1. 2/3 OF APAN IS OVERED WITH ORESTS FOREST J C F RESOURCES CREATING A LAND OF GREENERY.

■ JAPAN 44° Japan is located at the eastern edge of the Eurasia, between longitudes of 123 and 149 degrees and latitudes 40° of 24 and 46 degrees. It is an archipelago extending over approximately 3,000 km from the Northeast to the

36° Southwest and land area of about 380,000 square kilometers. In general, the topography is very steep. Mountains ranging from 2,000-3,000 meters high form a 32° rugged backbone through the center of the country. 132° 136° 140°

1. Varietry of Forests Range from Sub-tropical forests to Alpine Forests. Japan has a wet monsoon climate and experiences distinct seasonal changes between the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Also, meteorological conditions vary because of the latitudinal difference, dividing the forests into six types. Moreover, since high mountains range through the center of the country, it is possible to find vertical variation in forest types even in areas at the same latitude. Thus the forests are extremely rich in variation.

■ The Distribution of Japan’s Forests

Atpine zone Sub-frigid forest Cool temperate coniferous forest mixed with broad-leaved Cool temperate forest Warm temperate forest Sub-tropical forest Sub-frigid forest

■ Effects of Altitude on Vegetation The example of Norikuradake mountain(3,026m)

3000m

Pinus pumila Betula Ermanii

Abies Mariesii Abies Veitchii 2000m Abies homolepis

Fagus crenata Abies firma 1000m

Cyclobalanopsis spp.(ever green oak).

Sub-tropical forest 2 2/3 OF JAPAN IS COVERED WITH FORESTS

Japanese cedar, REATING A AND OF REENERY. Sugi Cyptomeria C L G japonico 2. 2/3 of the Land is Covered with Forests of which 41% Consists of Plantation

■ Current land use in Japan(unit:10,000ha) Approximately 10 million hectares of plantations have been 312 185 established since the end of World War II for the rehabilitation of Forest 132 degraded land and for meeting domestic timber demand. Felling Wilderness 134 is restricted in fragile areas for both plantation and natural forests Areble land & Pasture Land area forest which play a crucial role for protection of Public benefits and 3,779 Water body 478 2,510 (100.0%) (68.4%) services. Road Approximately % of plantations are less than years old and Building & 64 40 28 housing lot therefore need sustained tending. Other

Note: The area of forest is not same as one in the next graph due to the difference of definition of forest Source: Land White Paper 2007, Ministry of Land and Transportation

50.0 3000 ■ Transition of forest area 45.0 2500 40.0 and growing stock 1475 35.0 17.8 2000 1504 17.0

） 30.0 1476 1338

3 1589 1724 15.9 25.0 1500 20.0 15.0 1000 （Million m 15.0 13.9 26.5 1040 10.0 13.3 1022 23.4 793 938 18.9 1036 1035 500

Total Growing Stock of Forest 5.0 13.6 5.6 8.0 Total Area of Forest（10,000ha） 0.0 0 1966 1976 1986 1995 2002 2007 Total growing stock of Total area of natural natural forest forest Total growing stock of Total area of man-made man-made forest forest Cool temperate forest SourceSource: : Forestry white Paper 20102011 3. In terms of land area, Japan is one of the most densely-forested countries in the world. However, due to a high population, forest area per capita is relatively low. Among temperate ■ Forest Cover in some selected Countries countries, only 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 Finland 72.9 22,157 France 29.0 15,954 Finland surpasses Germany 31.8 11,076 Russia 49.4 809,090 Japan in terms of Japan 68.5 24,979 China 21.9 206,861 Malaysia 62.3 ratio of forest cover. 20,456 Indonesia 52.1 94,432 Myanmar 48.3 But because of its 31,773 Indo 23.0 Ratio of forest cover (%) 68,434 Turkey 14.7 large population, 11,334 Forest area (mil.ha) Cameroon 42.1 19,916 DR.Congo 68.0 the forest area per 154,135 Tanzania 37.7 Warm temperate forest 33,428 Brazil 62.4 519,522 capita is a mere 0.2 Colombia 54.5 60,499 Peru 53.1 67,992 hectare or about Canada 34.1 310,134 USA 33.2 304,022 one-third of the 19.4 Australia 149,300 World.Ave 31.0

global average. 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 Source: Global ForestSource Resources : Forestry Assesment white Paper 2010(FAO) 2010

3 2. THE PUBLIC THE PUBLIC FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS ARE BECOMING BENEFIT OF FORESTS INCREASINGLY IMPORTA NT.

1. Japan is exposed to earthquakes, typhoons and tsunami. Forests perform an indispensable role in safeguarding human life, property and soil against these natural disasters.

