • Weekly project date for issuing the index to the media for publicity • Bulbs (thermistor) plots at the Spring Equinox and Easter. The index is • Edinburgh spring index calculated as the average number of days by which The Daily project was initiated in January 2002. the plants’ first flowering differs from 2002. Minus 333 individual plants, representing 107 taxa are values mean earlier flowering. So, in 2006, the c.20 monitored daily to record the first flowering date taxa flowering by 15 March were, on average, 18.2 of each plant. These dates are logged each year to days earlier than in 2002 (2002 was, by definition highlight absolute and average flowering dates zero, 2003 was minus 8.2 days per taxon, 2004 was and how they change over time. The number of minus 17.9 and 2005 was minus 25 days per taxon). plants and taxa has been reduced slightly in recent Possible future projects include: years. Plants monitored were chosen for a variety of • International phenology project using all 4 reasons: gardens • To match those monitored historically (19th • Rhododendron project century) at RBGE To be of any value phenological recording needs • To match plants studied in other research work to take place over a long time period, and the • To match those plants monitored as the ‘Kew longer the better. Anything less than, say, 25 years 100’ is of little value but the longer the work continues • UK native species the more valuable the dataset becomes. However, • Including a family studied closely at RBGE recording and record-keeping are time consuming (Rosaceae) and the Horticulture Division cannot be held solely The Weekly project was initiated in January responsible for this work. The Division will, however: 2005 following test runs from December 2002. 162 • Work closely with volunteers to promote accessions representing about 75 taxa are monitored phenological recording weekly and the flowering period is recorded. Unlike • Take over recording for short periods while the Daily project, monitoring continues after the first volunteers are on holiday or are unable to take flowering date to give data on the whole flowering part period of each plant. This project is designed to • Help generate various plant lists from BG-BASE run alongside monitoring done by Prof Fred Last as requested at Longniddry for over 25 years. In this way, the • Help train volunteers to record data in BG-BASE two data sets together will give a full long term set • Agree not to move or remove plants used in of data. Taxa were chosen partly to match those phenological projects without good reason monitored by Prof Last, some transferred from the and to notify the phenological team if it does daily project, some native species and some for become necessary horticultural interest. • Try, wherever possible, to propagate asexually The Bulb (thermistor) plots project was initiated and replant in a similar position any plants used in spring 2003 and the purpose is to determine in phenological projects that have to be moved the effect on flowering time of below-ground or removed temperatures. Six sites around the garden at • Give serious consideration to joining the Inverleith were chosen for different microclimatic International Phenological Gardens Programme conditions. At each site 18 bulb clones (6 species) run from Germany. were planted in a matrix format alongside 3 Reference: thermistors buried at 100mm, 200mm and 300mm Harper, G.H., Mann, D.G. & Thompson, R. (2004). which measure temperature every three hours. Phenological monitoring at Royal Botanic Garden The Edinburgh spring index has been designed Edinburgh. Sibbaldia. Vol 2. RBGE, Edinburgh to show general trends in spring flowering and is of provides a good reference to RBGE’s phenological greatest interest to the general public. The basis of projects. the index is 65 taxa monitored in the daily project

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Visiting Public and Special Interest • Create areas within the Garden where the Groups primary focus is on beautiful floral displays The Garden is an important and valued high quality • Maintain the landscapes to the highest recreation space within the City of Edinburgh standards possible within available resources and within the rural communities of the Regional • Work closely with Facilities Management to Gardens. The Living Collection, along with the maintain the infrastructure where it impacts on landscape and infrastructure, constitutes ‘the the amenity of the collections ( to the highest Garden’ and therefore its maintenance and quality standards possible within available resources)or are paramount in serving the needs of the general where infrastructure is detrimental to the visiting public. This Policy recognises the importance landscapes and collections of the Living Collection in creating a valued ‘visitor • Work closely with interpretation staff to create experience’ and of portraying RBGE as a centre areas where there is a strong correlation of excellence of international standing. Note is between interpretation and planting also made of the 2005 ‘Ministerial priorities’ where • Promote the long term planning/ investment the second priority requires us to increase visitor into infrastructure where it effects the collection numbers and the third requires us to communicate such as, for instance, drains, road surfaces and our science. The policy recognises that a poorly paving maintained garden will have negative impacts well • Promote good, positive planning of the highest beyond the reputation of the horticultural staff. standard, help maintain standards within the The quality of the shops, restaurants and facilities built environment and discourage inappropriate are important factors too, but lie outside the scope or poorly designed new projects or remedial of this Policy. In recognizing the importance of the work visiting public the Horticulture Division will:

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Section II Standards of Information, Targets and Review

following minimum standards of field data, to go Introduction along with the voucher specimens and any plant material intended for the Living Collection should be It is the information attached to plants in botanic obtained wherever possible: garden collections that separates botanic gardens • Source from other types of garden. The quality of that • Field name information and the way in which it is used is • Type of material therefore of great importance. In addition to • Provenance increasing the scientific value of the plants the • Genetic variability use of information is also important for managing • Collector’s name or expedition name/code the collection, especially in the areas of curation, • Collector’s number target-setting and review. This section of the Policy • Date of collection sets out a range of information standards that • Country those collecting material and those managing the • Locality Collection should strive to achieve. A number of • Altitude targets to maintain and improve the Collection are • Longitude/latitude proposed along with a process of regular review to • Habitat ensure that these targets and standards are being • Associated plants met. Standards of labelling and verification are also • Description of the material presented in this section. • Images of the material in the wild and/or collecting locality Standards of information These standards are taken from Thomas and Watson (2000), especially sections 1.2.1 Suggested This Policy recognises the critical importance of Standards for Collecting Notes where they are plant records in botanic garden living collections explained in more detail. The notes go on to say and the value of these records for both the use and that- The information listed above is essential for management of the Collection. This part covers the horticulturists who are expected to grow the material following areas: and also for taxonomists attempting to identify it. • Minimum standards for collecting new plants Most of the information, if not written down at the • Minimum standards of record keeping once the time the collection was made, can never be captured plant is in cultivation again. • Publication and availability of information • Review of new technology to improve efficiency Reference: of record keeping Thomas, Philip & Watson, Mark (2000). Data • Security Management for Plant Collections – A handbook of best practice. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (ISBN 1 Minimum standards for collecting new 872291 58 9) plants Minimum standards of record keeping The quality and extent of field and other data once the plant is in cultivation attached to plants in the Living Collection can very much determine their value and use now Once in cultivation plants should be checked and and in the future and it is, for instance, vital that monitored on a regular basis. Ideally stocktaking voucher herbarium specimens are made to support should take place once per year but this may not seed and other material collected in the wild. The always be possible. In such cases the aim would be

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that established woody plants should be checked The fact that RBGE supports one major database at least once every three years while newly-planted for both living and preserved collections (ensuring woody plants, herbaceous plants and others should data compatibility between the two collections) is be checked once per year. In addition the following regarded as a major institutional strength that should standards should be maintained: be supported and perpetuated. • Current location • Number of plants Security • Condition, where it is important to record more Safety and security of the plant records system is of than just whether the plant is alive or dead- staff the utmost importance and RBGE must ensure that should be encouraged to use the full range of agreed security backup protocols are adhered to. options listed in BG-BASE Safety and security of the plant records system and • Date and name of person or department the data contained within them is recognised in both responsible for updating the record the Risk Register and the Business Continuity Plan This information is also taken from Thomas and which are both reviewed and updated on a regular Watson (2000), where it is explained in more detail. basis. It is appreciated that these levels of stocktaking may not be possible at present due to current staffing levels. However, we should aspire to Targets these levels and the use of volunteers and/or new It is recognised that targets form a useful way of technology may make them achievable in years to prioritising and auditing work and also of driving up come. standards where necessary. However, they should Publication and availability of be regarded as a useful guide and should not be seen as an end in their own right. It is recognized information that outside influences such as severe winters, staff The importance of the published catalogue for shortages and number of fieldwork can radically curatorial use and archival purposes is recognised. affect these targets. RBGE should aim to: Recognising the importance of wild origin • Publish the catalogue of living collections every material for research and conservation and the value 5 years of accurate naming, the following targets for the • Investigate other methods of publication, eg CD Collection for the next 10 years (2016) are as follows: ROM • Wild origin- increase from 53% (currently) to 60% • Continue to publish the collection on the (approximately 0.7% increase per year for the World Wide Web but be prepared to block next 10 years). Note should be made of the fact sensitive information if asked to do so, either by that the number of incoming non-wild origin collaborating countries or RBGE staff plants can obviously affect the total percentage of wild origin plants in the Collection irrespective Review of new technology to improve of the number of new wild origin plants and so efficiency of record keeping percentage figures alone should be treated with caution. RBGE strives to be a leader amongst botanic gardens Verification- increase from 23% to 40% in plant records and the latest techniques of data • (approximately 1.7% increase per year for the capture, recording and access. The Garden will next 10 years). therefore actively seek to review new techniques and To help the process of verification the Plant Records technologies. In particular, RBGE will investigate: Steering Group will encourage the implementation Systems to map the collections • of the so-called Targeted Verification Process Techniques of remote updating • described in Cubey and Gardner (2003) in Volume 1 Touchpad technology for rapid stocktaking • of Sibbaldia (reference at end). Barcode labels and readers • Prior to the 1990’s annual accessions amounted to Computerised tree risk and hazard evaluation • about 4,000, due mostly to the possibility of prolific Investigate alternative and/or newer methods • collecting in China, Bhutan and Nepal. Recently for plant labelling eg secondary labels

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this number has dropped down to as low as about Reference: 900 in one year but is generally about 1,500. The Cubey, R. and Gardner, M.F. (2003). The targeted reasons for this include restrictions imposed by the verification process. Sibbaldia. 1, 19-23. CBD, a greatly reduced expedition budget and the retirement of some staff who organised and took part in fieldwork almost every year. Recognising the Review importance of a comprehensive collection able to Reviews provide a useful mechanism for assessing meet the needs and aspirations of the various users trends and checking if targets have been achieved. identified earlier and acknowledging that a certain For reviews to be accurate collection information number of plant deaths are inevitable in such a must be up-to-date and therefore the stocktaking collection, the following target has been agreed: cycles recommended above should be adhered to if The collection of at least 2,000 new accessions • at all possible. each year Annual reviews will include the following In addition, to reverse the decline of new information: accessions coming into the Collection the following Number of living families, genera, species, taxa, action should be taken: • accessions and individual plants Actively encourage younger and/or • Percent wild origin inexperienced staff to take part in plant • Percent verification collecting fieldwork and help with funding • Number of new taxa and new accessions advice if needed • Number of IUCN-listed species and taxa Encourage more experienced staff to invite • • Number of taxa deaths and accession deaths younger and/or inexperienced staff to join • In addition, using the format (see below) and fieldwork process of the 2001 Collections Audit (Rae, 2004) Encourage staff to plan further ahead (often • five-yearly audits of 60 key families and genera will as much as two years) to ensure that ample be undertaken. Numbers for these key families time is left for the necessary permissions and and genera should be computed every five years paperwork to be put in place to check trends. Other families and genera can be Take a more methodical and proactive approach • added for interest on an ad hoc basis but it is only by to planning and organizing fieldwork by doing a certain basic number on a regular basis over developing a rolling five year Garden-wide diary a long time that trends will become evident. for fieldwork When balancing the capacity of nursery staff to Taxus - 7 species propagate new accessions against current numbers Taxa Plants Acc Acc % Wild of losses from the collection, this figure of 2,000 Wild All origin C accessions per year should allow for a modest 1990 10 60 11 19 58% expansion of the collection. In order to track long 1995 11 246 39 49 80% 2001 11 214 54 66 82% term trends within the collection and guard against % change A 10% 257% 391% 247% gradual decline a methodical process of review, % change B 0% -13% 38% 35% as detailed below, is being recommended, for the first time. It should be noted, however, that hand- The table above shows the layout and information in-hand with maintaining and increasing numbers displayed for just one genus, Taxus, that was through the acquisition of additional material must reviewed in the 2001 Collections Audit. Percent go the careful maintenance and quality cultivation change A records the percentage difference in of what we already have. The two elements- numbers between 1990 and 2001. Percent change maintaining what we have through high standards B records the percentage difference in numbers of maintenance and acquiring new material through between 1995 and 2001. Percent wild origin C records the percent of wild origin accessions against field work- must be considered together in curating all accessions for each of the years shown. the Collection. The following families and genera, which can be regarded as indicators, should be included every time:

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Aceraceae Amaryllidaceae Araucariaceae Berberidaceae Cupressaceae Ericaceae • Plants of conservation importance Gesneriaceae Magnoliaceae Papaveraceae • Groups in which RBGE has a particular research Pinaceae Podocarpaceae Primulaceae interest (either taxonomic or geographic) Rosaceae Saxifragaceae Taxaceae Material connected with a particular expedition Taxodiaceae Umbelliferae Zingiberaceae • Abies Acer Aeschynanthus or collector, if of interest Alnus Araucaria Arisaema • Plants flowering for the first time Begonia Berberis Betula Plants suspected of being incorrectly named Chamaecyparis Chephalotaxus Cotoneaster • Crataegus Dendrobium Deutzia Plants of unknown origin and cultivars will always Enkianthus Gaultheria Gentiana be treated as of lower priority than the above. Hydrangea Iris Juniperus In trying to improve verification levels and of Larix Lonicera Malus reaching the 40% target by 2016 (see above) the Meconopsis Nothofagus Osmanthus Paris Philadelphus Picea following should be considered: Pinus Pleurothallis Podocarpus • The Targeted Verification Process mentioned Polygonatum Prunus Pyracantha above in the section on targets and described in Pyrus Rhododendron Rodgersia Rosa Rubus Sambucus more detail in Cubey and Gardner (2003); also, Smilacina Sorbus Spiraea the idea of targetting individual beds or area Streptocarpus Taxus Thuja • The importance of the commitment from Tsuga Viburnum Science Division and the desirability of verification being included in Forward Job Reference: Descriptions Rae, David (2004). Fit for purpose? The value • The value of the Plant Records Steering Group in of checking collections statistics. Sibbaldia: An driving the verification process forward and of occasional series of horticultural notes from the Royal monitoring progress Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 2, 61–73. • The use of external verifiers and the importance of using this pool of knowledge in a logical and coordinated way. Also, the importance of using Verification the Curator of the Herbarium and other Science Verification is the process of identifying and staff to advise on appropriate external contacts accurately naming plants in the Living Collection. for this purpose This may involve the confirmation of an existing • The desirability of using Curatorial and other name, the changing of an existing name to another suitably experienced horticultural staff in name, or the determination of the plant’s identity if it the verification process. There are 6 levels of is unknown. Verification also involves checking that verification recognised in BG-BASE and while the name selected is valid according to the code the top levels are reserved for acknowledged of botanical and horticultural nomenclature, and experts in the families or genera concerned, represents accepted taxa, not synonyms. there is no reason why Curators and other Verification is important because visitors, general suitably experienced horticultural staff should public, students, educators, research staff and many not get involved in the verification process more rely on our plants being correctly named. In (giving level 2 verification). addition, numerous incorrectly named plants would undoubtedly affect our reputation as a leading botanic garden. A target has been set to increase Information capture verification from 23% to 40% over the next 10 years RBGE recognises the value of capturing and (see section on targets) representing an increase of recording as much information as possible on each 1.7% per year. It is acknowledged that the process plant in the Collection (especially wild origin and can be slow and time consuming and for this reason newly collected plants). While resource issues may priorities have been set as follows: make this difficult to achieve at present our aim is to: • Plants whose identity is unknown • Make an herbarium specimen of every wild • Plants that have only been identified to family or origin accession in the Living Collection genus level

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(including the vouchering of seedlings in the purposes such as when plants have been Nursery where appropriate) sent for verification or are being used for • Record the date of first flowering or fruiting of cytotaxonomic work newly collected plant material If resources become available a system of • Take and store a photograph of every wild origin embossed credit card-type secondary labels will be accession, ensuring that these photos are linked developed and trialed in BBG, particularly on woody to all appropriate records on BG-BASE plants. If this is successful the system will be adopted • Extract DNA from every wild origin accession for woody plants throughout the Collection on all • Make illustrations as appropriate four sites. • Consider the inclusion of other sources of data/ Nursery, primary and secondary labels will contain information – eg horticulture/ cultural notes the following information: regarding hardiness or landscape performance Nursery labels: Due to the size of this task priorities will need to • Accession number be set such as starting the process with plants of • Propagation number conservation interest and those in which RBGE has • Collector a scientific interest. Note should also be made of • Collector’s number the fact that there is currently a large backlogue of • Name specimens from the Garden that are waiting to be • Qualifier- but only if propagated from a plant mounted as these are assigned a low priority. The with an existing qualifier (qualifiers are added Director of Horticulture will meet with the Curator when plants are planted out in the garden, of the Herbarium to see if it possible to ensure that except at benmore where the qualifier is added at least a minimum number of cultivated plants are in the holding area prior to planting out) mounted per month (eg 50 per month) otherwise • Barcode the bottle-neck will only get worse. • Other miscellaneous information, if required Primary labels: • Family Labelling • Genus Labels are the key for linking information held in all • Species of the records to the plants in the Living Collection. • Hybrid with parents (where appropriate) They are also one of the main methods for conveying • Subspecies, variety or cultivar (where information to the public. Labels are critically appropriate) important for the curation and use of the Living • Section or subsection (where appropriate) Collection. • Common name (see more below) Four types of labels are used currently. These are: • Collector’s name and number • Nursery labels which are usually printed bar- • Country or geographic area of origin (taken from coded labels. They are used for identifying plants the names file on BG-BASE) before they reach a permanent destination. • Country where the plant was collected (in • Primary labels which are the engraved labels addition to the above when requested for a on a black background. These appear in various specific reason) shapes and sizes and are used for plants when • Accession number they have reached their final destination. • Qualifier* (see below) • Secondary labels. These are usually a thin metal • Special codes, eg T- threatened, V- verified, strip displaying basic information only. They W- wild origin provide a back-up in case the primary label The use of common names can cause all sorts is lost, and are used occasionally for new and of confusion and, for instance, should the British existing plantings at DBG, BBG and RBGE. common name be used or the common name in the • Temporary labels which can appear in a country of origin? Despite these problems the use of variety of formats. Sometimes these are used common names is important for the public and the to tag plants before they receive a primary lack of them is frequently cited as an issue in visitor or secondary label or are used for temporary surveys. Common names should be used as follows:

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• All British natives • Yellow stick-on dots are used to denote plants • All European and North American trees and included in the phenology project. While this is shrubs (using British common names) acceptable in the short term a better, more long • Trees and shrubs from other countries where term solution should be devised within the next they are considered to be ‘of garden or five years when the project has ‘settled down’ horticultural interest’ (using the European Garden into a long term pattern Flora as a guide and again using British common • The Disability Discrimination Act may have names) implications for labelling (eg font size and • Herbaceous, alpine and bulbous plants from colour) but guidelines have yet to be produced any country where they are considered to be by the botanic garden community. Once ‘of garden or horticultural interest’ (using the national and/or international guidelines have European Garden Flora as a guide and again been produced RBGE should expect to adopt using British common names) the standard. • Do not use common names on the very smallest • As noted above under ‘primary labels’, labels (usually used for small alpines), because of normal practice is to include the country or space constraints geographical area of the species’ origin on the • Where there are multiple common names use label. In addition to this the actual place where a maximum of two if space allows and use your the plant in question was collected can be judgment as to the most frequently used (if in added in addition to the general distribution for doubt use the most frequently used common that species if required. Examples might include name used by Scottish gardeners) plants that we have a particular interest in, for • Crocus and crocus examples particular genera, geographical areas, Secondary labels: endangered species or plants collected b y our • Accession number own staff. This extra information can be added • Qualifier* (see below) on a case by case basis. The following miscellaneous points should also be • More information on labelling appears in section noted: 6 of Thomas and Watson (2000). • Hand-written or ‘Dymo’ labels are not *Qualifiers are used to identify individual plants encouraged but any label is better than no label (or groups of plants, if herbaceous) from within an at all. If hand written, using a pencil is preferred individual accession. Their use is not required for all to using a pen. plants and they are generally used for research and • Nursery labels are not acceptable in the public conservation collections. However, best practice areas of the Gardens. Their temporary use in suggests that they should increasingly be used and newly planted areas where primary labels it is noted that virtually every plant at Benmore now have been ordered but have not yet arrived includes a qualifier. Alphabetical letters (A, B, C etc) is permitted but they should be replaced by are used in sequence after the accession number. For primary labels within three months. very important conservation or research collections, • We should aim to replace lost or broken labels where necessary, qualifiers can be followed by within three months numbers (eg A1, A2, A3 etc) to indicate vegetative progeny taken from qualified plants. Qualifiers have been used since 1990, when BG-BASE was installed.

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Section III Landscape, Design and Represenaion Policy

as a ‘Designed Landscape’ with listings in An Introduction Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland (Land Use Consultants, 1987). While we This section concentrates on the visual and heritage might expect to score well for our horticulture values of the Gardens, the use of cultivars and the table below shows that each garden is cited general aspects of collections display such as as ‘Outstanding’ as a work of art in their own geographical representation. right and they also score very well in many of the other categories such as historical interest General landscape and architectural value. This needs to be born in mind if and when making significant changes While it is the scientific, conservation and education to the design or landscape of each Garden. value of the individual plants and their assemblage Benmore Dawyck Edinburgh Logan into meaningful collections that are of the utmost Work of Art Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding importance it is also important to recognise that Historical Some Outstanding High the design and landscape of each Garden is of value interest Horticultural Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding too. Important scientific plants set in an uninspiring interest and poorly designed landscape make little sense Architectural High High Outstanding High value and would not maximise the value of the plants Scenic value Outstanding Outstanding Some Little or collection. It is important also to recognise the Nature Some High Little Little heritage value of the four Garden landscapes and conservation to note that this does impose constraints on new developments. Finally, the significance of visually Reference: attractive Gardens in attracting paying visitors and in Land Use Consultants (1987). An Inventory of supporting the new ministerial priorities (especially Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. priority 2), noted in Section I, should not be forgotten (Published by the Countryside Commission for or underestimated. Scotland and the Historic Buildings and Monuments In considering the general landscape of each Directorate, Scottish Development Department. Garden the following should be noted: (Supplementary volumes published by Scottish • While this Policy highlights important families Natural Heritage and Historic Scotland). Benmore and genera for inclusion in the Collection it also and Logan are cited in Vol 2 and Edinburgh and accepts that it is legitimate to include a number Dawyck are cited in Vol 5. of floral rich (floristic or amenity horticulture) areas within each Garden that are primarily Use of cultivars designed with public amenity and visitor expectations in mind (existing examples include It is an explicit policy of RBGE and of this Collections the herbaceous border at Edinburgh, azaleas at Policy that its living plant collections will be Dawyck, formal garden borders at Benmore and overwhelmingly dominated by well-documented, half hardy bedding at Logan). In creating these wild origin plants. Cultivars, which make up 15.45% displays the value of cultivars are recognised of the taxa in the collection (3,252 taxa of cultivars and reference should be made to the section on out of a total taxa count of 21,043), do have a role cultivars below. to play in our Gardens and should be selected as • When considering any change to the general carefully as wild origin species. They are important landscapes attention should be drawn to the in creating attractive displays as noted above and fact that each of the four Gardens is designated are also useful for teaching. Many are interesting

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morphologically or are interesting from a heritage or from Index Seminum seed) and that a policy for the plant breeding point of view. Guidelines for their use latter is shown in Section V. are listed below. Planting and use of cultivars should be restricted to the following: Representation • Areas which are predominantly planted for No living collection could ever cultivate or display ornamental display such as the herbaceous all plants known to science and so choices have to border in Edinburgh and azaleas and woodland be made that are based on the policy or mission of herbaceous plants at Dawyck the garden in question. A Collections Policy such • Areas within the Demonstration Garden as this helps to determine which plants should be displaying plants for domestic gardens or grown by setting out criteria for selection. Within explaining aspects of cultivated plants/cultivars this framework a ‘Representation Policy’ provides • Historically interesting cultivars of guidelines on how the selected plants should be laid rhododendrons and conifers at Benmore out on the ground. • Historically important and/or rare cultivars, near- Two of the most obvious approaches are species cultivars or cultivars showing interesting taxonomic representation (where species from the morphological characteristics same genus are grouped together for comparison) • Cultivars important for any of the courses run or geographic representation (where plants from at RBGE especially the HND in Horticulture with a region are grouped together). New gardens Plantsmanship and the landscape architecture can start with a logical layout based on one of courses these approaches but older gardens, such as • Formal areas requiring half hardy or similar RBGE’s four gardens, have undergone so many bedding, such as the walled garden at Logan redevelopments that both approaches are now • Cultivars which have a particular colour, habit mixed together. On top of this there are changes of or size which need to be selected to fit into a fashion, new approaches (such as the importance of particular design interpretative plantings) and new pressures (such as • Each Garden should feature cultivars that have the possible need to consider climate change). Past an association or historic link with the Garden developments mean that it would be impossible to such as the ‘Inverleith’ cultivars at Edinburgh start with a ‘fresh sheet’ at any of RBGE’s four gardens • In important areas ‘good garden plants’ should and so a realistic and pragmatic approach needs to be used if they are the ‘right plant for the place’ be taken with any Representation Policy. irrespective of whether they are cultivars or In developing a Representation Policy for each of species the four Gardens and for the Collection as a whole • It has sometimes been considered that the (ie across the four gardens) the following issues and planting of cultivars in utilitarian or very public criteria should be noted: areas (eg around the shop and at the gates) was • Certain families and genera have been assigned acceptable but, in fact, we should not accept to each Garden according to the Acquisition this idea and, rather, these areas should be Policy (see later), based on their physical planted with wild origin plants, especially those characteristics (climate, soil, altitude, aspect, that are stiking and /or have good stories topography and exposure). It is reasonable and • Cultivars currently constitute 15% of taxa, a expected that each Garden will include at least figure which is considered to be a little high, but some taxonomic plantings of these families and/ not seriously high. A figure of 12% is considered or genera where possible and appropriate. Other to be an acceptable maximum. This figure Gardens are at liberty to create smaller or scaled should be monitored and should not be allowed down displays of these families or genera. to go beyond this point, indeed it would be • Certain geographical areas have been assigned better to bring it down to below 12%. to each Garden (see Appendix II) again, It should be noted that cultivars are distinct from depending on their physical characteristics (as plants of cultivated origin (which are plants that have above) and it is also reasonable and expected originated from other collections eg plants raised that each Garden will include geographical

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plantings from these areas where possible and Representation themes for each Garden are appropriate. Other Gardens are at liberty to • listed in Appendix III. create smaller or scaled down displays of the An analysis of the various representational geographical plantings. • plantings across the four gardens, cross- The term ‘ecological planting’ is sometimes • referenced to the Science Strategy and longer used synonymously with ‘geographical or term/historic criteria have revealed a small phytogeographical planting’ but is regarded as number of gaps and these are shown in separate here, though the two approaches may Appendix VII. In considering these gaps note easily be combined. Ecological plantings here was taken of material held in other gardens/ simply refer to ecological niches and habitat collections using the PlantNet Directory of types such as aquatic, marginal, woodland Botanical Collections in Britain and Ireland (Cubey or rock plants. Each Garden is encouraged and Rae, 1999), (now on PlantNetworks’ web site) to develop and interpret the widest range as a reference. As development opportunities of ecological plantings possible within the are created these ‘gaps’ will be assigned to the limitations of their topography, soil and climate. most appropriate Garden. Despite the approaches above being regarded • It is noted that the use of cultivars and general as being typical examples of botanic garden • amenity plantings form part of a Representation design the preferred approach now is an Policy and reference is made to the subsections advance on the geographic model, namely above on the General Landscape and Use of a multifunctional planting. Ideally, new Cultivars. plantings should have a strong geographical Consideration should be given to cultivating component but should also feature species of • as a high priority plant species from within, ethnobotanical, conservation and education and indeed surrounding, ‘biodiversity hotspots’ interest. Furthermore, they should be designed (especially within vulnerable ecosystems) in the with the potential for interpretation in mind and countries and regions in which RBGE is involved. therefore early consultation with interpretation The main purpose of cultivating such plants or education staff is strongly recommended. should be for education and/or conservation Each Garden should include at least one • purposes but we should also not lose sight of significant planting (or equivalent, such as a trail) plants that are marginal to these hotspots or of Scottish plants or of a Scottish habitat. indeed are ‘in biodiversity coldspots’. Species Note should be taken of the possible • from within these ecosystems or habitats implications of climate change on vulnerable should be considered analogous to the H1 and groups of plants and the opportunities for T1 plants listed in the section on Acquisition. moving them to another Garden. It may also be Curators feel that this approach lends itself to necessary to consider duplicating material for an being project led and that, as a result, a greater agreed period of time (for collection safety). cross section of RBGE staff should play a role Where beds or planting areas have a strong • in helping to select species for these types of representational component that is linked collection. closely to research, conservation or education it is strongly recommended that the content and Reference: design are reviewed critically (with staff from Cubey, R. and Rae, D. (1999). PlantNet Directory of other Divisions or Departments if helpful) every Botanical Collections in Britain and Ireland. PlantNet, 5 years. Edinburgh.

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Section IV Collection Types

the way in which the Collection will support research Introduction have already been listed in Section I under the As well as the representation of plant material subsection on stakeholders and user groups. described above (eg taxonomic and geographical Reference: planting designs) this Policy recognises that there Pennington, Toby and Mitchell, David (2003). Royal are particular types of collection that sometimes call Botanic Garden Edinburgh: Non hardy living research for careful attention and/or special management. collections. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Examples listed here include research collections, conservation collections, the Scottish Plant Project and other native species, off-site collections, Conservation collections International Conifer Conservation Programme A conservation collection of plants is here defined as plants, plants and heritage or historic plants. a collection of plants held at RBGE for the following reasons: Research collections • as an insurance against loss or genetic erosion of the species in the wild; The whole Living Collection, spread across four sites, • there is the specific intention of recovery, should be regarded as a research collection and is reinforcement or re-introduction to the wild in available for staff, students and external colleagues the future; to use in this capacity. It is therefore vital that the • for conservation research; highest standards of record keeping, verification • for education; and cultivation are maintained to ensure that the • as part of a particular RBGE, national or Collection as a whole, and individual plants within international programme. the Collection, are ‘fit for purpose’. Species targeted for such collections will probably While noting that the whole Collection is a be those listed under one of the threat categories by research collection it is also true that specific parts the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) of the Garden(s) and specific groups of plants are (Walter and Gillett, 1998) but could also include currently being used in active research projects. those that are not yet of such status, but which seem Obvious examples include P11-17 (‘Research likely to become so in the future. Corridor’) and other areas under glass. It is recognised A ‘complete’ conservation collection, for a major that these areas hold plants that are currently re-introduction programme, would have to be being used for research and therefore constitute a amassed in a genetically structured way in order to particularly important part of our Collection. Non represent the greatest possible diversity. Guidelines hardy living research collections (Pennington and for such collections have been determined by, for Mitchell, 2003) provides a very useful reference to example, the Centre for Plant Conservation (CPC) current projects and lists the background, objectives, (Falk & Holsinger 1991). Such collections consist policy on accessions, five year objectives and project of large numbers of individuals which may occupy title for each of the projects currently taking place, considerable areas (especially with trees) and so including (in an Appendix), current and past PhD and may not be possible at RBGE except in special MSc projects. circumstances. From a conservation point of view, As stated previously, this Policy recognises the however, there is merit in holding collections of a importanc of cultivatiung plant material to support standard somewhere between that of an ad hoc research and believes this to be one of the most collection and the full genetically representative important uses of the Collection. Bullet points noting collection mentioned above and attention is drawn

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to the paper by Radford, Dossman and Rae (2003). representative conservation collections should Guidelines and notes for acquiring or managing be amassed. Full collection guidelines and conservation status plants, whether they are space provision must be worked out on each ‘complete’, ad hoc, or somewhere in between are occasion and appended to this Collections presented below. Policy for the duration of the project. Currently • Priority should be given to species within the International Conifer Conservation families and genera in which RBGE has a historic Programme falls into this category and it is or scientific interest (as updated in the Strategy possible that the Scottish Plants Project may for Science, 2004–2009). also. See separate sections on each. • When selecting species to comply with the • National Council for the Conservation of Plants percentage figures given in the Acquisition and Gardens (NCCPG). In the past RBGE did not Policy (Section V and Appendix VIII), priority wish to be part of this scheme and its collections should be given to rare, vulnerable or were not put forward for recognition as NCCPG endangered species. Additionally, threat Collections. However, RBGE has now agreed to to a species should over-ride the above if become involved and therefore will hold some RBGE is considered the best place for ex situ NCCPG collections. See separate section below. conservation of that species. • Wherever possible conservation collections • Priority should be given to all Scottish should not exist in isolation from other Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) species and other conservation measures but should be integrated UK BAP species as appropriate. into a wider project that links different • Each Garden should give priority to Local conservation techniques along with other Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) species in their partners. region and to other local species of conservation • Genetic representation. It is probable that the concern. more accessions per taxon included in the • Priority should be given to the rare, vulnerable collection the more genetic variability there will or endangered naturally occurring relatives of be. Likewise, the more populations sampled hardy ornamental or otherwise useful plants. from the wider will be the diversity which will be • Where collections fall short of genetically useful or helpful from a taxonomic point of view. representative conservation collections Curators Space clearly restricts numerous accessions are urged to liaise closely with other botanic being accumulated for each taxon but it is gardens to try to ensure that RBGE's plants are worth trying to capture the maximum amount from different populations/provenances than of diversity for groups that RBGE is interested those held in other places. (If plant collection in (ie H1 and T1 groups in the acquisitions managers in other institutions are encouraged policy). Likewise, without setting targets, it is to follow this example it will mean that the worth recording representation every 5 years collective national/international holding of that to track changes. In 2001 the following figures species will be genetically more diverse than if were recorded: on average there are two the same clone is passed around from garden to accessions per taxon in the living collection; for garden.) Rhododendron the figure is 3.4 and for conifers • RBGE should assemble collections of rare, it is 4.8, reflecting RBGE’s interest in these groups. vulnerable and endangered species from The corresponding figures in 2006 are as follows: Scotland and northern England and Ireland. 2.0, 3.2 and 4.9. Numbers of accessions per These collections need not be genetically taxon for all taxa, rhododendrns and conifers are representative unless they form part of a shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively. conservation collection to be used for re- • Re-introduction. Two re-introduction projects introduction, and their main purpose would be have already taken place from RBGE (Lychnis for experimentation and education. See also the viscaria and Woodsia ilvensis) and RBGE should GSPC Target 8 project below. be involved in others as time, opportunities • In some cases, which should be negotiated and resources permit. While possible candidate on an individual project basis, full genetically species for re-introduction are not listed here,