At an average, 1,700mm per ■ Typhoon Routes ■ The Structure of the Earth's Crust annum rainfall in Japan is two In the Japan Region times the global average. The normal rainy season occurs from June to July, while typhoon risk is greatest in September. Mountain ranges

comprising the central Typhoon backbone of the country

occupy 70% of the land area. The Equator Downstream run-off from this rugged terrain leads to frequent floods and landslides. This condition is An avarage of 10 typhoons per year strike Japan which Japan is said to have been created as a result of lies directly in the path of these violent tropical storms orogenic movement and volcanic activity occurring further exacerbated by originating near the equator. The intense rainfall from repeatedly over hundreds of millions of years. The damage from volcanoes. typhoons causes enormous damage to life, homes and country is located where the ocean plates dive under Japan has 83 volcanoes, public infrastructure. For instance, a record of 5,000 lives the continental plates, often resulting in violent were lost during a typhoon which struck Japan in 1959. movements of the earth’s crust. From 10 to 50 accounting for 10% of all earthquakes each year are intense enough to be felt active volcanoes in the world. by the people. ln 2011, Tohoku district along the Pacific ocean was hit by the great power of earthquake and tsunami in which approximately 20,000 people lost their lives.

2. Japan has preserved its land while utilizing the forests effectively for centuries. ■ The Concept of Sustained Yields

Living under conditions of steep topography, high Example of Cyclic Forest Community forestry in old days rainfall and frequent earthquakees, the people of

Japan have long developed a keen appreciation of the Up to one basket direct role of forests in mitigating natural disaster. of fallen Protection of upstream forests receives very high

priority, especially amongst farmers dependent on Felling irrigation water and nutrient outflows of healthy forest ecosystems. Realizing the crucial importance of 100 fag- forests, management systems have evolved that are gots of firewood Felling One year Five years Ten years Twenty years later per family consistent with the concept of sustained yield, striking this year later later later or possible felling a healthy balance between forest extraction and the Cyclic forest Community forestry capacity to regenerate both goods and services. For example,if 20 year old trees are Villagers cooperated to utilize their harvested as fuel wood, only one forests whthin sustainable limits. twentieth of the forest land area would be cut in one year so the forest could be utilized with a 20 year harvest cycle.

4 THE PUBLIC FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS ARE BECOMING

Japanese cypress, Hinoki INCREASINGLY IMPORTA NT. Chamoecyporis obivsa 3. Enactment of the Forest Law about 100 years ago stregthened the legal framework for systematic preservation and tending of forests to protect the livelihood of the people

The history of organized initiatives to conserve forests dates back to the beginning of the Edo Era (1600’s) with the designation of specific forest areas for water conservation and sand stabilization. Official orders were issued placing restrictions on felling and exploitation in order to prevent forest degradation. The struggle to conserve forests was sustained through the centuries and eventually gave birth to the Forest Law enacted in 1897 establishing a nation-wide forest protection system. Seventeen (17) public interest criteria serve as the basis for establishment of protection forests.

■ Various protection forests are safeguarding the people's livelihood. The term “protection forests” refers to areas specifically set aside by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries or by prefectural governments to conserve water and wildlife, prevent soil erosion and landslides and protect the living environment. lnfringement of the rules governing protection forests, such as prohibitions against felling, are punishable under the law which is vigorously enforced. Concurrently tax exemptions compensation for loss due to restriction in forest management and other incentives are provided to promote forest conservation

■ Types of Protection Forest ■ Total Area of Protection Forest

Conservation of water resource Prevention against tidal damage Fire break Control of erosion and sedimentation Drought control Conservation of fisheries resource Prevention against land collapse Snow break Contribution to navigation Control of shifting sand Fog break Contribution to public health Wind break Control of avalanche Contribution to scenic beauty Non-national National forest forest Flood control Prevention against falling rocks 5,089,000 ha 6,875,000 ha

■ Implementation of soil conservation work has been intensified, particularly in sites where some degraded land or mountain streams have the potential for causing disaster. Construction of check dams and hillside work are the principal soil conservation activities.

Tree planting, combined with appropriate construction measures, are being carried out for ecological Total : 11,964,000 ha restoration and also to stimulate awareness and interest in the conservation of forests. The forests SourceSource: : Forestry whitewhite Paper Paper 2011 2010 established as part of this process are managed as protection forests. Check dams - Structures are built to prevent the collapse of slopes, especially adjacent to mountain streams and where the dangers of avalanche and disastrous rocks or mud slides are prevalent. Hillside work - Appropriate structures are built to conserve soil. thus supporting complementary reforestation and helping ensure successful establishment of cover, while concurrentry reducing the risk of slides and related disasters.