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RBGE should start considering other potential PlantNetwork Target 8 project projects. If and when RBGE does decide to RBGE is currently coordinating a project for undertake another project the Horticulture PlantNetwork based on Target 8 of the Global Division will contribute resources and expertise Strategy for Plant Conservation. This target states that to help. Additionally, the Division will structure by 2010 “60% of a country’s threatened plant species any collection as necessary dependant on the are to be in ex situ plant collections preferably in requirements of the project (ie be prepared the country of origin, and 10% of them included in to segregate populations and keep accurate recovery and restoration programmes”. plant records). When considering candidate Britain has 345 vascular plants that are nationally species priority should be given to GSPC Target 8 listed as threatened. The project has plotted the species, SAP and LBAP species. native sites of each threatened species and then has overlain the location of British botanic gardens. ����� ����� From this it has been possible to identify the closest ����� ����� ����� botanic garden to each species. Gardens will ����� ����� ����� then be asked to grow, in an ex situ conservation

������ ����� collection, the 2-3 nearest threatened species and ������ thereafter ‘adopt’ or take responsibility for them. In ���� ��������������

���� ���� this way PlantNetwork participating institutions will ����

�������������� collectively store and maintain a devolved collection ���� ����

�������������� ���� ���� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� �� ��� of imperiled native plants. Gardens will also be asked ���� ���� ���� � � ����� � � � � � � �� ���� to determine the cultivation requirements for their ��� ���� ���� ���������������������� ��� ��� ��� �� �� ������� � ��� species and to link their conservation work for that ��� ��� ��� ��� �� �� ��� � � � � � � � � � � �� ���� ������� species with any Biodiversity Action Plans, Local BAPs Fig 1. Number� �of accessions� � ������������������� per� taxon� for� all Taxa� � �� ���� ��� ������������������� ������� ��� or other local or national projects. ��� RBGE will take part in this project by: ��� ��� ��� continuing to support the coordination of the ��� • ��� ��� ��� project ��� ��� ��� taking part in the cultivation of the species that ��� • ���

�������������� ��� are recommended to it by the project (where ��� ��� ��� possible). See also the section on British/Scottish ���

�������������� �� ��� ��� �� �� ��� �� �� plants. �������������� �� �� ��� ��� �� �� � ��� �� Candidate taxa selected for each garden are as ��� � � � ��� � � � � � �� ������ �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��� �� �� �� follows: ��������������������� �� � �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � �� ���� Edinburgh ������� � � � � �������������������� � � � � �� ���� ������� Alchemilla glomerulans ������������������� • ��� ��� Alchemilla wichurae Fig 2. Number of accessions per taxon for living Rhododendrons • ��� Allium oleraceum ��� • ��� ��� ��� • Blysmus compressus ��� Cerastium alpinum ��� • ��� Cerastium nigrescens ��� • ��� ��� Erigeron borealis ��� •

�������������� ��� ��� Gnaphalium sylvaticum �� • ��� �� ��� ��� Homogyne alpina

�������������� �� • ��� �� �� �� �� �������������� ��� �� �� �� �� • Lychnis alpina ��� �� �� � �� �� �� Minuartia rubella � � � � � ��� ��� � � �� ���� • �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��������������������� �� Moneses uniflora � �� �� �� • � � � � � � � � � � �� ���� ������� Oenanthe fistulosa � � � � �������������������� � � � � �� ���� • ������� ������������������� • Oxytropis campestris Phyllodoce caerulea Fig 3. Number of accessions per taxon for living Conifers • • Sagina saginoides • Stellaria palustris

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Benmore and by initiating practical conservation measures. • Ajuga pyramidalis Initially the Programme focused on collecting wild • Arabis petraea origin material of threatened species for cultivation in • Arenaria norvegica ssp. norvegica a network of ‘safe sites’ which offered the opportunity • Carex buxbaumii of cultivating larger numbers of each species than • Cephalanthera longifolia space would allow at RBGE’s four gardens. Criteria • Dactylorhiza ebudensis for the selection of these sites is listed below. The • Juncus castaneus value of the safe sites included the ability to take • Persicaria minor full advantage of the diversity of climate and soil • Rumex aquaticus in Britain and Ireland and also the possibility of • Sibbaldia procumbens structuring or isolating individual collections of • Sorbus arranensis genetypes or provenances if this was thought • Sorbus pseudofennica important. To date over 7,000 conifers, comprising Dawyck about 140 threatened taxa have been planted in • Campanula rapunculus over 100 locations in Britain and Ireland. RBGE’s four • Crepis mollis gardens play a major role in this Programme and • Dactylorhiza viridis currently grows 69% of the world’s conifer species, • Platanthera bifolia a figure possibly only matched by the National • Polystichum lonchitis Pinetum, Bedgebury, one of the Programme’s active • Pseudorchis albida ‘Safe Sites’. The ICCP is a core flagship project at RBGE • Pyrola media and conifers form an important part of the Collection • Salix lapponum and landscape at all four gardens. The Programme • Sorbus arranensis has also had considerable success in developing • Sorbus pseudofennica in-situ conservation research in Chile, Laos, New Logan Caledonia and Vietnam. • Astragalus danicus The Living Collection will contribute to the ICCP • Dactylorhiza viridis by: • Gentianella campestris • Propagating and cultivating, as a priority project, • Hypochaeris glabra large numbers of multiple accessions for eventual transfer to the ‘safe site’ network when Scottish Plants Project required This project, which was launched in 1991 and is • Ensuring that at least one of each taxon is jointly funded by RBGE and SNH, was formerly know cultivated in one of our four gardens as the Scottish Rare Plants Project. Information about • Propagating and cultivating ‘associate species’ the project and guidelines for supporting it through when requested to do so this Collection Policy appear in the subsection on • Devoting research glasshouse space to the British Native Plants later on in this section. cultivation of conifers • Undertaking joint curation of plants held under International Conifer Conservation the auspices of the ICCP Programme National Council for the Conservation World-wide there are approximately 650 species of of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG). conifer and of these about 364 are recognised as threatened by the IUCN. In the light of RBGE’s conifer In the past RBGE did not wish to be part of this taxonomic expertise and the long history it has in scheme and its collections were not put forward for recognition as NCCPG Collections. However, RBGE cultivating conifer species, it was very appropriate has now agreed to become involved and therefore that in 1990 the International Conifer Conservation will hold some NCCPG collections. The main focus Programme was established at the Garden. The main will be on: aim of the Programme was to integrate ex-situ with • Groups of plants in which we already hold in-situ conservation through research, cultivation comprehensive collections • Relatively small genera

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• Species-only collections (ie not cultivars) • Genera that might be difficult for typical NCCPG Off site collections collection holders to grow (ie large trees). RBGE recognises that, while most collections will be RBGE has agreed to hold the following National grown at one of our four Gardens, there is a role for Collections: off site/safe site cultivation for particular groups of All four gardens plants such as those constituting the International • Rhododendron (in general and species only) Conifer Conservation Programme (ICCP), the alpines Benmore cultivated at the Cairngorm site and, increasingly, Abies • plants grown under the auspices of the Lijiang Field • Picea • Enkianthus Station. In addition a few other gardens have been • Cephalotaxus given a status above that of the normal transfer of • South American conifers (Fitzroya cupressoides, material between botanic gardens. These have arisen Pilgerodendron uviferum, Austrocedrus chilensis, due to particular circumstances and can be referred Lepidothamnus laxifolius, Podocarpus salignus, P. to as ‘official plant exchange gardens’. Examples nubigenus, Prumnopitys andinus, Saxegothaea include Kew, Howick and Highgrove. conspicua and Araucaria araucana) The ICCP has developed a number of criteria Dawyck necessary for a garden to become a safe site (see • Larix below) and these same types of criteria should be • Tsuga used to judge a potential or candidate garden’s • Hesperopeuce suitability to become an ‘official plant exchange Edinburgh garden’. It should be emphasised that RBGE does not Gentiana • plan to enter into numerous agreements to gather • Rhododendron Section Vireya • Aeschynanthus lots of these ‘exchange gardens’ and there should be • Curcuma special reasons before we do so. It should be further • Boesenbergia noted that such agreements are separate from • Globba twinning agreements (such as Kunming Institute • Kaempferia of Botany) or gardens with which we have formal • Zingiber MOUs (such as Bremen), although ‘exchange’ status Logan could be part of such agreements. The reason that • Griselinia this ‘exchange’ status is separate from twinning or • Leptospermum MOU gardens is that ‘exchange’ gardens will almost • Gunnera (non tropical spp only) certainly be confined to the UK and the purpose is References: nearly always confined to the transfer of plants, while Falk, D.A. & Holsinger, K.E. (1991) Genetics and the other categories are usually conferred on gardens Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford University Press, outwith the UK and usually include other purposes New York. ISBN 0-19-506429-1. such as staff exchanges and research collaboration. Radford, L., Dossman, M. and Rae, D. (2003). The The criteria used for selecting ICCP and ‘associate’ management of ‘ad hoc’ conservation status species gardens are as follows (adapted from existing ICCP at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Sibbaldia: an policy on the selection of safe sites): occasional series of horticultural notes from the Royal • Proven standards of good horticulture (to ensure Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1, 43-80. that plants are well cared for) Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. [eds](1998). The 1997 • Longevity of ownership (to ensure, as far as is IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the possible, that owners do not sell the site and World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN- The move on after we have invested time, energy World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and and plants into developing the collection) Cambridge, UK. • Genuine/bona fide interest (to ensure that owners have a genuine and long term commitment to plants/project) • No commercialisation (so that there is no

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conflict with the ideals of the CBD) • Commitment to record keeping Heritage or historic plants, • Site access (to staff for monitoring and propagating purposes) plant collections or • Agreement to propagate from the material (for instance if a plant dies at RBGE and we wish to landscape features re-access from a safe site) RBGE’s garden at Inverleith is more than 180 years • Exit strategy (in case owners move, a project old and the gardens at Logan and Dawyck were ends or there is some type of dispute). established estate gardens well before RBGE At the start of any new collaboration involving acquired them. The site at Benmore was partly an off site collections a decision needs to be taken estate garden and partly woodland/forestry/estates about record keeping and whether the collection policy land (ie partly designed garden and partly not) constitutes part of RBGE’s collection or whether plant before RBGE took ownership of it but it has been records held in the Garden’s plant records database developed for more than 75 years now and so all of (BG-BASE) but are not considered to be part of our RBGE’s sites can genuinely be regarded as historic Collection. In all cases however, good record keeping gardens or landscapes (as noted in the previous should be regarded as essential and a pre-requisite to section) even before the plants and buildings they becoming an off site collection (as stipulated above). contain are considered. However, when the plants Furthermore, RBGE staff should have access to those and buildings are also taken into account they records if they wish to check progress, origin, current elevate the four gardens into historic sites of world status etc. The decision about whether the off site significance. The buildings are not included as part plants are regarded as part of RBGE’s collection of this policy but their importance is acknowledged requires careful thought and the decision needs to where they provide protection (eg glasshouses) or be agreed with the Director of Horticulture and will shade/shelter to any adjacent plantings. be decided on the need or added value of those A few examples of historic landscape features from plants being included as part of our collection each of the gardens included: The following off site collection is currently • Path structure/layout, pond, Inverleith House regarded as part of RBGE’s collection: lawn and rock garden at Edinburgh • Cairngorm site • Peat walls, walled garden and formal pond at The following sites are currently not part of RBGE’s Logan Collection but the project is a core RBGE activity and • Walled garden, giant redwood avenue, designed plant records are necessarily maintained at a very parkland (in front of Benmore House) and pond high standard: at Benmore • ICCP safe sites • Vistas, steps, urns, bridges, Heron Wood and The following site is not currently part of RBGE’s Scrape Burn at Dawyck Collection but the project is a core RBGE activity and Examples of historic plants/plant collections while plant records are not currently maintained they include: may be in the near future: • Champion trees; there are 131 in total, 105 in • Lijiang Field station (to be considered) Edinburgh (including, for instance, Alnus japonica The following sites are not currently regarded as and Malus sieboldii), 16 at Benmore (including part of RBGE’s Collection and we do not maintain Abies densa and Picea jezoensis), 11 at Dawyck any plant records for the plants they hold except that (including Abies homolepis var umbellata and shipments of plants from RBGE to these sites will be Fagus crenata) and none at Logan (although the recorded in BG-BASE: last edition of the Tree Register listed 5 at Logan • ‘Official exchange’ gardens including Azara microphylla and Weinmannia • Twinned or MOU gardens trichosperma) Any other gardens receiving general gifts of plants • Plants associated with famous collectors – see table below • Individual plants regarded as ‘classic’ specimens and cited or illustrated in books/journals

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Accessions Plants RBGE Coll Collected Collector ID with Ever Currently Ever Currently accessed Living accessed Living FOR Forrest, George 420 302 1026 604 WIL Wilson, Ernest H. 201 162 523 376 KWA Kingdon-Ward, 250 183 706 429 Francis ROC Rock, J.F. 296 232 652 453 LLS Ludlow, Francis & 39 27 112 71 Sherriff, George LSH Ludlow, Francis & & Hicks 46 29 132 77 Sherriff, George LST & Taylor 38 26 108 70 LSE & Elliot 38 29 131 76

– examples from Bean’s Trees and shrubs hardy should set a standard for the care of these in the British Isles (Bean, 1976) and listed in historic areas within the context of each garden. Appendix IV • Find out about, and adhere to, any designations • Groups of plants that RBGE is particularly placed upon our landscapes associated with because they grow well in some • Note the value of, or notes relating to, any or all of our gardens eg Meconopsis, Primula and buildings or structures relevant to plants, listed Rhododendron in RBGE’s estates Strategy (printed in 2006) • Groups of plants that RBGE is particularly For plants and plant collections, RBGE should: associated with because of long term research • Create an inventory of historic plants or plant programmes eg Rhododendron, Gesneriaceae collections, based upon criteria shown near the and Zingiberaceae start of this sub section (note the start made • Cultivars that have arisen or have been bred from citations in Bean (1976) mentioned above) at RBGE, eg some of the Inverleith cultivars, • Develop a special policy for the care, Fagus sylvatica ‘Dawyck’, Logan fuchsia, maintenance, propagation, monitoring and Phygelius (LBG- correct names please Barry), recording of these plants and plant collections Nothofagus antarctica ‘Benmore’, Rhododendron (but also taking into account constraints such as montroseanum ‘Benmore’. space, time and the reasonable requirements for • Early introductions into cultivation (into development and renewal). This policy should Scotland or UK or indeed global). Pinus nigra, set a standard for the care of these plants. The Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Picea maximowizii project on Wilson’s plants co-ordinated by and Abies alba (DBG) and Begonia chloroneura, PlantNetwork might make a useful model once Trachycarpus princeps, Pelargonium insularis and completed. Xanthocyparis vietnamensis (Indoor Dept). Ideally, the two policies called for above would In managing the landscapes and plants at each be included now within this policy. It is recognised, of the four gardens particular care should be taken however, that further work is required on these of historic plants, plant collections and parts of the areas and it has been agreed that they should be landscape (as already noted in Section III). developed separately and included in a revised For landscapes, RBGE should: edition of this Collection Policy. • Create an inventory of all the particularly historic Reference: parts of the four gardens, recognising that Bean, W.J. (1976). Trees and shrubs hardy in the British the whole of each garden can be regarded as Isles. 8th Edition. John Murray, London historic in their own right • Develop a policy within the framework of the proposed Landscape Development Plans to British native plants safeguard the integrity of these particularly historic areas (while also recognising the need It is entirely appropriate that RBGE’s Plant Collection for development and renewal). This policy should contain a strong representation of British, and especially Scottish, native plants. These should

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be displayed as both individual specimens within closely with Interpretation staff wherever the general collections and also as ‘species within possible to create good linkages between the habitat’ representations. It is important that we living collection and interpretation have rich collections of British plants because of our • Each garden should also collaborate in other national status and the importance of showing and ways with the SPP as requested by SPP staff interpreting our natural history for both local visitors • Each garden should contribute to and tourists. They are also needed for teaching, PlantNetwork’s GSPC Target 8 project by research and conservation. cultivating 1–3 nationally endangered species, as noted before Scottish Plants Project (formerly known • The garden at Inverleith should continue to as the Scottish Rare Plants Project) represent, and should further develop, Scottish habitats such as the Scottish heath garden and The SPP started in 1991 as a collaboration between the woodland habitats in the Demonstration RBGE and SNH. In the early years most of the Project Garden. Consideration should be given to our was devoted to monitoring work and researching ability to continue trying to represent grassland and writing ‘species dossiers’ of Scotland’s rarest habitats. or most vulnerable plants. Later, the project • Each garden should develop a policy for was involved in the re-introduction of Lychnis the management of natural or semi-natural viscaria and then promoted the establishment areas within their grounds so as to maximize of Scottish native plant trails or demonstrations the potential for the management and at each Garden including the habitat recreations enhancement of locally native species. Examples in the Demonstration Garden at Edinburgh. The include the Heron Wood and other areas of Horticulture Division supports the SPP and will grassland at Dawyck and will/may eventually always contribute to it where possible. Specific include the windbreak at Logan, Bryophyte actions or projects are included below along with Sanctuary at Benmore and even the habitat other general actions in relation to British native recreations at Edinburgh. RBGE is also required plants. to have a Biodiversity Policy that will ‘sit’ within Guidelines for the acquisition and representation the Environmental Policy and which would of British, and especially of Scottish, native plants are be expected to cross reference with the as follows: management of these areas. • RBGE should cultivate as many British native • The Heron Wood Cryptogamic Sanctuary project (vascular) plant species as possible within the at Dawyck was singled out by the Horticulture constraints of climate, soil type and space. We Visiting Group (2003) as a world class initiative should aim for 100% wild origin from British of its type and RBGE must give serious origin (as well as supplementary European consideration to its long term continuation and other origin as appropriate). While doing • Each garden should be aware of any this we should be aware of issues such as implications or opportunities contained within genetic contamination, for instance of mixing Species Action Plans (SAPs) or within their Local provenances of native plants in the one planting Biodiversity Action Plans (LBAPs). if there was a chance that the progeny might be • Further to the above Curators should be aware used for re-introduction programmes. of national and European policies and directives • A few individuals of each species should covering native plants and of documents such normally be cultivated but we should be as Action for Scotland’s Biodiversity (Usher, 2005) prepared to cultivate ‘conservation collections’ • Following the reintroduction of Lychnis viscaria (ie genetically representative) if necessary for and Woodsia ilvensis RBGE should consider the conservation or research projects reintroduction of other appropriate species, in • Each garden should display native plants typical conjunction with the SPP and other agencies of their local area such as SNH. • Each garden should contain a trail or display Reference: linking in with the Scottish Plants Project (SPP) Usher, Micheal (2005). Action of Scotland’s • Curators of each garden should be aware Biodiversity. Edited for the Scottish Biodiversity Group that native plants feature strongly in the by Micheal B. Usher with Clifton Bain, Sandy Kerr and Interpretation Master Plan and should work members of the Action Plan Sub Group.