■ People's expectation for forest 4. People’s concern on forest percentage(%) Production of various forest products 13 increasingly diversified Production of timber 19

Provision of learning opportunity on forest 21 According to the “Census on Forest and Life” by

Provision of wildlife habitat 24 Cabinet Office implemented in December 2011, the highest concern on forest is shown in Relaxation of mind and body 28 prevention of disaster such as land collapse and Purification of air 37 flooding, and then in mitigation of global warming Conservation of Water Resources 41 which was the highest concern in the former

Mitigation of Global Warning 45 census (four years ago). Expectation to timber production function is increased to 24% from 15% Prevention against Land Collapse 48 in former census. 0 20 40 60

Source: Cabinet Offce 2011 5 3. FOREST TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE DIVERS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARE BEING APPLIED, BASED ON

1. The Forest Planning System of 2. Various kinds of forest Japan creates a framework for management systems are forest development and management, being practiced consistent with long-term visions with forest utilization Forests grow very slowly and if degradation occurs, restoration is objectives. a difficult, time-consuming process. Thus, a long-term view and ■ lntensively managed forest sustained commitment are essential. The Basic Plan of Forest Resources establishes long-term targets at the macro-level which Single storey forest Intensive management is applied in both natural and man-made include both directions and technological guidelines. In addition, forests. The final result is a stand of trees with relatively uniform plans are formulated by national, prefectural and local height and spacing. Harvesting is done in small clear-cut paches authorities, and private forest owners. surrounded by intact forest cover.

■ System of Forest Planning Forest and Forestry Basic Plan (Government) Direction and aims of long term and overall policy for forests and forestry by the Government.

Nation-wide Forest Plan. (Minister of MAFF) Direction of national policy regarding whole forests for 15 years. Revised every 5 years.

Regional Forest Plan for Non-national Forest Regional Management Plan for (Governor of Prefecture) National Forest ■ Distinctive forestry in several places in Japan Direction of prefectural policy regarding non- adjustment (Director of Regional Forest Office) Distinctive forestry has been developed, making national forests. Including target of falling, 10 years plan of felling, reforestation. construction reforestation, construction of forest road, of forest mad, protection forest, etc. in national certain sites famous for their loally-unique features. protection forest, etc. for 10 years. Revised forest. Revised every 5 years. every 5 years. Because of the many uses for wood in the Japanese culture, the technical know-how on proper use has Municipal Forest Improvement Plan Forest Management Plan for Non- Kitayama Forestry (Mayor of municipality) National Forest (Private forest owner) (Kyoto prefecture)...cedar... Direction of municipal policy regarding non- Private forest owners may prepare 5 years forest planted specifically to produce national forests. Guideline for felling, management (including felling, reforestation, etc.) decorative poles 5,000 trees are reforestation, etc. for 10years. Revised plan which is approved by the Mayor of minicipality. planted per hectare, with an every 5 years. Revised every 5 years. equivallent harvesting target of 5,000 trees. Heavy pruning results in logs having almost uniform diameter from top to bottom. The poles are used for ■ Basic Plan for Forest and Foresyry columns to decorate the cor- Annual increment (million m3) ners of rooms. Production of these high-quality decorative 20 40 60 80 100 poles has been practiced in this 1,030 area since ancient times. 81 90 Intensive single Year 2005 1,380 4,340 storey forest （10,000ha） 1,030 Year 2010 100 74 Intensive multi- 1,380 storey forest 4,690 （10,000ha） 1,030 68 (Miyazaki Year 2015 120 Natural forest 1,360 （million m3） prefecture)...cedar...warm 4,930 moist conditions result in 1,020 Total growing 140 61 fast-growth and early maturity. Year 2020 stock 1,350 （million m3） Forests in this watershed produce 5,200 1,000 low-priced timber that is mached Total annual 200 55 with the homo geneity and large Year 2030 1,310 increment 5,380 （million m3） volume processing approach 660 pursued in Miyazaki. Downstream 680 54 Final Goal 1,170 linkage is provided through an 5,450 integrated timber supply organization covering everything 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Forestry in Mimikawa Watershed from logging to milling, distribution Area and Growing Stock and sales. Source : Forest and Forestry Basic Plan (2011 Revised) 6 E FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Japanese hemlock, Tsuga SYSTEMATIC FOREST PLANNING. Tsuga Sieboldii Reforestation and forest maintenance have been part of the Japanese The Forest and Forestry Basic Law&The Forest Law culture for over 400 years, and in some areas for as long as 600 years. Among various laws which have been enacted in relation to Ten (10) million hectares of plantations established after World War II forestry up to the present time, the most important are “The Forest and Forestry Basic Law”, which clarified the are now approaching maturity. fundamental policy objectives in relation to the development Multi-storey forest management places emphasis on a low-impact of forestry, and ”The Forest Law” which is the law constituting the core of forestry legislation. The forest planning system is harvest system which helps ensure that mountainsides are not based on these laws. denuded, Rationalmanagement of natural forests, combined with diverse systems, provide environmental benefits. ■ Natural forest The Natural Forest Management System aims at preserving the inherent vitality and bio-diversity of indigenous species, primarily to achieve Multi-storey forest environmental objective. For instance, felling is controlled for protecting Forests are selectively harvested and result in the development of land surface, natural environment and species composition (Natural mixed stands of trees having different heights and more than one Forest Management System maintains and supplements exsiting species, consistent with the “Intensive Management System for such as pine and , in addition to numerous hardwood species such as Multi-storey Forests” beech and oak.)