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Section V Acquisition and Transfer

and organizing fieldwork preferably, but not Introduction necessarily exclusively, with Science Division staff, to fill the gaps (this might be thought of as In fulfilling the policies and criteria described targeted fieldwork). above, plants have to be acquired. This can include • A deliberate policy of encouraging younger gathering plants or seeds on fieldwork at home and less experienced members of staff to take or abroad, obtaining seeds from Index Semina or part in field work be adopted and that training transferring plants from other collections. All these in collection techniques be offered. A booklet methods of acquisition require policies and protocols of useful information including collecting to create an orderly process, ensure that priorities techniques would be helpoful in this respect are followed and that confusion or duplication is and production of such a booklet should be avoided. Likewise, systems are required to move given serious consideration plants out of our collection to other sites or to • The minimum standards of field recording, deaccess them completely. as recommended in Chapter 1.2 of the Data Management for Plant Collections booklet and Fieldwork listed in the subsection on Minimum standards of data in Section II of this Policy, be adopted as Fieldwork provides an important opportunity to an institutional standard. acquire new plants for the Collection. However, it • Funding should ideally come from RBGE’s needs to be planned carefully to ensure compliance expedition budget but the Horticulture Division with the CBD and allow time for fundraising. Due should seek to create its own budget to support to the difficulties involved in organizing fieldwork, fieldwork and also find other creative means of the time required to gain permission and raise raising funds for fieldwork. funds it is recommended that a two year lead in • RBGE is, perhaps, unique amongst botanic time for fieldwork be considered wherever possible. gardens in encouraging horticultural staff to It is noted that fieldwork is the main method of undertake fieldwork alongside science staff fulfilling the objectives and targets set out in this and this practice should be endorsed and Collections Policy and also many of the objectives encouraged. However, it is important to recognise presented in the Science Strategy. It therefore follows that on occasions it is perfectly acceptable that there should be a strong correlation between and valid for horticultural staff to initiate and priority species highlighted in this Policy and in the take part in horticulture only fieldwork where Appendices and the regions proposed for fieldwork. the primary purpose is to acquire plants for Noting the difficulties listed above along with the Living Collection. In doing this though, the importance of maintaining and enhancing the the same standards of collection information Collection (as highlighted in the subsection on and vouchering and priorities laid out in this targets in Section II) the following recommendations Collections Policy should be adhered to. or policies for fieldwork and/or acquisition have been • Staff should be encouraged to undertake agreed: fieldwork jointly with staff from other That some sort of diary covering future fieldwork appropriate institutions and as a minimum • requirement should at least collaborate with for the whole Institution be established to help staff in the host country. Participation in with the planning process, avoid duplication multidisciplinary fieldwork, eg the biodiversity and prioritise areas for collecting. inventory of the Gaoligong Shan fieldwork, • The Horticulture Division develops a proactive should also be encouraged. approach to analyzing gaps in the Collection • Publicity is an important component of both

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fund raising and our wider remit to project Science into the community at home and catalogues abroad therefore staff involved in fieldwork planning are encouraged to work with the Press As noted above, plants from commercial catalogues Officer and others in developing/promoting are unlikely to be of known wild origin, will probably maximum publicity for and about planned not have any field data and, if they are wild collected, fieldwork. are unlikely to be CBD-compliant. In general RBGE • All staff taking part in RBGE-initiated (and indeed will not acquire such material. However, there may be any) expedition must abide by the CBD, CITES, good reasons to purchase such material for particular phytosanitary legislation and any local laws purposes such as areas primarily devoted to display, governing the collection and exchange/transfer education or interpretation, or where material cannot of plant material. be accessed from the wild, or when material is needed for classwork or in a hurry. Each case should Index Seminum be judged on its merits. Many botanic gardens produce an Index Seminum as Acquisition one of their main missions. These list seeds that are freely available from the garden’s collection of plants This Collection Policy replaces the 1994 Acquisition and some include seed left over from plant collecting Policy and updates the criteria for prioritising fieldwork. The problem with acquiring plants from acquisitions. Many families and genera remain but these catalogues is that garden-gathered seed is new ones, based on the 2004 Science Strategy and frequently of hybrid or unknown origin and even the other new priorities, have been included while others wild collected seed will be of genetic origin that is have been dropped. already represented in the garden that is offering the In updating the Acquisitions Policy it was felt that seed. By using Index Seminum seed botanic gardens while the original approach (described at the end of could simply be recycling material of dubious origin this section, below) has been useful in the past and that is of little use for research. None-the-less, when a still has considerable validity, it has none-the-less species cannot be obtained by any other means, and also become too narrow a method for prioritizing if the primary purpose is for display, interpretation or acquisitions mostly as a result of a various external education then it may be acceptable to obtain the factors. These factors include, for instance, the rising plant by this means. It is also recognised that some interest in biodiversity and conservation, changes in Index Semina do include wild origin material with full science and specific international policies such as the accompanying field data. CBD and the GSPC. RBGE has developed the following guidelines for The new method of prioritisation retains much of utilizing Index Semina: the ‘old’ system but also takes into account additional • The preferred method of plant introduction is factors and assigns a coding system to help prioritise from wild origin seed, collected by RBGE staff acquisitions. It is, in effect, a hybrid between the along with full field records ‘old’ system but with new criteria appended and • Where wild origin material cannot be obtained these will need to be trialed and refined. This more the use of Index Semina is permitted for sourcing inclusive policy will take the following into account: specific species for display, interpretation or • Specific research projects (R) education • Conservation projects or of conservation interest • The selection of wild origin material from Index (C) Semina is permitted on the understanding that • Education and interpretation in the widest sense the seed is accompanied by full field data and in (E) the knowledge that plants arising from the seed • Teaching, eg MSc and HND (T) are likely to be of the same provenance as those • Historic collection or significance (H) in numerous other botanic gardens. These letters will be appended onto the existing H1, H2, H3 and T1, T2 and T3 system (shown below) which has been revised (the plants within Other seed and plant each group, not the groups themselves) since the

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1994 Policy in line with new priorities. The ‘old’ system was very general and Rhododendron, for Repatriation example, was an H1 genus. However, it would never have been possible to collect multiple wild origin Requests to repatriate plant material are likely to accession of every species, as laid out in the Policy. increase as countries realize that botanic gardens The intention of the ‘new’ policy is that it should, may have historic collections of plants containing by appending the letters listed above, allow us species or specific provenances of species that to concentrate on acquiring the really important were originally collected from areas that have plants that are required for specific purposes. These now been urbanized, brought under agriculture letters, therefore, will only be attached to especially or forestry. However, unlike museum artifacts or important species, genera or families and the the Elgin Marbles it may well, through asexual modified ‘old’ system will still remain and will be propagation, be possible to both repatriate identical useful to ‘generally guide’ us towards acquiring and genetic material and hold onto the origin plants. maintaining the ‘general’ collection. The new hybrid The tradition in botanic gardens of keeping detailed system which includes the 1994 codes (but with records, along with advances in molecular biology revised taxa where necessary) and the letter-based and the fact that donor gardens will not completely designations are listed in Appendix V. Specific lists of lose individual plants (but simply propagate them), target species for Dawyck and Logan are shown in may well combine to make repatriation projects a Appendix VI. frequent practice in the near future. RBGE has already repatriated many rhododendrons to China and more Code Explanation may follow. A description of this project can be seen H1 Families with a substantial hardy content in which in Paterson, D. (2003). RBGE has decided to specialise. If space is available The following guidelines should be followed when RBGE should be prepared to grow multiple, wild- origin collections of all genera and species. considering any repatriation project: H2 Families with a substantial hardy content which are • Ethics- develop the necessary agreements related to H1 families, and families in which RBGE and local support networks to ensure that has had a long-standing interest but which are not repatriation practices are inclusive. Agreed actively worked on at present. Minimum 50% of genera and 25% of species. Multiple wild-origin protocols and/or partnerships should be accessions will not normally be grown, apart from developed and, where appropriate, include local species with a very wide geographical distribution. residents. H3 Mainly hardy families for which RBGE requires Best practice- RBGE will develop a strategy minimal representation. A few genera of each, with • one or two species of each, will be sufficient. to ensure that the best practice possible is T1 Tender families and also tender genera in H1 followed. Steve B. to assist? Information gleaned families in which RBGE has decided to specialise. from other institutions (parallels with animal Depending on culture requirements, space kingdom?). availability and size of the family or genus, RBGE should be prepared to grow multiple wild-origin • Skills required- the range of skills required for collections of all genera and species. successful repatriation are wide and varied and T2 Families which are related to T1 families, and include both donors and recipients. The skills families in which RBGE has had a long-standing interest but which are not actively worked on base within the host nation should be evaluated at present. Minimum 10% of genera and 5% of and where possible, fully utilised. Where species, depending on family. Multiple wild-origin necessary training should be included in the accessions will not normally be grown, apart from species with a very wide geographical distribution. repatriation ‘package’. Follow Up- in drawing up a strategy for T3 Tender families for which RBGE requires minimal • representation. A few genera of each, with one or repatriating any species, thought must be given two species of each, will be sufficient. to the necessity for a long term commitment to the project. This will include monitoring and evaluation and possibly also, the assessment of environmental impact and it is essential that plants already in-situ are included in the monitoring programme. Report writing and

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publishing information on repatriation and mistake or lost to the elements monitoring are an important requirement of • to allow for additional sowings or gifting if there such projects. are plenty of seeds within an accession and an Reference: adequate number have already been sown. Seeds should be stored in one central, properly Paterson, D. (2003). Repatriation of rhododendron organised facility (although fern spores may be plants to China. Sibbaldia; an occasional series of managed and stored separately). Guidelines or horticultural notes from the Royal Botanic Garden standards for storage are as follows: Edinburgh. No 1, 29-34. • packets should be arranged by germplasm number and accession number. There may be Policy for the short to instances where storing by collector number, family/genus or location is also appropriate medium term storage and • all material should be properly recorded in BG- BASE sowing of seed • consideration should be given to upgrading the domestic fridge to a more professional RBGE has no immediate plans to build a seed bank specification for the long term storage of seed for conservation. seeds should be stored in sealed containers at It should be noted, however, that there is a • about 7% moisture and a temperature of about commitment in the European Plant Conservation 4oC Strategy for us to develop a sporebank for the consideration should be given to upgrading conservation of fern spores (Target 2.4 Sporebank • our preparation and packaging to a higher for pteridophytes established- lead organization specification. RBG Edinburgh, Planta Europa & Council of Europe More information on seed preparation and storage 2002. Reference citation appears in Section I). That can be found from Hanson (1985), especially Section aside, while we don’t plan to start storing seeds VII on seed storage, Ellis et al (1985) and Smith et al for conservation, there is a need to store seeds in (2003), especially Section III. The first two, published optimum conditions for short periods of up to ten by IBPGRI, are a bit dated but still useful. All of them years or so. Currently, the seed store is managed by are aimed at the long term storage of seed for staff in the Alpine department and consists mostly conservation but still give useful information for of short-lived plants, annuals and Umbelliferae. shorter term seed storage. However, there is no comprehensive policy covering It is clearly wasteful to sow all the seeds of a this aspect of curation and neither is there a set of particular accession collected on an expedition standards for storing seeds at RBGE. Hand-in-hand at once if only a few plants are required (unless with this issue is the need to provide guidelines on there are only a very few seeds). However, in many the proportion or amount of seeds to be sown on instances only a small quantity of seed is collected, the return of an expedition and how many should only allowing one sowing. Due to the unknown be kept for later sowings. Currently, where large viability and storage of most wild origin seed it is quantities of seed are received of known viability important that as much of the seed as possible some seed is stored for later use. Also, where plants is sown to ensure that at least some plants are are known to be annual or short-lived a proportion produced. Also, were the pot of seedlings to be of seed is stored and some of the F2 generation are damaged in some way, the entire accession could be likewise stored. However, this is very much a working lost outright. A specific policy for seed sowing giving rule and no specific policy has ever been formulated. guidelines for numbers or a proportion to be sown The reasons that seed might be stored are as is not, however, necessary but it is essential where follows: plants are being raised for specific projects that there to provide optimal storage conditions while • is communication between all involved to ensure waiting for time or the correct season for sowing that there is a sensible balance between numbers to allow for repeat sowings of short-lived species • sown and numbers stored for the future. Likewise, as an insurance against loss of an entire sowing • a regular, organized, programme for re-sowings of for instance, if a batch of seedlings was killed by

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short-lived species needs to be agreed between the If plants really have to be deaccessed then the nursery supervisor and supervisors in the Garden. same sort of procedure should be followed as in the Where seed of short-lived or annual plants in the 1994 Policy. This can be summarized as follows: Garden should be collected and stored it is of • Capture as much information about the plants particular importance that re-accession of material as possible – eg photograph, final verification, re-collected from plants in the Garden takes place. herbarium specimen and DNA sample This raised the dilemma of the Collection turning • Offer the plant to other bona fide botanic from ‘w’ (wild to ‘z’ (cultivated but of known wild gardens origin), thus lowerin g the wild origin percentage. • If no gardens want it then offer it back to the Further, due to open pollination, verification of ‘re- country of origin sows’ will be necessary. • If no other botanic garden or country of origin References: wants it and it does not have an IUCN threat category then the plant can be deaccessed Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D. and Roberts, E.H. (1985). If the plant has an IUCN category and no other Handbook of seed technology for genebanks. Vol I • botanic garden or country of origin wants it Principles and methodology (Handbook for genebanks and it is cultivated in less than 5 other botanic No 2) and Vol II Compendium of specific germination gardens (this can be found from BGCI) then it information and test recommendations (Handbook for must be kept genebanks No 3). IBPGRI, Rome Hanson, J. (1985). Procedures for handling seeds in genebanks (Practical manual for genebanks No 1). CONCLUSION IBPGRI Secretariat, Rome. Smith, R.D., Dickie, J.B., Linington, S.H., Pritchard, The authors believe that in ‘stepping up’ from H.W. and Probert, R.J. (eds.) (2003). Seed conservation- an Acquisitions Policy to a Collection Policy they turning science into practice. RBG Kew, London. will, over time, raise the standards of acquisition, representation, cultivation and record keeping. They also believe that this Policy links the Living Collection Deaccession policy into national and international policies, ministerial objectives and the needs of stakeholders and that The 1994 Acquisitions Policy laid out a lengthy series the Collection will therefore be both relevant to of stages to be followed before deaccessing any the current political and legislative environment plants. While the stages were a logical progression of and comprehensive and available to all who want actions to take before removing the plants there was to use it. Finally, we hope to demonstrate careful an assumptions that deaccession was a reasonable stewardship of the collection and landscapes while and normal process. However, with plants and they are in our care and therefore be able to pass habitats disappearing faster than ever attitudes to them on to the next generation of curators in at deaccessioning have changed too and now we least the same condition, if not better, that they were should not contemplate getting rid of any wild origin given to us. or otherwise important plant unless it is absolutely essential. Our deaccession policy, therefore, is not to deaccess anything unless it is absolutely essential.

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Appendix I. Families, Genera and Projects Listed in the Science Strategy

Priority plant groups for research with reference to New ROAME proposal to be developed on the Strategy for Science 2004: • Asplenium. (p 21 Annexe) Nepal floristic research (p 15 & 29) • Conservation genetics of rare Scots and Arabia floristic research (p 15 & 28) • • European plants. (p 21 Annexe) Scottish cryptogams • Systematics of Podocarpaceae. (p 23 Annexe) Sapotaceae (as a Pantropical family), • • Research into New Caledonia Araucaria. (p 24 Leguminosae (esp. Inga sp.), Malvaceae • Annexe) (Sterculiaceae) and Podocarpaceae as important Biodiversity, biogeography and conservation of components of tropical forests requiring • neotropical seasonally dry ecosystems taxonomic work (p 31) • Families – Gesneriaceae, Zingiberaceae, Being wound down: Begoniaceae, Rosaceae (Spiraea group) and • Monograph work on Ericaceae, Musaceae, Umbelliferae (p 31) Guttiferae, Rosaceae. • Specific genera – Cyrtandra, Inga, Streptocarpus • Decrease in: Leguminosae, Sterculiaceae, and Begonia Pedicularis, Umbelliferae. • All threatened conifers as part of ICCP (p 35) • Completion and cessation of work on Guttiferae, • Focus on regions for study Laos, Central African Orchidaceae, Geraniaceae and ocean island flora. Republic, Peru.(p 7 Annexe) • Active ROAME project on Ribes and Pedicularis. (p 9 Annexe)

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Appendix II. Geographical Designations for Each Garden

The table below was adapted from the PlantNet * Are there more than five gardens in the PlantNet Directory (Cubey & Rae, 1999). It shows, in general Directory that claim to hold collections of plants terms, the geographical designations for each garden from these regions? Y – Yes, N – No, 5 – Exactly five and, in the far right column, whether there are more gardens are listed as holding collections from this or less than five other gardens in the British Isles that area. claim to have representative collections from these Reference: geographical areas. This information can be used to Cubey, R. and Rae, D. (1999). PlantNet Directory of show the national importance of our collections. Botanical Collections in Britain and Ireland. PlantNet, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh >5* Outdoor Indoor Benmore Dawyck Logan Arabian Peninsula Y N Australasia Y 5 Australia Y Brazil Y N Canary Islands Y N Caribbean Y N Caucasus Y Y Y China Y Y Y Y Y East Europe N East Tropical Africa N Eastern Asia (including Japan) Y Y Y Y Eastern Canada N Indian Subcontinent Y Y Y N Indo-China Y Y Y Macronesia N Malaysia Y N Mediterranean Y N Mesoamerica N Middle Europe Y Y Mongolia N New Zealand Y Y North Africa & Middle East N North and Central Mexico Y Y North-Central USA Y N Northeastern USA Y Y Northern Africa N Northern Europe Y Y Y N Northern South America Y N Northwestern USA Y Y Y Siberia Y N South Africa Y N South-Central USA N Southeastern Europe Y 5 Southeastern USA N Southern Africa Y Y Southern South America Y Y Y Y Southwestern Europe Y Y Southwestern USA Y Y Soviet Far East Y Y N Soviet Middle Asia Y N Sub-arctic America Y Y Y Taiwan Y Y N Tasmania Y Y N West Central Tropical Africa N West Tropical Africa N Western Asia Y Y Y Western Canada Y Y 5 Western South America Y Y Y

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Appendix III. Representation Themes for Each Garden

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN of ther world, including material from east and west EDINBURGH, OUTDOOR north America, Asia (including China), Korea, eastern Russia, Japan and Himalayas particularly montane Rock Garden and alpine yard/collection, Chinese Nepal and adjoining countries. hillside, formal and informal herbaceous borders, Particular plant groups from the above countries Queen Mother’s Memorial Garden, Scottish heath that have been actively acquired include: montane garden and other Scottish vegetation types and conifers, Berberis, (northern hemisphere), Betula, habitats, demonstration garden, annual border, Cotoneaster, Sorbus, Spiraea, Rhododendron pond and adjacent plantings, peat walls, oak lawn, Subsections Taliensia and Fortunea, Ferns (temperate cryptogamic garden northern hemisphere) and selected species of Acer, Fraxinus Tilia, Fagus and Quercus as long term canopy ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN replacement. ICCP plantings include Metasequoia EDINBURGH, INDOOR glyptostroboides and Abies nebredensis. Areas along Arid lands, South American, temperate, economic the sides of the Scrape Burn have been planted plants, ferns, orchids and cycads, palms, with larger growing, moisture loving herbaceous Rhododendron section Vireya, insectivorous, Begonia, perennials including; Astilbe, Filipendula, Hosta, Iris, Zingiberaceae, Gesneriaceae, aquatics, research Ligularia, Lysichiton, Meconopsis and Rodgersia. collections The Garden contains the Heron Wood Reserve which extends to about 2ha and comprises: Scots BENMORE BOTANIC GARDEN Pine, Beech and Birch regeneration. Within the Birch regeneration area lies the Cryptogamic Sanctuary. North American conifers, geographical plantings The Scottish Native Plant Trail leads visitors through (Chile, Bhutan, Tasmania, Japan), big leaved the Garden and on to the Reserve. rhododendrons, garden conifers (Formal Garden), Future representation within the Living Collection Sequoiadendron giganteum avenue, informal at Dawyck should perhaps better reflect, and take herbaceous plantings (pond area) moss and more advantage of, different climatic conditions. bryophyte sanctuary, Scottish wild plant trail, ICCP For example, with genera that grow through a wide plantings altitudinal range it is no longer appropriate to grow DAWYCK BOTANIC GARDEN every species within a single garden and instead they should be grow at combinations of gardens. The historic tree collection is very important at However, to make this work it will require improved Dawyck as it comprises some of the oldest tres communication, especially after initial collection in within the living collection of RBGE. The Collection the field and curation. includes some of the oldest surviving trees from first introductions to the UK of species from Europe, LOGAN BOTANIC GARDEN north west America, and Asia, particularly from Peat walls, Australasian woodland, Tasmanian Chin and Japan. Many of these can been seen by creek, tender perennials, Rhododendron subsection visitors following the David Douglas Trail. More Maddenia, southern hemisphere ferns, tender recent plantings, since Dawyck became part of climbers, Chilean plants, local coastal habitat plants, RBGE in 1978, have included more phytogeographic South African monocots and ICCP plantings. plantings, particularly from the cooler montane parts

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Appendix IV. Plants Growing at One of RBGE’s Gardens and Listed in Bean* (And Therefore of Heriritage Interest) * Bean, W.J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs hardy in the 4. A lot of items listed in BTS seem to have been British Isles. 8th Edition. John Murray and RHS, taken from Alan Mitchell’s tree survey of 1968. London. 5. The table below covers Volume 1, A-C. Further Notes: work is required (and is currently being 1. pl. = planted undertaken) to find out how many of the plants 2. (Date in Brackets) = Date the specimen was last listed are still in existence. measured according to BTS 6. This work has been compiled by David Mitchell. 3. Unless an accession and or a collector’s number Mitchell. is listed below, it is not mentioned in Bean’s Trees and Shrubs.

First Collector’s RBG Specimen Country of Bot. Collector’s Plant Name Collector Discovered Introduced Number Listed in BTS Origin Mag Nationality Abies amabilis Douglas 1825 1851,1852 Benmore (1970) W. N America t. 306 Scottish Abies concolor 1872 Benmore (1970) W. N America Unknown Abies delavayi var. fabri Wilson 1903, 1910 Dawyck pl. 1918 Yunnan t.9201 English RBGE W4078 (1968) China

Abies delavayi var. Wilson 1910 W. 4060 Dawyck pl. 1918 China English faxoniana W. 4070 (1968) W. 4052 Abies fargesii Wilson Farges 1901 Dawyck China English Abies mariesii Maries 1878 Dawyck pl. 1910 Japan n.s.t.45 English (1968) Abies nordmanniana Lawsons 1836+ Benmore (1964) Asia Minor t.6992 Scottish Nurserymen Edinburgh Abies squamata Wilson 1910 Dawyck pl.1931 China English (1966) Abies sutchuenensis Purdom 1911 no.805 Dawyck pl.1924 China English (1966) Abies veitchii Veitch J G 1860 Dawyck (1966) Japan English Benmore (1970) Acer erianthum Wilson 1907 W. 4428 RBGE pl.1911 (1968) China English Acer franchetii Wilson 1901 W. 337 RBGE pl.1908 (1965) China English Acer giraldii Forrest Dawyck Yunnan, Scottish China Acer heldreichii 1879 RBGE (1970) Balkans Unknown Acer heldreichii var. RBGE (1968) Balkans Unknown macropeterum Acer laxiflorum Wilson Not given W. 4108 RBGE China English Acer lobelia 1683 RBGE (1966) Italy Unknown Acer macrophyllum Douglas 1826 Dawyck (1966) W. N America Scottish Acer nipponicum Dawyck Unknown Acer platanoides Dawyck (1966) Unknown Acer velutinum var. RBGE Caucasus Unknown vanvolxemii Aesculus arguta 1909 RBGE (1968) S. N America Unknown Aesculus flava 1764 RBGE Known to Wild E. N America Unknown Origin 1778 see note p.254 Alnus hirsute Maries 1879 RBGE (1968) Japan English Alnus hirsuta var. RBGE pl 1930 (1968) Unknown sibirica Alnus orientalis 1924 RBGE (1968) Unknown

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First Collector’s RBG Specimen Country of Bot. Collector’s Plant Name Collector Discovered Introduced Number Listed in BTS Origin Mag Nationality Arbutus menzesii Menzies 1792 RBGE W. N America t.275 Scottish Arctostaphylos Rowantree 1934 RBGE W. N America t .280 American andersonii Atherosperma Comber 1929 RBGE Tasmania t.43 English moschatum Azara dentate 1830 RBGE Wild origin Chile Unknown (1962) Berberis insignis Hooker 1850 RBGE (1923) Sikkim British Cave GH 1923 Betula albo-sinensis Wilson 1901 W. 1157 RBGE F19505, Rock China English Rock 1910 W. 4106 15083 & 13648 Austrian Betula albo-sinensis var. Purdom 1908 W. 900 RBGE China English septentrionalis P. 752 Purdom 752 Betula chinensis Wilson 1920 W. 10707 RBGE (1968) China English Betula corylifolia Wilson 1914 W. 7651 RBGE Japan English Betula forrestii Forrest 1910 1918 F.15357 RBGE China Scottish Betula lenta 1759 Dawyck N America Unknown Betula papyrifera var. RBGE pl.1951 (1968) N America Unknown humilis Betula utilis var. Hooker 1881 RBGE (1968) Himalaya English jacquemontii Bowkeria gerardiana 20ft specimen at Natal S Africa t. 8021 Unknown Logan pre 1961-62 (triphylla) Buddleia Forrest 1913 1921-23 RBGE China Scottish caryopteridifolia Buxus wallichiana RBGE Himalaya Unknown Caldcluvia paniculata 1832 Logan Chile Comber 1925 English Callistemon phoeniceus RBGE Australia Unknown Caragana sukiensis 1919 RBGE India Unknown Ceanothus divergens RBGE W. N. America Unknown Chamaerops humilis 1731 Logan Europe t. 2152 English Chrysolepis 1844 RBGE (1968) W. N. America t. 4953 Unknown chrysophylla Chrysolepis RBGE (1968) W. N. America Unknown sempervirens Clematis afoliata 1956 RBGE New Zealand t. 8686 Unknown Clematis ranunculoides Forrest 1906 RBGE China t. 9239 Scottish Cleyera fortunei Fortune 1860 RBGE Japan t.7434 Scottish Cleyera japonica Forrest ? 16080 RBGE Japan Scottish Colletia infausta 1823 RBGE planted 1920 Chile t. 3644 Unknown

Cordyline indivisa Cook 1773 Logan New Zealand t.9096 English 1850? Unknown Cornus capitata 1825 RBGE (1937) China Unknown Corylus colurna 1550 RBGE Asia Minor t. 9496 Unknown Cupressus sempervirens RBGE Unknown Cytisus supranubius RBGE Canary Islands t. 8509 Unknown

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Appendix V. Acquisition Policy

Section V – Acquisition and transfer, sub section Notes: Acquisition explains that our new acquisitions policy will be based on the existing 1994 codes (shown 1. The following listings cannot be fully again, below), plus new letter-based designations comprehensive and therefore only the main to highlight especially important families, genera or families are listed. species. The 1994 code-based lists of families, genera 2. The family order is taken from the 2001 and species remain largely unchanged but have Catalogue. been updated in light of the Strategy for Science 3. The 1994 Policy assigned H1 and T1 only to 2004. important research families or genera. This Policy Explanation of codes indicating relative is is more encompassing and assigns these importance of species in cultivation. codes for other important reasons such as those Code Explanation listed in the box above and also if the plants are H1 Families with a substantial hardy content in an important component of the landscape or for which RBGE has decided to specialise. If space display is available RBGE should be prepared to grow 4. RBGE is an international botanic garden and multiple, wild-origin collections of all genera and species. while most plants are grown mainly for our H2 Families with a substantial hardy content which own, and our visitors’ use, great importance is are related to H1 families, and families in which also attached to the value of a comprehensive RBGE has had a long-standing interest but which are not actively worked on at present. Minimum collection that can be accessed by all, including 50% of genera and 25% of species. Multiple wild- research workers and others from outside origin accessions will not normally be grown, Edinburgh and overseas who want to access our apart from species with a very wide geographical distribution. plants for legitimate research. H3 Mainly hardy families for which RBGE requires minimal representation. A few genera of each, with one or two species of each, will be sufficient. 1. Hardy plants T1 Tender families and also tender genera in H1 families in which RBGE has decided to specialise. Depending on culture requirements, space Lichens, Bryophytes and Fungi availability and size of the family or genus, RBGE should be prepared to grow multiple wild-origin These are important research groups for RBGE but collections of all genera and species. they have never been included in any Acquisition T2 Families which are related to T1 families, and Policy and none are deliberately cultivated. However, families in which RBGE has had a long-standing due to their research and teaching value and the interest but which are not actively worked on creation of the Cryptogamic Sanctuary at Dawyck, at present. Minimum 10% of genera and 5% of species, depending on family. Multiple wild- Cryptogamic Garden at Edinburgh and Bryophyte origin accessions will not normally be grown, Sanctuary at Benmore since the publication of the apart from species with a very wide geographical 1994 Policy it is now an appropriate time to confer distribution. some sort of status on them. T3 Tender families for which RBGE requires minimal While none of these groups are deliberately representation. A few genera of each, with one or • two species of each, will be sufficient. acquired or cultivated they should be encouraged to grow in designated areas (eg New, letter-based additional designations Heron Wood Reserve [Cryptogamic Sanctuary] R. Specific research projects at Dawyck, Cryptogamic Garden at Edinburgh C. Conservation projects or of conservation interest and Bryophyte Sanctuary at Benmore) E. Education and interpretation in the widest sense through microclimate, exposure and canopy manipulation. T. Teaching, eg MSc and HND H. Historic collection or significance

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• In the three areas listed above all native lichens, • Conifers are important for teaching and mosses, liverworts and fungi species are so the following genera are designated ‘T’, designated ‘R’ (Scottish Cryptogams, in particular, especially at Edinburgh. Exact species should are listed in the 2004 Science Strategy), ‘C’ (where be discussed between course teachers and appropriate), ‘E’ and ‘T’ curators. Abies, Araucaria, Calocedrus, Cedrus, Cepalotaxus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Ferns and fern allies Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Fitzroya, Juniperus, RBGE continues to have a long term research and Larix, Metasequoia, Picea, Pilgerodendron, Pinus, conservation interest in ferns and fern allies, both Pseudotsuga, Saxegothaea, Sciadopitys, Sequoia, hardy and temperate and they are important for Sequoiadendron, Taxus, Thuja, Torreya, Tsuga teaching, education and interpretation as well as • Other than ICCP (‘C’), teaching (‘T’) and important components of all four landscapes. Podocarpaceae and New Caledonia Araucaria • RBGE has good collections of the following (‘R’) RBGE still has a special interest in conifers families and genera which are all coded H1 and therefore will still aim to cultivate and and T1 (more is given on tender species in display wild-origin accessions of as many the section on glasshouse holdings below): species as possible and therefore all other hardy Equisetum, Adiantaceae, Aspleniaceae, Cyathea, species fall into code H1 while, due to lack of Dicksonia, Dryopteris, Polystichum, Trichomanes, space, tender species fall into T2, unless they are Osmundaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteris and designated ‘C’, ‘R’ or ‘T’. Woodsiaceae. • Larix, Tsuga and Hesperopeuce are NCCPG • Native species of the above are coded ‘R’ and ‘C’ collections at DBG and should therefore be and representative genera and species useful for considered code H1 and designated ‘C’. teaching are coded ‘T’. Asplenium is listed in the • Abies, Picea and Cephalotaxus and the South 2004 Science Strategy and is therefore coded ‘R’. American Temperate Conifers Fitzroya Woodsia is designated ‘C’. cupressoides, Pilgerodendron uviferum, • H2 and T2 families and genera include: Austrocedrus chilensis, Lepidothamnus laxifolius, Blechnaceae, Davalliaceae, other Dicksoniaceae Podocarpus salignus, Podocarpus nubigenus, genera (ie not listed above), other Prumnopitys andinus, Saxegothaea conspicua and Dryopteridaceae genera (ie not listed above), Araucaria araucana are also NCCPG collections other Hymenophyllaceae genera (ie not listed at BBG and should therefore be considered code above). H1 and designated ‘C’. • Species from the Southern hemisphere will • At Edinburgh a broad spectrum of species, generally be cultivated at Logan Botanic Garden. to demonstrate shape and form, and • Sino-Himalayan species will generally be a representative collection of rare and cultivated at Benmore Botanic Garden. endangered conifers of high conservation value • North temperate species will generally be will be cultivated. The only specialist group cultivated at Dawyck Botanic Garden. at Edinburgh will be Cupressus. Target lists of conifers to be planted at the Regional Gardens Conifers and Ginkgoaceae are listed below. The bullets below should be considered in • RBGE will only cultivate large breeding conjunction with Section IV, Collection types, populations of a few selected endangered especially subsection on conservation collections species (Torreya, Metasequoia, Sciadopitys), which and the ICCP will not hybridise in the gardens. • Priority collections of conifers are based on • Block plantings of endangered species must not the requirements of the ICCP and research on dominate the design of the gardens. Podocarpaceae and New Caledonia Araucaria. • Very rare species which are difficult to obtain • All threatened species therefore come under should be cultivated in more than one RBGE code H1 and T1 and are designated ‘C’. garden as an insurance against failure at one site. Podocarpaceae and New Caledonia Araucaria are • Conifers propagated by RBGE and not designated ‘R’. represented in the RBGE collections must be