Hokkaido’s natural forest management system been flourished. Certain areas have Careful selecting cutting has developed vigorous, healthy mixed species forests containing both hardwood and conifers such as spruce, fir, oak, ach, etc. Methods are models of the boreal forests management of a become reputed for their high-value Shelterwood System. timber with special qualities.

Aomori Thujopsis Forest management system Mufti-storey forests have been developed through application of a selective cutting system for Hokkaido Thujopsis which is one of the most durable conifers orisination in Japan. Sustainable management dates back to early times. The area is famous for the natural beauty of its “Femelwald” forest. JAPAN

Tokyo

Imasu Foresty (Gifu prefecture)...cedar, cypress... Kyushu Harvesting is done when girths attein a prescribed size, followed immediately by replanting. There is no cleae-cutting. The resulting stand contains trees ranging from 1 to 100 years. Good Yoshino Foresty quality timber has been (Nara prefecture)...cedar, cypress... produced since 200 years ago. A danse spesing with as many as 10,000 trees planted per hectare has kept growth in check. This forest is producing high quality timber with narrow age rings.

7 4. THE CULTURE IN JAPAN THE EFFICENT AND CAREFUL USE OF WOOD OF WOOD AND THE UTILIZATION OF TIMBER IS IMPORTANT CULTURAL HERITAGE.

2. The construction of traditional Japanese wooden houses 1. Horyuji, the world’s oldest wooden building utilizes techniques which combine the best use of the is still in existence. strength and beauty of wood.

■ Horyuji - the oldest wooden building It can be said that traditional existing in the world. Japanese wooden houses are built During the Asuka and Nara period following a traditional construction (607-793) when the foundations of method called the “pole and beam the Japanese nation were first system”. These methods use wood consolidated, the development of to build the skeleton structure of techniques for the efficient use of pillars, beams, girders, bracing and wood flourished. Many large so on. 1,000 small pieces are used wooden buildings were just to assemble the frame, and the constructed one after another, most suitable quality timber is with timber from trees estimated chosen for each part. Numerous to be years old. openings are incorporated in the Horyuji, built approximately 1,300 years ago, still 1,000 exists today in Nara. Furthemore, no nails or iron design to accommodate the high fittings were used in construction. humidity of the Japanese climate.

3. The annual timber demand in Japan is approximately 70 million cubic meters of which 70% is imported timber.

■ Trend of Timber Demand

Japan is heavily dependent on the imported timber supply for Lumber Wood chip Plywood others 12,000.0 11,116 11,192 various reasons. However the self sufficiency ratio has been recently 138.5 230.2 9,926 increasing. 1,431.4 10,000.0 9,290 1,454.6 230.6 423.0 1,382.5 8,586 276.3 1,121.7 8,000.0 1,258.6 4,492.2 Imported timber Self sufficiency raito 4,134.4 7,025 296 12,000.0 Domestic timber 6,000.0 2,291.5 4,218.6 956

3,760.8 35.6 40.0 10,000.0 35.6 4,000.0 8,900.6 3,235 8,179.3 8,000.0 4,453.9 5,388.7 5,038.4 4,094.6 26.4 2,000.0 8,124.1 30.0 6,868.1 26.027.8 3,290.1 2,538 2,982.7 6,000.0 20.5 20.0 0.0 20.0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 18.2 5202 4,000.0 Source:Source Forestry : Forestry white Paper 2010 white Paper 2012 10.0 The timber demand is approximately 70 million cubic meters in 2,000.0 2010, which has been decreasing in recent years mainly due to 3,307.4 2,936.9 2,291.6 1,802.2 1,717.6 1824 0.0 0.0 recession of economy. Among the total timber demand, the largest 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

is plywood, 46% and the next is lumber for sawn timber, 36%. Source:Source Forestry : Forestry white Paper 2011 white Paper 2012

8 IN JAPAN THE EFFICENT AND CAREFUL USE OF WOOD

Umbrella-pine, Kohya mali IS MPORTANT ULTURAL ERITAGE. Sciadopilys I C H verticillata ■ Interiors of Japanese rooms

The construction of traditional Japanese wooden houses utilizes techniques which combine the best use of the strength and beauty of wood.

■ Techniques which make the best use of timber have been put together in traditional wooden houses. The traditional home construction method

grider ridge pieces Wood used for ceilings Timber whose texture and color match is beautiful, includes cedar, cypress, Paulownia, cherry, Zelkova, etc. batten Wood used for joinery fir, cedar, cypress, Thujopsis, spruoe, cherry, oak, etc.

Pillars exposed as interiors are special of Japanese

beam houses. This responds to a keen appreciation of the beauty and sense of peace conveyed by the texture, natural color and placement of wood pillar and studs on wall surfaces.

Wood used for joist Timber which doesn’t perish easily, includes cypress, thujopsis, Sciadopitys, chestnut Wood used for pillar post stud Timber which is strong and has a fine wood texture, includes pillar joist brace cypress, cedar, spruce, thujopsis, hemlock

4. Reverence for nature, global environmental issues and health concerns are encouraging a renewed interest in the merits of wood.

Plastic, concrete, iron and other artificial materials have become a dominant feature of construction in Japan over the last 30 to 40 years. In recent times however, a growing concern over the use of finite resources is propelling a trend toward greater reliance on wood because it is a renewable resource. Planting and use of wood to satisfy the basic human need for shelter also has important environmental dimentions such as the fixation of CO2 to mitigate global warming,while concurrently helping ensure the harmony with nature. For instance, the sence of calmness that pervades when one is surrounded by natural materials such as wood has a profound influence on emotions and psychological well-being including mental health. Even the buildings of elementary schools which were mostly Wood’s practical advantages of ability to adjust to changes in constructed of concrete, are now increasingly being built of timber. humidity, moderate elasticity, insulation and sterilization properties, combined with the intangible but important benefits one gains by simply touching a smooth wooden surface, and deriving pleasure from the beauty of its grain and color.

9 5. NATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE NATIO FORESTS PUBLIC DEMANDS, INTENSIFI

1. The national forests are managed within the context of a fundamental policy for the people based on the classification of important functions through the sustainable forest management and a sound watershed management. Classification of natural forests is intended to clearly define and prioritized functional objectives in three broad categories; (1) Coexistence of forest and people; (2)Conservation of soil and water; (3)Sustainable utilization of forest resources. In the national forests which have functions of the first and the second one, the management system is promoted for public interest. The national forests which have the last function (3) are managed based on the principle of effective timber production without serious negative impact on environments.

■ Summary of classification by functions of national forest (April 2010)

Area Classification by Functions principal Management method 10,000 ha Sustained and vigorous protection; Preservation of natural environments; Preservation of natural conditions; Maintenance of the ecosystem; Care and tending of wildlife and enrichment Protection of flora and fauna; planting if necessary; 212 Ensuring and promoting the aesthetic Coexistence of Landscape improvement; 28% and recreational benefits of forest; forest and people Establishment of recreational facilities; Raising environmental awareness; Encouraging eco-tourism and events; Improving public health; Disseminating Information about natural Preserving cultural and spiritual values; resources; Disaster prevention in hilly areas; Development of multi-storey forest and mixed Conservation of 519 Water conservation; forest; Utilization for public interest soil and water 68% Protecting against degradation of the Establishment of windbreaks and vegetative or living environment; structural erosion control measurers; Conservation of water resources water of Conservation Identification of appropriate areas for Sustainable Emphasizing effective timber establishment of timber production forests; 28 production without serious negative Improvement of silvicultural systems; utilization of 4% forest resources Impact on environments; Appropriate research and development; Monitoring timber supply and demand;

Source: Forestry White Paper 2010

2. National forest management emphasizes offering public service such as land conservation, water conservation, and the preservation of natural enolronment. Preserved forests are set aside in national forests. The preserved forests maintain primeval natural environment. Besides, these are “Recreational Forests” which provide opprtunities for people to learn about natural forests, and so on.

■ The preserved Forests (April 2007)

Classification Objective Number Area (1,000ha)

1. Protected areas for forest ecosystems Protection of the ecosystems of forests, wildlife and genetic resources. 29 495

2. Forests for the conservation of genetic resources. Conervation of genetic resources of all Dora and fauna comprising the forest ecosystem 12 35 3. Forest for the preservation of the genetic resources of tree species. Protection of gene pool of timber species and endangered species 325 9 4. Forests for the protection of plant colonies Protection of rare and trees that are valuable for scientific research 370 182

5. Forests for the protection of specified creature habitats Protection of the habitats and breeding sites of rare and endangered fauna 38 21 6. Forests for the protection of speciffied geographical Protection against erosion of unique landforms and geological features such as type of features etc. rock, joint of rock, spring areas and glaciated places. 34 35 7. Forests for the local culture Protection of local forests that have culutural, spiritual and symbolic significance. 35 4

Total 843 782

Source: Forestry White Paper 2011 10 NAL FOREST RESPONDS TO THE

Deadupus oak, Mizunara Quercus ED AND DIVERSIFIED. crispula

3. The systematic and sustainable supply of forest products

Measures to ensure the systematic and sustainable supply of forest products go hand-in-hand with long-term planning reflecting market demand and in response to needs of consumers.

Land conservation forests ・Examples on ways to reconcile timber supply and market-driven demand based on consumer needs ・Timber extraction in dimensions that respond to market trends ・Promoting systems which ensure stable supply of timber ・Examples on initiatives of effective promotion of various forest products ・Holding “Forest Festivals”, offering to pubic at reduced cost such peculiar products as sawmill waste, roots, stumps etc. ・Offering a soft drinks manufactured from the sap of trees such as cherry, and an eye drop from maple(Acer sp.) ・Examples effort to expand market ・Establishment of satelite marketing outlets for “Propely Dried Logs”. ・Promoting the use of timber for construction of public buildings and interior use of house.