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allocated to one of the four gardens, before any Austrocedrus chilensis material is distributed to other outside gardens. Calocedrus decurrens • Staff should be encouraged to mount fieldwork Calocedrus formosana with the specific aim of collecting endangered Cephalotaxus fortunei conifers which are difficult to obtain. Cephalotaxus griffithii Cephalotaxus hainanensis Cephalotaxus lanceolata Suggested conifer taxa Cephalotaxus mannii for each of the regional Cephalotaxus oliveri Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Gardens: Chamaecyparis formosensis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 1. Benmore Botanic Garden: Chamaecyparis obtusa var. obtusa Abies alba Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana Abies borisii-regis Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae Abies bornmuelleriana Chamaecyparis thyoides var. thyoides Abies bracteata (breeding population) Cryptomeria fortunei Abies cephalonica (including var. apollinis) Cryptomeria japonica var. japonica Abies chengii Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis Abies cilicica var. cilicica Cryptomeria kawaii Abies cilicica var. isaurica Cunninghamia konishii Abies concolor var. concolor Cunninghamia lanceolata Abies concolor var. lowiana Cupressus atlantica Abies densa Cupressus torulosa Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis Fitzroya cupressoides Abies durangensis var. durangensis Juniperus formosana Abies firma Juniperus morrisonicola Abies grandis Juniperus pseudosabina Abies kawakamii Juniperus recurva var. coxii Abies magnifica Juniperus recurva var. recurva Abies magnifica var. shastensis Juniperus rigida Abies mexicana Juniperus wallichiana Abies nebrodensis Lagarostrobos franklinii Abies nephrolepis Larix griffithiana var. griffithiana Abies nephrolepis var. gracilis Larix griffithiana var. speciosa Abies nordmanniana var. equi-trojani Larix mastersiana Abies numidica Lepidothamnus fonkii (breeding population) Abies pindrow Picea brachytyla var. brachytyla Abies pindrow var. intermedia Picea brachytyla var. complanata Abies pinsapo Picea chihuahuana Abies pinsapo ssp. marocana Picea farreri Abies procera Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis Abies religiosa Picea morrisonicola Abies spectabilis Picea orientalis Abies vejarii var. vejarii Picea smithiana Araucaria araucana (breeding population) Picea spinulosa Athrotaxis cupressoides Picea torano Athrotaxis laxifolia Pilgerodendron uviferum (breeding population) Athrotaxis selaginoides Pinus armandii var. armandii

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Pinus armandii var. mastersiana 2. Dawyck Botanic Garden: Pinus ayacahuite var. ayacahuite Abies amabilis Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchii Abies balsamea Pinus bhutanica Abies chensiensis ssp. chensiensis Pinus densiflora Abies chensiensis ssp. salouenensis Pinus densiflora var. funebris Abies chensiensis ssp. yulongxueshanensis Pinus gerardiana Abies delavayi var. delavayi Pinus hartwegii Abies delavayi var. motuoensis Pinus jeffreyi Abies fabri ssp. fabri Pinus massoniana Abies fabri var. minensis Pinus massoniana var. hainanensis Abies fanjingshanensis Pinus monticola Abies fargesii Pinus morrisonicola Abies faxoniana Pinus rudis Abies forrestii var. ferreana Pinus sabiniana Abies forrestii var. forrestii Pinus thunbergii Abies forrestii var. smithii Pinus wallichiana Abies georgei Pinus yunnanensis Abies holophylla Pinus yunnanensis var. tenuifolia Abies kawakamii Podocarpus acutifolius Abies koreana Podocarpus alpinus Abies lasiocarpa Podocarpus hallii Abies mariesii Podocarpus macrophyllus Abies recurvata var. ernestii Podocarpus nivalis Abies recurvata var. recurvata Podocarpus nubigenus Abies sachalinensis var. gracilis Podocarpus salignus Abies sachalinensis var. mayriana Podocarpus totara Abies sachalinensis var. nemorensis Prumnopitys andinus Abies sachalinensis var. sachalinensis Pseudotsuga japonica Abies sibirica var. semenovii Pseudotsuga menziesii Abies sibirica var. sibirica Saxegothaea conspicua (breeding population) Abies squamata Sciadopitys verticillata (breeding population) Abies veitchii var. sikokiana Sequoia sempervirens Abies veitchii var. veitchii Sequoiadendron giganteum Calocedrus decurrens (breeding population) Taiwania cryptomerioides var. cryptomerioides Cedrus brevifolia Taiwania cryptomerioides var. flousiana Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. drupacea Taxus brevifolia Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. harringtonia Taxus celebica Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana Taxus cuspidata Chamaecyparis arizonica var. montana Taxus wallichiana Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Taxus yunnanensis Hesperopeuce mertensiana Thuja plicata Juniperus chinensis Thujopsis dolobrata var. dolobrata Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii Thujopsis dolobrata var. hondae Juniperus communis (breeding population) Tsuga dumosa Juniperus communis var. alpina Tsuga heterophylla Juniperus communis var. depressa Juniperus communis var. montana Juniperus glaucescens Juniperus horizontalis Juniperus komarovii

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Juniperus ramulosa Picea neoveitchii Juniperus sabina Picea obovata Juniperus saltuaria Picea omorika (breeding population) Juniperus semiglobosa Picea pungsaniensis Juniperus seravshanica Picea purpurea Juniperus squamata Picea retroflexa Juniperus virginiana Picea schrenkiana Juniperus virginiana var. crebra Picea wilsonii Larix decidua Pinus balfouriana Larix gmelinii var. cajanderi Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina Larix gmelinii var. gmelinii Pinus banksiana Larix gmelinii var. japonica Pinus cembroides Larix gmelinii var. olgensis Pinus hwangtungensis Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii Pinus koraiensis Larix gmelinii var. prostrata Pinus mugo Larix laricina Pinus mugo var. pumilio Larix lyallii Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii Larix potaninii var. potaninii Pinus orizabensis Larix potaninii var. himalaica Pinus sibirica Larix potaninii var. macrocarpa Pinus strobus Larix sibirica Pinus sylvestris Larix sukascewii Pinus sylvestris var. hamata Metasequoia glyptostroboides (breeding population) Pinus tabuliformis Nothotsuga longibracteata Pseudolarix amabilis Picea alcoquiana var. acicularis Pseudotsuga menziesii Picea alcoquiana var. alcoquiana Sequoiadendron giganteum Picea alcoquiana var. reflexa Taxus baccata Picea asperata var. asperata Taxus chinensis Picea asperata var. heterolepis Thuja occidentalis Picea asperata var. ponderosa Torreya fargesii Picea aurantiaca Torreya jackii Picea breweriana (breeding population) Torreya nucifera var. nucifera Picea crassifolia Torreya nucifera var. radicans Picea engelmannii Tsuga canadensis Picea glauca Tsuga caroliniana Picea glehnii Tsuga chinensis var. chinensis Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis Tsuga chinensis var. oblongisquamata Picea jezoensis var. jezoensis Tsuga chinensis var. robusta Picea jezoensis var. komarovii Tsuga diversifolia Picea koraiensis var. koraiensis Tsuga forrestii Picea koraiensis var. pungsanensis Tsuga sieboldii Picea koyamai Tsuga yunnanensis Picea likiangensis var. hirtella Picea likiangensis var. likiangensis 3. Logan Botanic Garden: Picea likiangensis var. montigena Actinostrobus acuminatus Picea likiangensis var. rubescens Actinostrobus arenarius Picea mariana Actinostrobus pyramidalis Picea maximowiczii var. maximowiczii Austrocedrus chilensis Picea maximowiczii var. senanensis Callitris endlicheri Picea meyeri Callitris monticola

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Callitris muelleri Callitris oblonga DICOTYLEDONS Callitris rhomboidea Callitris verrucosa Cupressus cashmeriana Aceraceae Dacrycarpus dacrydioides • Acer is an important landscape genus and Dacrydium araucarioides component of northern temperate forests. It is Dacrydium balansae not particularly important at present for research Dacrydium cupressinum or conservation projects but it is very important Diselma archeri for teaching, display and landscape. Fokienia hodginsii • Acer is therefore designated ‘T’ in general and Halocarpus bidwillii coded as follows: Halocarpus kirkii • H1 genus for European and Asian species Juniperus bermudiana • H2 genus for North American species Juniperus cedrus • European acers Edinburgh Juniperus deppeana Japanese acers DBG & BBG Juniperus erythrocarpa • North American acers BBG Juniperus excelsa • Sino-Himalayan acers Edinburgh & BBG Juniperus flaccida • Juniperus monosperma Aquifoliaceae Juniperus procera Lagarostrobus colensoi • Ilex is coded an H2 genus but it is an important Lagarostrobus franklinii landscape and teaching genus and it is therefore Libocedrus bidwillii designated ‘T’ at Edinburgh Libocedrus plumosa Microstrobos fitzgeraldii Araliaceae Microstrobos niphophilus • Aralia, Fatsia and Hedera are coded H2 genera Phyllocladus glaucus but they are important landscape and teaching Phyllocladus trichomanoides genera and are therefore designated ‘T’ at Pinus canariensis Edinburgh Pinus chiapensis Pinus culminicola Berberidaceae Pinus johannis Pinus maximartinezii • Berberis and Mahonia are coded H1 genera while Pinus pinceana Epimedium and Podophyllum are coded H2 Pinus torreyana genera. Podocarpus salignus • Berberis is designated ‘R’ while the other three Prumnopitys ferrugineus genera listed above are designated ‘T’ because Prumnopitys spicatus of their importance in teaching. All are of Prumnopitys taxifolia landscape and display value. Taxus globosa • Berberis species from the Northern hemisphere Tetraclinis articulata will be cultivated at Dawyck Botanic Garden. Torreya taxifolia Berberis species from the Southern hemisphere Widdringtonia cedarbergensis will be cultivated at Logan Botanic Garden. Widdringtonia cupressoides Widdringtonia dracomontana Betulaceae Widdringtonia juniperoides • Betula and Alnus are both important landscape Widdringtonia nodiflora genera and components of northern temperate Widdringtonia schwarzii forests. They are not particularly important at Widdringtonia whytei present for research or conservation projects but are very important for teaching, education display and landscape.

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• Betula and Alnus are both coded H1 genera and Caryophyllaceae designated ‘T’ and ‘E’. • Coded an H1 family in general because of its • The main focus for Betula is at DBG but landscape, display, teaching and education Edinburgh should hold representative importance, especially in the rock garden and collections for teaching. The main focus for herbaceous areas. Alnus is at Edinburgh. Japanese species of both • Arenaria, Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophilla, genera and generally more tender species Lychnis, Minuartia, Saponaria and Silene, are all should also be collected at BBG. designated ‘T’ for their teaching importance. Buxaceae Celastraceae • Buxus and Sarcococca are coded H2 genera but • Euonymus and Maytenus coded H1 and are designated ‘T’ at Edinburgh in recognition of designated ‘T’ their teaching importance. Cercidiphyllaceae Campanulaceae • Cercidiphyllum coded H1 and designated ‘T’ • Campanula, Codonopsis, Cyanthus, Lobelia, Phyteuma, Platycodon and Wahlenbergia are all Cistaceae important landscape, rock garden and display • Cistus, Halimium and Helianthemum coded H2 genera. They are not particularly important at but designated ‘T’ present for research or conservation projects but are very important for teaching, education and Compositae display. Compositae is a large and important family Except for South American Lobelia all are coded • • taxonomically and includes many genera of H2 but are designated ‘T’ for their teaching display, teaching and educational importance. importance. • However, as there is currently no specific • South American Lobelia are coded ‘R’ and ‘C’ research or conservation interest at Edinburgh because of their importance to work on the the family is coded H2 in general. Chilean flora. • Achillea, Anaphalis, Anthemis, Argyranthemum, Artemisia, Aster, Brachyglottis, Celmisia, Centaurea, Caprifoliaceae Cirsium, Cremanthodium, Dahlia, Dimorphotheca, • Coded an H1 family in general because of its Doronicum, Echinops, Erigeron, Eupatorium, landscape, display, teaching and education Eutyops, Gazania, Gerbera, Helenium, Helianthus, importance. Helichrysum, Inula, Kleinia, Leontopodium, • All the H1 and H2 genera listed below are also Ligularia, Mutisia, Olearia, Osteospermum, coded ‘T’ Raoulia, Rudbeckia, Santolina, Saussurea, Senecio, • Specific H1 genera are as follows: Lonicera Solidago, and Tanacetum are all designated ‘T’ • The shrubby species with little garden merit will because oft heir importance in teaching. be cultivated in the nursery at Edinburgh. • The climbing species will be cultivated at BBG. Cornaceae Other H1 genera Abelia, Viburnum, Weigela (all • Cornus is coded H2 and designated ‘T’. should primarily be cultivated at Edinburgh) • • Other small woody H1 genera: Kolkwitzia, Diervilla, Dipelta and Leycesteria (again, all should Corylaceae be cultivated at Edinburgh) • Carpinus and Corylus are coded H2 and • H2 genera: Sambucus and Symphoricarpos designated ‘T’. (Edinburgh) Cruciferae • An H2 family in general but Draba is designated H1 due to its importance in the Rock Garden and Alpine Yard.

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Camelliiflora Edinburgh The following genera are designated ‘T’: • Campylogyna Edinburgh Aethionema, Alyssum, Arabia, Aubrieta, Caroliniana Edinburgh Cardamine, Crambe, Draba, Erysimum, Iberis and Cinnabarina Edinburgh/BBG Lunaria. Edgeworthia Edinburgh/LBG Elaeagnaceae Fragariflora Edinburgh Genestieriana Edinburgh • Elaeagnus and Hippophae are coded H2 and Glauca Edinburgh & BBG designated ‘T’. Heliolepida Edinburgh/BBG Lapponica Edinburgh Ericaceae Lepidota Edinburgh The family Ericaceae is of huge importance at RBGE Maddenia LBG from a research, education, teaching, display and Micrantha Edinburgh landscape point of view. Monantha Edinburgh (i) Rhododendron Moupinensia Edinburgh • The following bullet notes are adapted from Rhododendron Edinburgh the 1994 Policy. A new Rhododendron Policy is Rhodorastra Edinburgh being drafted by a working party and should be Saluenensia Edinburgh appended to this Policy once complete. Scabrifolia Edinburgh • Despite research on rhododendron being Tephropepla Edinburgh reduced, this genus is still very important at all Trichoclada Edinburgh four gardens from a landscape and historical Triflora Edinburgh & BBG point of view. Rhododendron is therefore coded Uniflora Edinburgh an H1 genus with an ‘H’ designation. Until Virgata Edinburgh approximately 2002 it would certainly have Section Pogonanthum Edinburgh been given an ‘R’ designation but due to 2004 Section Vireya Edinburgh (Indoor Dept) Science strategy this designation cannot now Subgenus Hymenanthes be appended. Representative species (to be Section Pontica agreed between curators and the Education Subsection Arborea Edinburgh Department) are designated ‘T’ at Edinburgh. Argyrophylla Edinburgh • The existing (up until 2006) Rhododendron Auriculata Edinburgh planting policy of growing multiple accessions Barbata Edinburgh of variable species or species with a wide Campylocarpa Edinburgh geographical distribution, and up to 10 Falconera BBG/Edinburgh accessions of less variable species and those Fortunea Edinburgh?DBG with a restricted geographical distribution Fulgensia Edinburgh cannot now be justified but should not cease Fulva Edinburgh immediately. Rather, it should be reduced slowly. Glischra Edinburgh/LBG • Rhododendron are NCCPG collections at all Grandia BBG/Edinburgh four gardens and are therefore coded H1 and Griersoniana Edinburgh designated ‘C’ on this basis alone. Irrorata Edinburgh Lanata Edinburgh The following garden designations remain • Maculifera Edinburgh until the new Rhododendron Policy has been Neriiflora Edinburgh approved and appended to this Policy. Parishia Edinburgh Subgenus Rhododendron Pontica Edinburgh Section Rhododendron Selensia Edinburgh/BBG Subsection Taliensia Edinburgh/DBG Afghanica Edinburgh Thomsonia Edinburgh Baileya Edinburgh Venatora Edinburgh Boothia Edinburgh Williamsiana Edinburgh

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Subgenus Azaleastrum Castanea, Fagus, Nothofagus and Quercus are Section Azaleastrum Edinburgh • designated ‘T’. Section Choniastrum Edinburgh Subgenus Tsutsusi Flacourtiaceae Section Brachycalyx Edinburgh Section Tsusiopsis Edinburgh • Azara and Berberidopsis are coded H1 and Section Tsutsusi Edinburgh designated ‘R’, ‘C’ and ‘T’. This family is generally to Subgenus Pentanthera be located at LBG. Section Pentanthera Edinburgh Section Rhodora Edinburgh Gentianaceae Section Viscidula Edinburgh • Gentiana is an important genus historically and Section Sciadorhodion Edinburgh is therefore coded H1 (other genera H2) and Subgenus Therorhodion Edinburgh designated ‘H’. Subgenus Candidastrum Edinburgh • Gentiana is also and NCCPG collection at Subgenus Mumeazalea Edinburgh Edinburgh is is therefore coded H1 and (ii) Other H1 Ericaceae genera designated ‘C’ on this basis alone. Enkianthus BBG • Gentiana, Gentianella and Swertia are Gaultheria (Pernettya) LBG designated ‘T’. • Enkianthus is also a potential NCCPG collection at BBG and may be coded H1 and designated ‘C’ Geraniaceae in the near future. • Hardy Geraniaceae (mostly Geranium) are coded (iii) All other Ericaceae genera (H2) H2 but are important fro display and teaching • The following genera are designated ‘T’ because and are designated ‘T’. of their teaching importance: Andromeda, Arctostaphylos, Calluna, Cassiope, Daboecia, Griseliniaceae Enkianthus, Erica, Gaultheria, Kalmia, Leucothoe, • Griselinia is an NCCPG collection at LBG and is Menziesia, Phyllodoce, Pieris, Rhododendron and therefore coded H1 and designated ‘C’ and ‘T’ for Vaccinium. its teaching importance. Escalloniaceae Grossulariaceae • Corokia, Escallonia and Itea coded H2 and • Ribes is coded H2 and designated ‘T’. The old designated ‘T’. world species which have little horticultural merit can be grown in the Nursery. Eucryphiaceae • Eucryphia coded H2 and designated ‘T’. Most Gunneraceae Eucryphia species to be located at LBG except • Gunnera is coded H1 because it is an NCCPG where included in the Chilean Hillside at BBG. collection at LBG. It is also designated ‘C’ and ‘T’. Euphorbiaceae Guttiferae • Hardy genera and species coded H2 and • Hypericum is coded H2 and designated ‘T’. designated ‘T’. Hamamelidaceae Fagaceae • Corylopsis, Hamamelis, Liquidambar and Parrotia • An important genus for teaching, some research, are coded H1 and designated ‘T’. education, display and landscape.H1 genus. • Nothofagus is coded an H1 genus and Hydrangeaceae designated ‘R’ and ‘C’ with most species being grown at Edinburgh, less hardy species at LBG • An H1 family which is also important for teaching and species relevant to the Chillean Hillside at and display. All genera are designated ‘T’. BBG.