Spacial utilization forests

4. Contribution to the empowerment of rural and upland communities.

Offering employment opportunities in forest ■ Land Use of National Forest for the Public (March 2011) related public work projects; supplying timber Promotion in Type Number (100's) Area (1000ha) total National products for local people and the rental of forest (%)

national forest land for schools, dams and other Forest land rented 333 76 1.0 public uses. Profit sharing plantation 214 127 1.7

Communal use forest 11 1,321 17.2

Total 558 1,524 19.8

Note: rented land is for agriculture, pasture, roads, facilities of electricity and communication etc. Source: Statistics of National Forest (FY 2011) 11 6. FOREST OWNERSHIP AND OVERVIEW AND CHALLENGES OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR. THE MANAGEMENT SITUATION

1.Japan’s forests are classified into national forests owned by the govern- ment, and non-national forests owned by private and local public bodies.

The present system of forest ownership was established during the Meiji period (more than 100 years ago). Forests were classified into national ownership and non-national ownership. The national government is responsible for management of national forests. On the other hand, non-national forests are managed by local government authorities, private citizens, companies and other non-governmental organizations. ■ Forest Resources by Ownership (March 2002) Area (1,000ha) National Forest managed 107,827 by Forestry Agency National Forest owned by other agencies Public Forest owned 7,623 by Prefecture Growing 737 14,535 Public Forest owned by stock 63 (10,000m3) 19,035 City, Town, Village, etc. 1,188 1,642 Private Forest 29,398 500m

286,351 Source: Forestry White Paper 2011 2. Small-scale individual forest owners

comprise the majority of non-national 500m forest proprietors.

National Forest D D D There are approximately million private forest owners with more A 0.9 by the tree agess D D A G D A than 1 ha. They are widely dispersed throughout Japan and typically 0～19years old D D manage small-scale oparations covering less than ha. However, 20～29years old D 5 30～39years old D D B D factors such as steep slopes and complex topography make it difficult 40～49years old D 50～59years old I B D D for the owners to achieve high productivity and rational use of their 60～69years old B D D E

forests. Furthermore, compared with other industries, income from A 500m F C B E D forestry is relatively low and not sufficient to provide basic financial C E D D needs. Thus large number of individual forest owners must seek E F H outside employment to supplement income from forest and only G National Forest H by the ownerships devote part of their time to forest management. I

■ Private Forest Ownership by size (1000 bodies)

1960 876 219 36 3 1970 853 244 45 3 1980 823 239 47 3 1～5 1990 777 230 45 4 5～20 Year 2000 761 211 43 3 20～100 2005 691 185 40 3 over 100ha 2010 423 69 21 4

0 500 1000 1500

Number of owners(1,000 bodies) Source: World Census of Agriculture and Forestry (2010)

12 OVERVIEW AND CHALLENGES OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR.

maple, Kaede Acer spp. 3. Depopulation and economic stagnation in upstream villages are giving negative impact on the maintenance and management of forests. ■ Total number of forestry laborers Various factors pose serious disincentives to efficient forest and aging trends (Unit: 10,000 persons) management. Higher wages in urban areas lure away young workers in the highly-productive age group who are urgently needed for Number of forestry laborers plantation maintenance and timber extraction. Those left behind are 20 30 primarily older-aged workers no longer in their prime. Depressed Ratio of forestry labors over prices of timber and changes in the timber demand structure are 18 the age of 65 25 17 26 15 additional problems. Consequently forest production activities have stagnated, thus further reducing economic vitality at the village level. 14 25 20 19 Forest owners are responding through measures that promote 10 11 15% collaboration and seek economy-of-scale opportunities. About 700 9 “Forest Owners Cooperative” organizations have been established and 10 7 now manage more than % of all non-national forests. Approximately 5 6 6 65

(unit: 10,000 person) 8 7 7 11 5 1.6 million small-scale owners are members of these cooperatives which currently employ over 25,000 workers. The Forest Owners Total Number of forestry laborers 0 0 Cooperatives provide training facilities, recruitment of workers and 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 giving incentive for appropriate mechanization to reduce costs and Source: Forest and Forestry Statistics (2011) improve financial viability.

4. Due to declining prices of timber in recent years, domestic timber producers find it difficult to maintain profitability. Higher wages have increased the costs of reforestation and plantation maintenance. Forest products from other countries now account for most of the timber used inJapan. These factors have pushed down prices of domestic timber and discourage investment in forestry activities.

■ Log Prices Delivered to Mill Site (Unit: yen/m3） ■ Capability of Employment of Logging Laborer by Stampage Price of 1m3 Cedar tree (Unit: persons/m3)

45000 9.0 Domestic cedar log Imported hemlock log person 40000 8.0 7.7 35000 7.0 38700 30000 6.0 34500 25000 5.0 3 26000 24900 24200 20000 26000 23500 26200 22600 4.0 Yen/m 25000 3.7 15000 21700 3.0 10000 17200 12400 2.0 11800 1.8 1.0 5000 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1965 1975 1985 1995 1998 2000 2004 2009

Source: Foeslry White Pape (2011) Source: Forest and Forestry Statistics (2011)

13 7. APAN IS OOPERATING IN ARIOUS AYS TO ELP INTERNATIONAL J C V W H COOOPERATION CONSERVE AND DEVEL OP THE WORLD FORESTS. For more than forty years, Japan hes been cooperating with partner countries for Sustainable Forest Management. The improvement of living conditions. Grafling of Avocado fruit tree. (Technical Cooperation Project in Rwanda) Recent Japan’s Cooperation with Partner Countries in Forestry Sector Note: Type: 1 Technical Cooperation Project ●On-Going 2 Demonstration Research Project ■Completed 3 Development Study 4 Grant Aid 5 ODA Loan

Argentina ■1 Project of Enhancement for Application of Afforestation and Reforestation of CDM PCM method training for ■1 Sustainable Use of Forest Resources in the West of the Province of Formosa Human Resouce Development Bolivia ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Brazil ●1 Carbon Dynamics of Amazonian Forests (JICA Group Training Program) ●1 International Course on Rainforest Monitoring ■1 Sustainable Use of Forest Resources in Estuary Tidal Floodplains in Amapa ■1 The project for Forest Conservation and Environmental Education in the Eastern Amazon ●1 Utilization of ALOS images to protect Brazilian Amazon and combat against Environmental Crimes Burkina Faso ●1 Project of Support for Seedling Production Sector ●1 The Participatory and Sustainable Forest Management in the Province of Comoe ●4 Projet de Renforcement des Capacités d’Enseignement et de Formation de l’Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts ●4 The Project for the rehabilitation and reinforcement of the capacity of National Center of Forest and four regional forest seed departments Cambodia ●1 Adviser on Forestry Policy and Administration ●1 Project for Facilitating the Implementation of REDD+ Strategy and Policy ■1 The Project on Capacity Building for the Forestry Sector Phase 2 ●4 Project for Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation of Mekong Protected Forest Area ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Cameroon ●1 Advisor: Sustainable Forest Management in the Congo Basin ●1 Advisor-'Forest Ecosystem Conservation' in the Congo Basin ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Chile ●1 Integral Management of Watershed with Emphasis development of rural territory and environment ■3 The Study for Capacity Development and Promotion of AR-CDM in the Republic of Chile China ●1 "Project on Forest Vegetation Restoration after the Earthquake in Sichuan Province" ●1 "Project on Forestry Human Resource Development in Western Region of China" ■1 Sino-Japan Forestry Ecology Training Center Project ■1 The Japan-China Cooperation Science and Technology Center for Forest Tree Improvement Project ■1 The Model Afforestation Project in Sichuan ■3 The Study on Vegetation Rehabilitation Model Program for Sand Storm Prevention around the Capital Beijing ■4 the Project for Afforestation for Conservation of Middle Stream of Huang He ■4 the Project for Afforestation for Conservation of Middle Stream of Huang He ●5 Eco-environmental Construction and General Treatment Project of the Yangtze Upper Reaches in Sichuan Province ●5 Gansu Afforestation and Vegetation Cover Project ●5 Guizhou Province Environment Improvement and Education Project ●5 Henan Province Afforestation Project ●5 Inner Mongolia Afforestation and Vegetation Cover Project ●5 Inner-Mongolia Loess Plateau Afforestation Project ●5 Jilin Afforestation Project ●5 Ningxia Afforestation and Vegetation Cover Project ●5 Qinghai Ecological Environmental Improvement Project ●5 Shaanxi Loess Plateau Afforestation Project ●5 Shanxi Loess Plateau Afforestation Project ●5 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Yining City Comprehensive Environmental Renovation Project ●5 Jiangxi Afforestation Project Terrestrial Carbon cycle ●5 Hubei Province Afforestation Project Colombia ●1 The Project on Natural Forest Management and Sustainable Use Workshop for the improvement of living conditions. Costa Rica ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Côte d'Ivoire ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme (Technical Cooperation Project in Iran) Dominica PR ■1 The Sustainable Watershed Management Project in the Upper Area of the Sabana Yegua Dam in the Dominican Republic DR. Congo ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme East Timor ■1 Community-based integrated watershed management in Laclo and Comoro river basins ●1 Project for Community-based Sustainable Natural Resource Management ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Ecuador ■1 Advisor on National Forestation and Reforestation Plan Ethiopia ■1 Participatory Forest Management Project in Belete-Gera Regional Forest Priority Area Phase2 ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Gabon ●1 Conservation of Biodiversity in Tropical Forest through Sustainable Coexistence between Human and Wild Animals ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Ghana ■1 Participatory Forest Resource Management Project in the Transitional Zone ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme India ●1 Capacity Building of the State Forest Training school/Institution ●5 Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project ●5 Gujarat Forestry Development Project Phase 2 ●5 Integrated Natural Resource Management and Poverty Reduction Project in Haryana 14 JAPAN IS COOPERATING IN VARIOUS WAYS TO HELP

Ulmaceae, ONSERVE AND EVEL OP THE ORLD ORESTS. Keyaki Zelkova C D W F serrata

Through bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation, the Forestry Agency and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have been cooperating with developing countries in collaborative efforts to achieve sustainable forest management. As part of its worldwide commitment in this regard, Japan is providing technical and financial assistance, in many countries across the g1obe, including contribution to international programs of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and NGOs.