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forests requiring taxonomic work”. It is therefore Deutzia should be cultivated at Edinburgh, • coded in the tender section below as T1. There Hydrangea (New World species) at LBG, are a number of important hardy genera and so Hydrangea (Old World species) at BBG and it is also listed as H1. Philadelphus at Edinburgh. • Abutilon, Althaea, Corynabutilon, Hibiscus, Juglandaceae Hoheria, Lavatera, Malva and Sidalcea are • Juglans and Pterocarya coded H2 and designated ‘T’. designated ‘T’. Myrtaceae Labiatae • Myrtaceae contains a number of genera that • An important family in general but not used are very significant at LBG and the following specifically for research and conservation are coded H1, especially at LBG: Eucalyptus, therefore coded H2. Leptospermum, Luma, Melaleuca, Metrosideros, • Many species are important for teaching and the Myrceugenia, Myrtus, Syzygium and Ugni. Those following are designated ‘T’: Ajuga, Horminum, occurring at Edinburgh are also designated ‘T’. Hyssopus, Lamium, Lavandula, Melissa, Mentha, • Leptospermum is an NCCPG collections at LBG Monarda, Nepeta, Origanum, Perovskia, Phlomis, and is therefore coded ‘C’. Rosmarinus, Salvia, Stachys, Teucrium and Thymus. Oleaceae Lardizabalaceae • A number of genera are important for education, teaching, display, landscape and, • Akebia, Decaisnea, Holboellia and Lardizabala are up to a point from an historic point of view. coded H1 and designated ‘T’. They are not used specifically for research and conservation but because of the other Leguminosae values they are still coded as H1. These are as • This family is generally less important from follows: Forsythia, Fraxinus, Jasminum, Ligustrum, a research point of view (based on the 2004 Osmanthus and Syringa. These genera are also Science Strategy) than it once was and is designated ‘T’. Other genera are H2. therefore coded H2. Lathyrus is still used for research is therefore coded H1 and designated Paeoniaceae ‘R’. Many genera are very important for display • Paeonia is an H1 genus and designated ‘T’. and landscape. • The following genera are designated ‘T’: Papaveraceae Caragana, Cercis, Cytisus, Genista, Indigofera, Corydalis, Dicentra, Meconopsis and Papaver Laburnum, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Piptanthus, Robinia, • are coded H1 genera. These genera are also Sophora, Thermopsis, Ulex and Wisteria. designated ‘T’ and Meconopsis is additionally Magnoliaceae designated ‘H’. • Other genera are coded H2 • Liriodendron and Magnolia are important genera for education, teaching, display, landscape Pittosporaceae and, up to a point from an historic point of Pittosporum is an H1 genus at LBG. view. They are not used specifically for research • and conservation but because of the other Plumbaginaceae values they are still coded as H1. They are also designated ‘E’, ‘T’ and ‘H’. • An H2 genus with Acantholimon, Armeria, Ceratostigma, Limonium, Phlox and Polemonium Malvaceae designated ‘T’. • This family is quoted in the 2004 Science Strategy “an important component of tropical

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Polygonaceae Rubus DBG Sorbus DBG (plus some spp at BBG) An H2 genus with Persicaria, Polygonum and • Spiraea DBG Rheum designated ‘T’. Smaller woody genera: Primulaceae Chaenomeles Edinburgh Exochorda Edinburgh • Androsace, Cyclamen, Dionysia and Primula are Holodiscus DBG coded H1 with other genera H2. Neillia Edinburgh • The genera above are also designated ‘T’ Photinia BBG along with Dodocatheon, Lysimachia and Physocarpus Edinburgh Omphalogramma. Primula is designated Pyracantha Edinburgh ‘H’ because of its historical significance at Sorbaria DBG Edinburgh. • All the above genera are designated ‘T’ along with Kerria, Mespilus and Potentilla and Proteaceae Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, • Coded an H1 family, especially at LBG; Rubus, Sorbus and Spiraea are also designated ‘E’ Embothrium is an H1 genus at BBG. and ‘H’. • Banksia, Embothrium, Gevuina, Hakea, Lomatia • The following herbaceous genera are and Orites are designated ‘T’ and Chilean species designated ‘T’: Alchemilla, Aruncus, Dryas, are also designated ‘R’ and ‘C’. Filipendula, Geum and Potentilla. Ranunculaceae Rutaceae • Many genera are important for education, • Choisya, Phellodendron, Ruta and Skimmia are teaching, display, landscape and, up to a point coded H2 and designated ‘T’. from an historic point of view. They are not used specifically for research and conservation but Salicaceae because of the other values they are still coded • Populus and Salix are important landscape and as H1. These are as follows: Aconitum, Actaea, teaching genera and are coded H1 even though Adonis, Anemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Cimicifuga, most are not used for research. The exceptions Clematis, Delphinium, Helleborus, Pulsatilla, include native Scottish upland willows which Ranunculus, Thalictrum, and Trollius. These are designated ‘R’ and ‘C’. Both genera are genera are also designated ‘T’. designated ‘T’. • Other genera are H2. Sapindaceae Rosaceae • Koelreuteria is designated ‘T’ • The 2004 Science Strategy states that research on Rosaceae is being wound down. However, Sapotaceae because of their enormous teaching, education, RBGE’s collection have relatively few genera and display, heritage and landscape importance • species of this family except Pouteria splendens Rosaceae remains an H1 family, especially for from Chile. Sapotaceae has, however, been Asian and European species, and a H2 family for cited in the 2004 Science Strategy (mostly as a other continents. Pantropical family) and is therefore coded H1 Main locations are as follows: • and designated ‘R’. Amelanchier Edinburgh Cotoneaster DBG Saxifragaceae Crataegus Edinburgh Malus Edinburgh • While not currently used extensively for research Prunus DBG this is an important horticultural family and Pyrus Edinburgh therefore RBGE will hold H1 collections of all Rosa Edinburgh woody and herbaceous genera.

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• Many genera are important for teaching and Violaceae the following are therefore designated ‘T’: • An H2 family with Viola designated ‘T’. Asilbe, Bergenia, Darmera, Heuchera, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tiarella and Tolmiea. Vitaceae • An H2 family with Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus, Scrophulariaceae Tetrastigma and Vitis designated ‘T’. • Coded H2 in general with the following genera designated ‘T’: Calceolaria, Diascia, Digitalis, Hebe, Winteraceae Penstemon, Phygelius, Verbascum, Veronica and • Drimys is coded H1 and designated ‘R’ and ‘T’. Zaluzianskya. • It is noted that under newer classification schemes (eg APG) Scrophulariaceae contains MONOCOTYLEDONS many other genera that may be of interest in research. While these are not listed here they can Agavaceae be coded H1 and designated ‘R’ at any time if requested by research, or other, straff. • Most genera are tender and are listed in the next section. Cordyline and Yucca are important The following families are coded H2 and designated genera, especially at LBG and are therefore ‘T’: Stachyuraceae, Stapyleaceae, Styracaceae, coded H1 and designated ‘T’ Symplocaceae, Tetracentraceae and Theaceae (especially Camellia and Stuartia) Alliaceae • An important horticultural family with many Thymelaeaceae genera used for display and teaching and a few • Daphne is coded H1 and designated ‘T’ (eg Tulbaghia) used for research and therefore designated ‘R’. The family is therefore coded Tiliaceae H1 with the following genera designated ‘T’: • Tilia is coded H1 and designated ‘T’ Agapanthus, Allium, Ipheion and Tulbaghia. Trochodendraceae Alstroemeriaceae • Trochodendron is coded H1 and designated ‘T’ • Alstroemeria and Bomarea coded H1 and designated ‘R’ and ‘T’ Ulmus Amaryllidaceae • Celtis, Ulmus and Zelkova are coded H2 and designated ‘T’ • Many genera are of teaching, education, display and landscape relevance. There is a general Umbelliferae research interest in the Amaryllidaceae but no specific ‘monograph-type’ project. RBGE has • Despite a decrease in the use of umbels for a good ‘reference collection’ which should research Umbelliferae is still an H1 family in be maintained and therefore, in general, the general. family is coded H1 with the following genera • The following genera are important for display designated ‘T’: Crinum, Galanthus, Leucojum, and teaching and are designated ‘T’: Aciphylla, Narcissus, Rhodophiala and Sternbergia. Angelica, Astrantia, Bupleurum, Eryngium, Ferula, Foeniculum, Heracleum, Levisticum, Araceae Pleurospermum and Seseli. • RBGE has excellent holdings of Arisaema and this genus is coded H1 and designated ‘R’ and ‘T’. Verbenaceae • Other hardy genera are coded H2 and Arum is • An H2 family with the following designated ‘T’: designated ‘T’ Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Rhaphithamnus and Verbena.

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Asphodelaceae Iridaceae • H2 in general but the following genera • An important teaching, display and landscape designated ‘T’: Asphodeline, Eremurus and family. Coded H1 despite no research interest. Kniphofia. • The following genera are designated ‘T’: Crocosmia, Crocus, Dierama, Gladiolus, Iris, Asteliaceae Libertia, Schizostylis, Sisyrinchium and Watsonia. • H2 in general but Astelia designated ‘T’, especially at LBG. Juncaceae • A few genera, especially Juncus and Luzula, are Colchicaceae valuable landscape and teaching plants. Coded • H2 in general but Colchicum designated ‘T’. H2 and Juncus and Luzula designated ‘T’. Convallariaceae Liliaceae • An important teaching, display and landscape • An important teaching, display and landscape family. Coded H1 despite no research interest. family. Coded H1 despite no research interest. • The following genera are designated ‘T’: • The following genera are designated ‘T’: Clintonia, Disporum, Liriope, Maianthemum, Calochortus, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Lilium, Ophiopogon, Polygonatum, Smilacina and Nomocharis and Tulipa. Tricyrtis. Orchidaceae Cyperaceae • An important teaching, display and landscape • A few genera, especially Carex, are valuable family, especially indoors. Coded H1 despite no landscape and teaching plants. Coded H2 and current research interest, although there has Carex designated ‘T’. been some research and conservation interest in Scottish natives. Gramineae • The following genera are designated ‘T’ • A very important family in world terms and and Scottish natives, ‘R’ and ‘C’: Anacamptis, some genera, especially the bamboos, are Dactylorhiza, Epipactis, Gymnadenia, Orchis, important for landscaping purposes, education Platanthera and Pleione. and for teaching. Phormaceae • Coded H2 and the following genera designated ‘E’ and ‘T’: Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cortaderia, • H2 with Dianella and Phormium designated ‘T’, Deschampsia, Festuca, Glyceria, Miscanthus, especially at LBG. Phyllostachys, Sasa and Stipa. Ruscaceae Hemerocallidaceae • H2 with Ruscus designated ‘T’. • Hemerocallis coded H2 and designated ‘T’. Smilacaceae Hostaceae • H2 with Smilax designated ‘T’. • Hosta coded H2 and designated ‘T’. Trilliaceae Hyacinthaceae • H1 with the following genera designated ‘T’: • An important teaching, display and landscape Paris and Trillium. family. Coded H1 despite no research interest. • The following genera are designated ‘T’: Zingiberaceae Bellevalia, Camassia, Chionodoxa, Dipcardi, • An important family indoors, but coded H2 Eucomis, Galtonia, Hyacinthoides, Hyacinthus, outdoors and Roscoea, designated ‘T’. Muscari, Ornithogalum and Scilla.

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(also ‘E’), Davalia, Dicksonia, Hymenophyllum, 2. Tender plants Trichomanes, Platycerium, and Pteris. • See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p13 The Indoor Department maintains two very distinct and 14. groups of collections- those for research and those for display. For more information on the Research Conifers Collections refer to Non Hardy Living Research The glasshouse research collections form an Collections (Mitchell and Pennington, 2003). The • important resource for the ICCP research and following general notes refer to all of the Indoor conservation programme. Department’s collections. Space permitting, all tender species are coded The diversity and extent of the tender research • • T1 and designated ‘C’ and ‘R’. collections are very much dictated by the space Specific families and genera of research and available in the glasshouses. Although primarily • conservation interest (‘C’ and ‘R’) include: for research, the collections may also fulfil Podocarpaceae, Araucaria, Parasitaxus, valuable teaching, educational and conservation Sundacarpus and Acmopyle along with all New functions. The present plant collections Caledonia conifers. cultivated by the Indoor Department contain a See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p11 fairly well-balanced family representation. • and 12. • The Indoor Department will maintain and display representative collections of economically important crops and plants of DICOTYLEDONS medicinal and ethnobotanical importance. Plants will be displayed that reflect the spectrum of the world’s flora which cannot be represented Acanthaceae out of doors and that exhibit some of the • A big family worldwide and with some world's geographical habitats, wherever possible important display and teaching genera. demonstrating morphological plant forms. The following genera are coded T1 and • Many tropical and subtropical woody designated ‘T’: Aphelandra, Eranthemum, angiosperm collections will not necessarily be Justicia, Pseuderanthemum, Ruellia, Strobilanthes, cultivated to maturity. Cytological and DNA Thunbergia and Whitfieldia. research and seedling morphology may only require small, immature plants in pots. However, Aizoaceae to obtain positive verification of those immature • An important succulent family valuable for plants from large growing trees and shrubs display and teaching. Coded T2 as a family it may be necessary to grow material on to and with the following genera designated ‘T’: maturity in a tropical botanic garden. Conophyllum, Delosperma and Lithops (also ‘E’). Reference: Mitchell, David and Pennington, Toby (2003). Non Asclepiadaceae hardy living research collections. Royal Botanic Garden • Another important (mostly) succulent family Edinburgh (Unpublished). valuable for teaching, education and display. Coded T2 with the following genera designated Ferns and Fern Allies ‘T’: Asclepias, Caralluma (also ‘E’), Ceropegia (also • There are extensive fern and fern ally collections ‘E’) and Hoya. in both the display and research glasshouses and and new ROAME proposal is to be Begoniaceae developed for Asplenium. • A very important research and teaching family • Tender fern and fern ally families and genera and therefore coded T1. Begonia is designated ‘R’, are coded T1 and generally designated ‘R’. ‘C’ and ‘T’. the following genera are also designated ‘T’: • See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p7 and 8. Adiantum, Asplenium, Woodwardia, Cyathea

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Cactaceae Cyrtandra, Saintpaulia (also ‘C’) and Streptocarpus. Aeschynanthus is an NCCPG collection and is An important family valuable for education, • • coded T1 and ‘C’ on this basis alone. display and teaching. Coded T2 and designated See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p5 and 6. generally as ‘E’ as a family and with the • following genera designated ‘T’: Cereus, Leguminosae Cleistocactus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Ferocactus, Gymnocalycium, Mammillaria, Opuntia, Pereskia, • Research on Leguminosae is decreasing (Science Parodia, Rhipsalis and Stenocereus. Strategy 2004), except for the genera Inga, Cadia and Clitoria which are coded T1 and designated Crassulaceae ‘R’. Other genera are coded T2 and the following genera designated ‘T’: Acacia (also ‘E’), Brownea, An important family valuable for education, • Calliandra and Retama. display and teaching. Coded T2 and designated generally as ‘E’ as a family and with the following Moraceae genera designated ‘T’: Aeonium, Cotyledon, Crassula, Echiveria, Hylotelephium, Jovibarba, • Ficus coded T2 and designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. Kalanchoe, Rhodiola (hardy species coded H2), Rosularia, Sedum and Sempervivum. Nepenthaceae • Nepenthes coded T2 and designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. Ericaceae Passifloraceae • Rhododendron Section Vireya is still an important group despite research being wound down. • Passiflora coded T2 and designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. Coded T1 and designated ‘R’ and ‘T’. • Rhododendron Section Vireya is an NCCPG Sapotaceae collection and is designated T1 and ‘C’ on this • Tropical genera are now included in the 2004 basis alone. Science Strategy. Living collections are low but • Agapetes also coded T1, with other genera the family is now coded T1 and designated ‘R’. coded T2. • Dimorphanthera and other tender genera designated ‘T’. MONOCOTYLEDONS

Euphorbiaceae Agavaceae Tender species coded T2 and designated ‘T’ • Agave coded T2 and designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. especially Euphorbia. • Aloaceae Geraniaceae Aloe and Haworthia coded T2 and Aloe Pelargonium coded T1 and selected species • • designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. designated ‘T’. • See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p19 Amaryllidaceae and 20. • Clivia and Hippeastrum coded T2 and designated Gesneriaceae ‘T’. • A very important research family, especially for Araceae ‘evo-devo’ work and for cytology. All genera coded T1 and designated ‘R’ • This is a very big family in world terms but • Hybrids are important for ‘evo-devo’ research it does include some important teaching, and are coded T1 and designated ‘R’ in their own education and display plants. right • Coded T2 in general with the following genera • Selected species of the following genera designated ‘T’: Aglaonema, Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, designated ‘T’: Aeschynanthus, Chirita, Columnea, Monstera, Philodendron and Spathiphyllum.

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Bromeliaceae Pandanaceae • An important teaching, education and display • Pandanus is coded T2 but designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. family. • Coded T2 with the following genera designated Strelitziaceae ‘E’ and ‘T’: Aechmea, Ananas, Bilbergia, • Strelitzia is coded T2 but designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. Cryptanthus, Dyckia, Fascicularia (H1), Neoregelia, Puya (?H1 or T1), Tillandsia and Vriesea. Zingiberaceae Hyacinthaceae • Zingiberaceae is a very important research family and is therefore coded T1 and designated ‘R’. The • Lachenalia and Ledebouria coded T2 and following genera are also designated ‘E’ and ‘T’: designated ‘T’. Alpinia, Amomum, Cautleya, Curcuma, Globba, Hedychium and Zingiber Musaceae • Curcuma, Boesenbergia, Globba, Kaempferia and • Research on Musaceae is being wound down Zingiber are NCCPG collections and are coded T1 (2004 Science strategy) and so Musa is reduced and dedsignated ‘C’ on this basis alone. to a coding on T2. Musa is designated ‘E’ and ‘T’. • See also Mitchell and Pennington (2003), p30 and 31. Orchidaceae • A very important teaching, education and display family which now has less research interest than it once did. • The following genera are coded T1: Apostasia, Cryptophoranthus, Dendrobium, Dracula, Masdevallia, Newidia, Physosiphon, Pleurothallis, Restrepia, Scaphosepalum and Stelis. • RBGE has specialised and succeeded in cultivating the high montane, cloud forest species from S.E. Asia and South America and these genera and species are also coded T1. • Other genera are coded T3 and the following genera are designated ‘E’ and ‘T’: Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Cattleya, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium (also ?’H’), Dracula, Lycaste, Masdevallia, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Pleurothalis and Vanda. Palmae • Palms are oviously an important component of the Palm Houses and therefore, on impotance grounds, they are coded T1 although there is little space to acquire new material. • Palms are important for education teaching and display and the following genera are therefore designated ‘E’ and ‘T’: Jubaea, Livistona, Phoenix, Pritchardia, Sabal and Washingtonia.

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Appendix VI. Family and Genus Designations for Benmore, Dawyck and Logan Benmore Botanic Garden

Family Genus Family Genus ADIANTACEAE Adiantum TAXODIACEAE Athrotaxis Cheilanthes Crytomeria ASPLENIACEAE Aspleniun Cunninghamia BLECHNACEAE Blechnum Metasequoia Woodwardia Sequoia Sequoiadendron DICKSONIACEAE (Hardy species Culcita Taiwania only) Taxodium DRYOPTERIDACEAE Arachnoides GINKGOACEAE Ginkgo Cyrtomium Dicotyledons Dryopteris Polystichum ACERACEAE Acer OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda ACTINIDIACEAE Actinidia POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium ANACARDIACEAE Cotinus Rhus WOODSIACEAE Athyrium Schinus Diplazium Gymnocarpium APOCYNACEAE Trachelospernum Matteuccia AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex Onoclea ARALIACEAE Aralia ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria Hedera CEPHALOTAXACEAE Cephalotaxus ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia CUPRESSACEAE Austrocedrus ASCLEPIADACEAE Periploca Callitris AUCUBACEAE Aucuba Calocedrus BERBERIDACEAE Berberis Chamaecyparis Epimedium Cupressus Mahonia Diselma Nandina Fitzroya Podophyllum Juniperus BETULACEAE Alnus Microbiota Betula Pilgerodendron BIGNONIACEAE Campsis Platycladus Catalpa Thuja Thujopsis BORAGINACEAE Pulmonaria PINACEAE Abies BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja Cedrus BUXACEAE Buxus Hespeopeuce Sarcococca Larix CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia Picea CAPRIFOLIACEAE Diervilla Pinus Dipelta Pseudolarix Lonicera Pseudotsuga Symphoricarpus Tsuga Viburnum PODOCARPACEAE Lagarostrobus Weigela Microcacachrys CELASTRACEAE Celastrus Microstrobus Euonymus Podocarpus Maytenus Prumnopitys Triterygium Saxegothaea CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE Cercidiphyllum SCIADOPITYACEAE Sciadopitys CISTACEAE Cistus TAXACEAE Taxus CLETHRACEAE Clethra Torreya

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Family Genus Family Genus COMPOSITAE Chiliotrichum HAMAMALIDACEAE Corylopsis Inula Disanthus Ligularia Fotheringilla Mutisia Hamamelis Olearia Liquidambar Senecio Parrotia Telekia Sycopsis CORNACEAE Cornus HELWINGIACEAE Helwingia Davidia HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus Nyssa HYDRANGEACEAE Carpenteria CORYLACEAE Corylus Deutzia Ostrya Hydrangea CRASSULACEAE Sedum Kirengeshoma CRUCIFERAE Cardamine Philadelphus CUNONIACEAE Caldcluvia Schizophragma Weinmannia JUGLANDACEAE Jugflans DIAPENSIACEAE Galax Pterocarya ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus LABIATAE Nepeta Hippophae LARDIZABALACEAE Akebia Shepherdia Decaisnia ELAEOCARPACEAE Aristotelia Holboellia Crinodendron Lardizabala Sinofranchetia ERICACEAE Arbutus Stauntonia Arctostaphylos Calluna LAURACEAE Laurus Cassiope LEGUMINOSAE Acacia Daboecia Cladrastis Erica Cytisus Gaultheria Desmodium Leucothoe Genista Oxydendrum Laburnocytisus Pieris Piptanthus Rhododendron Robinia Vaccinium Sophora ESCALLONIACEAE Corokia Wisteria Escallonia LOGANIACEAE Desfontainia Itea LYTHRACEAE Lythrum EUCRYPHIACEAE Eucryphia MAGNOLIACEAE Liriodendron EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia Magnolia EUPTELEACEAE Euptelea MALVACEAE Hoheria FAGACEAE Cyclobalanopsis Lavatera Fagus Plagianthus Nothofagus MONIMINIACEAE Atherosperma Quercus MYRSINACEAE Myrsine FLACOURTIACEAE Azara MYRTACEAE Amomyrtus Berberidopsis Callistemon GARRYACEAE Garrya Eucalyptus GENTIANACEAE Gentiana Kunzea Leptospermum GERANIACEAE (Hardy species Geranium Luma only) Melaleuca GESNERIACEAE (Hardy species Mitraria Myrceugenia only) Myrteola GRISELINIACEAE Griselin Tepualia GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes Ugni GUNNERACEAE Gunnera NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea GUTTIFERAE Hypericum

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Family Genus Family Genus OLEACEAE Chionanthus RUTACEAE Skimmia Forsythia Tetradium Fraxinus Zanthoxylum Jasminium SALICACEAE Populus Ligustrum Salix Osmanthus SAURUACEAE Houttuynia Syringa SAXIFRAGACEAE Astilbe ONOGRACEAE Fuchsia Astilboides Oenothera Bergenia PAEONIACEAE Paeonia Boykinia PAPAVERACEAE Cathcartia Darmera Corydalis Francoa Dicentra Heuchera Eomecon Rodgersia Macleaya Saxifraga Meconopsis Tellima PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca SCHISANDRACEAE Kadsura PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum Schisandra PLATANACEAE Platanus SCROPHULARIACEAE Diascia PLUMBAGINACEAE Ceratostigmata Hebe Mimulus POLYGONACEAE Persicaria Ourisia Polygonum Penstemon Rheum SOLONACEAE Fabiana PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia Solanum Omphalogramma Primula STAPHYLEACEAE Staphylea PROTEACEAE Embothrium STYRACACEAE Halesia Lomatia Pterostyrax Telopea Styrax RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos Actaea TETRACENTRACEAE Tetracentron Cimicifuga THEACEAE Camellia Clematis Stuartia Trollius THYMELAEACEAE Daphne Xanthorhiza Ovidia RHAMNACEAE Ceanothus TILIACEAE Tilia ROSACEAE Alchemilla TROCHODENDRACEAE Trochodendron Amelanchier TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum Aronia ULMACEAE Ulmus Aruncus Zelkova Chaenomeles Cotoneaster UMBELLIFERAE Astrantia Cratageus Eryngium Filipendula VERBENACAE Callicarpa Geum Rhaphithamnus Holodiscus VITACEAE Ampelopsis Maddenia Cissus Malus Parthenocissus Neillia Vitis Oemleria WINTERACEAE Drimys Padus Pseudowintera Photinia ALLIACEAE Agapanthus Physocarpus Potentilla ARACEAE Arisaema Prunus Lysichiton Pyracantha ASPHODELACEAE Asphodeline Pyrus Asphodelus Rosa Kniphofia Rubus BROMELIACEAE (Hardy species Fascicularia Sorbaris only) Sorbus COMMELINACEAE Tradescantia Spiraea Stephanandra

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Family Genus CONVALLARIACEAE Clintonia Disporum Maianthemum Ophiopogon Polygonatum Smilacina Tricyrtis Uvularia CYPERACEAE Carex Cyperus Schoenoplectus GRAMINEAE Arundinaria Chionochloa Chusquea Cortaderia Fargesia Festuca Himalayacalamus Miscanthus Phalaris Phyllostachys Pleioblastus Pseudosasa Sasa Semiarundinaria Thamnocalamus HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Hemerocallis HOSTACEAE Hosta HYACINTHACEAE Scilla IRIDACEAE Crocosmia Iris Libertia LILIACEAE Lilium Nomocharis MELANTHIACEAE Helonias Tofieldia Veratrum ORCHIDACEAE (Hardy species Dactylorhiza only) PALMAE (Hardy species only) Trachycarpus PHORMIACEAE Phormium TRILLIACEAE Trillium

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DAWYCK BOTANIC GARDEN FAMILY AND GENUS DESIGNATIONS

Family Genus Family Genus ADIANTACEAE Adiantum CORYLACEAE Carpinus BLECHNACEAE Blechnum Corylus Ostrya DRYOPTERIDACEAE Dryopteris Polystichum ERICACEAE Rhododendron POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium EUCOMMIACEAE Eucommia WOODSIACEAE Athyrium EUPTELEACEAE Euptelea Gymnocarpium FAGACEAE Castanea Matteuccia Fagus Woodsia Quercus EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra GERANIACEAE Geranium ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes CUPRESSACEAE Chameacyparis HAMAMELIDACEAE Disanthus Xanthocyparis HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus Juniperus Thuya JUGLANDACEAE Carya PINACEAE Abies OLEACEAE Fraxinus Cedrus Syringa Larix PAPAVARACEAE Meconopsis Picea Pinus POLYGONACEAE Persicaria Tsuga Rheum Hesperopeuce ROSACEAE Cotoneaster SCIADOPITYACEAE Sciadopitys Prunus Sorbus TAXACEAE Taxus Spiraea Torreya Metasequoia SAXIFRAGACEAE Astilbe Sequoiadendron Bergenia Rodgersia ACERACEAE Acer STACHYURACEAE Stachyurus ARALIACEAE Acanthopanax Aralia STAPHYLEACEAE Staphylea Hedera TILIACEAE Tilia Kalopanax AMARYLLIDACEAE Galanthus BERBERIDACEAE Berberis Narcissus BETULACEAE Alnus COLCHICACEAE Colchicum Betula HOSTACEAE Hosta CAPRIFOLIACEAE Diervilla IRIDACEAE Iris Kolwitzia Lonicera Sambucus Viburnum Weigela CELASTRAEAE Euonymus CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE Cercidiphyllum CLETHRACEAE Clethra COMPOSITAE- Ligularia CORNACEAE Cornus Davidia Nyssa

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LOGAN BOTANIC GARDEN

Families and genera designated for LBG Only smaller conifer species from the Southern Hemisphere, and other temperate regions of the world, should be considered for LBG. Fern species from the Southern Hemisphere, and other temperate regions of the world.

Family Genus Family Genus CUPRESSACEAE Actinostrobus PHYLLOCLADACEAE Phyllocladus Callitris Diselma Fokienia Libocedrus Pilgerodendron Widdringtonia PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus TAXACEAE Athrotaxis Dacrydium Taiwania Halocarpus Lagarostrobus Lepidothamnus Microcacachrys Microstrobus Podocarpus Saxegothaea ADIANTACEAE Adiantum ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium Cheilanthes BLECHNACEAE Blechnum CYATHEACEAE (Hardy species Alsophyla Doodia only) Cyathea Woodwardia DAVALLIACEAE (Hardy species Rumohra DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris only) Paesia Sphenomeris DICKSONIACEAE (Hardy species Culcita DIPTERADEACEAE Phymatodes only) Dicksonia Lophosoria Thyrsopteris DRYOPTERIDACEAE Arachnoides GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia Cyrtomium Dryopteris Lastreopsis Polystichum OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda POLYPODIACEAE Phymatosorus Todea Polypodium Pyrrosia PTERIDACEAE Pteris ACTINIDIACEAE Actinidia

AEXTOXIACEAE Aextoxicon APOCYNACEAE Parsonsia Trachelospermum ARALIACEAE Pseudopanax BERBERIDACEAE Berberis

BORAGINACEAE Echium BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja Myosotidium

CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina

CISTACEAE Cistus CLETHRACEAE Clethra Halimium X Halimiocistus

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Family Genus Family Genus COMPOSITAE Argyranthemum CORIARIACEAE Coriaria Baccharis Brachyglottis Dahlia Euryops Felicia Helichrysum Ligularia Mutisia Olearia Ozothamnus Pericallis Senecio

CUNONIACEAE Calcluvia ELAEOCARPACEAE Aristotelia Weinmannia Crinodendron

EPACRIDACEAE Cyathodes ERICACEAE Arbutus Dracophyllum Arctostaphylos Epacris Erica Leucopogon Gaultheria Richea Leucothoe Lyonia Pieris Rhododendron (Edgeworthia, Maddenia) Vaccinium

ESCALLONIACEAE Anopterus EUCRYPHIACEAE Eucryphia Carpodetus Corokia Escallonia Itea

FAGACEAE Nothofagus FLACOURTIACEAE Azara Berberidopsis

GERANIACEAE (Hardy species Geranium GESNERIACEAE (Hardy species Asteranthera only) Pelargonium only) Mitraria

GRISELINIACEAE Griselinia GUNNERACEAE Gunnera

GUTTIFERAE Hypericum HYDRANGEA Carpenteria Dichroa Hydrangea

LABIATEAE Ballota LARDIZABALACEAE Akebia Phlomis Decaisnea Salvia Holboellia Sideritis Lardizabala

LAURACEAE Beilschmiedia LEGUMINOSAE Acacia Laurus Amicia Lindera Carmichaelia Neolitsea Chordospartium Persea Sophora

LOASACEAE Loasa LOGANIACEAE Desfontainia

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Family Genus Family Genus MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia MALVACEAE Anisodontea Michelia Corynabutilon Hoheria Lavatera Malvastrum Plagianthus

MONIMIACEAE Atherosperma MYRSINACEAE Myrsine Laurelia Peumus

MYRTACEAE Amomyrtus NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea Blepharocalyx Callistemon Eucalyptus Kunzea Leptospermum Luma Melaleuca Metrosideros Myrceugenia Myrtus Ugni

ONAGRACEAE Fuchsia PAEONIACEAE Paeonia

PAPAVERACEAE Meconopsis PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera Pittosporum

POLYGONACEAE Muehlenbeckia PORTULACECEAE Cistanthe Rheum

PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia PROTEACEAE Banksia Primula Embothrium Gevuina Grevillea Hakea Lomatia

RANUNCULACEAE Clematis ROSACEAE Sorbus Trollius

RUBIACEAE Coprosma RUTACEAE Acradenia Correa

SAXIFRAGACEAE Francoa SCHISANDRACEAE Schisandra Rodgersia

SCROPHULARIACEAE Antirrhinum SOLONACEAE Cestrum Calceolaria Diascia Hebe Isoplexis Jovellana Penstemon Phygelius Zaluzianskya Parahebe THEACEAE Camellia THYMELAEACEAE Ovidia Schima TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum UMBELLIFERAE Aciphylla Anisotome

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Family Genus Family Genus VERBENACAE Rhaphithamnus VITACEAE Ampelopsis Verbena Cissus Parthenocissus

WINTERACEAE Drimys AGAVACEAE Beschorneria Pseudowintera Cordyline Yucca

ALLIACEAE Agapanthus ALSTROEMERIACEAE Alstroemeria Tulbaghia Bomarea

AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllis ARACEAE Arisaema Crinum Lysichiton Cyrtanthus Narcissus Nerine

ASPHODELACEAE Asphodeline ASTELIACEAE Astelia Asphodelus Milligania Bulbinella Kniphofia

BROMELIACEAE (Hardy species Fascicularia GRAMINEAE Arundo only) Ochagavia Chimonobambusa Puya Chionochloa Chusquea Cortaderia Fargesia Phyllostachys Pleioblastus Poa Stipa Yushania

HOSTACEAE Hosta HYACINTHACEAE Camassia Eucomis Galtonia

IRIDACEAE Crocosmia LILIACEAE Lilium Diarama Nomocharis Diplarrhena Notholirion Gladiolus Iris Libertia Moraea Watsonia

ORCHIDACEAE (Hardy species Dactylorhiza PALMAE (Hardy species only) Chamaerops only) Jubaea Rhopalostylis Trachycarpus

PHILESIACEAE Lapageria PHORMIACEAE Dianella Luzuriaga Phormium Philesia Xeronema

RESTIONACEAE Eligia TRILLIACEAE Paris Restio Trillium

ZINGIBERACEAE (Hardy species Cautleya only) Hedychium Roscoea

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