India ●5 Karnataka Sustainable Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project ●5 Orissa Forestry Sector Development Project ●5 Punjab Afforestation Project (II) ●5 Rajasthan Forestry and Biodiversity Project ●5 Tamil Nadu Afforestation Project ●5 Tripura Forest Environmental Improvement and Poverty Alleviation Project Indonesia ■1 Forest Fire Prevention Project by Initiative of people in Buffer Zone ●1 Program Community Assistance Around Peat Land Forest Area ●1 Project for Facilitating Development of Wood Industry in Small Diameter Logs Processing ●1 Project for facilitating the implementation of National Forestry Strategic Plan ■1 Project for the Promotion of Mass Propagation Technique of Native Tree Species for Reforestation ●1 Project on Comprehensive Approach for Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystems in Protected Areas ■1 Sub Sectoral Program on Mangrove ■1 The Forest Tree Improvement Project Phase II ■1 The Project for Support on Forest Resources Management Through Leveraging Satellite Image Information ●1 The Project on Mangrove Ecosystem Conservation and Sustainable Use in the ASEAN Region ■4 Project for Rehabilitation of the National Park Degraded by Forest Fire Measuring of trunk weight for carbon stock ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme (Development Study in VietNam) ●4 Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat Forest Iran ●1 Participatory Forest and Rangeland Management Project in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari Province Kenya ■1 Training Project "Enhancing Adaption of Social Forestry in Africa" ●1 Third Country Training on Mitigating Climate Change in Africa through Social Forestry ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Kirghiz ●1 Project for Participatory Forest Resource Rehabilitation Laos ■1 Forest Management and Community Support Project ●1 Forestry Sector Capacity Development Project ●1 Participatory Land and Forest Management Project for Reducing Deforestation ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme ●4 the Programme for Forest Information Management Macedonia ●1 Project on Development of Integrated System for Prevention and Early Warning of Forest Fires Madagascar ■3 The Study on Rural Development and Watershed Management in the South-West Region of Alaotra Malawi ●1 Project for Community Vitalization and Afforestation in Middle Shire ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Malaysia ■1 The Pilot Project on the Plantation of Acacia-Hybrid in Malaysia Mali ●3 The Study on the Conservation of Central Niger Delta through wise use of Natural Resources in Mopti Prefecture in the Republic of Mali Mexico ■1 Coastal Wetland Conservation in Yucatan Peninsula Mozambique ●1 Advisor for Strengthening of Forestry Management in Mozambique Land Preparetion in degraded area ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme (Grand Aid Project in China) Myanmar ●1 Integrated Mangrove Rehabilitation and Management Project through Community Participation in the Ayeyawady Delta ■4 The Project for the Afforestation in the Dry Zone Nepal ●1 Participatory Watershed Management and Local Governance Project ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Nicaragua ■1 Project on Participatory Forest Management Panama ■1 Project for Participatory Community Development and Integrated Management of the Alhajuela Lake Subwatershed ■3 Study and Valuation to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Reserves in the Peninsula of Azuero Paraguay ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Peru ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Philippines ■1 Project for Enhancement of Community-based Forest Management Program PNG ●1 Capacity Development on Forest Resource Monitoring for Addressing Climate Change in Papua New Guinea ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Samoa ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Senegal ●1 Project of capacity building for the restoration and the promotion of effective use of degraded soil in the areas of soil degra ■1 Project on the Integrated Community Forestry Development Project Extended Phase ■1 The Project Aimed at the Enhancement of Sustainability in the Mangrove Forest Management of Saloum Delta in the Republic of Senegal ■4 Project de. Project de reboisement de la zone du littoral Thailand ●1 Reforestation and extension techniques for forester (Phase2) ●4 Project for Transboundary Biodiversity Conservation of Mekong Protected Forest Area ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme Tunisia ●5 Integrated Reforestation Project Turkey ■3 Integrated Watershed Rehabilitation and Management Training Project Uruguay ■1 Project for the Enhancement of Implementation Capacity of Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism Viet Nam ●1 Afforestation Planning and Implementation Capacity Strengthening Project ●1 Project for Sustainable Forest Management in the Northwest Watershed Area ●3 The Study on Potential Forests and Land related to "Climate Change and Forests" in Vietnam ■4 the project for Afforestation on the Coastal Sandy Area in Southern Central Viet Nam (Phase II) ●4 the Forest Preservation Programme ■4 the project for Empowerment to the Community Damaged by Forest Fire in Ca Mau Province ■1 Capacity Building for Preparing Feasibility Studies and Implementation Plans for Afforestation Projects in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam ■1 Forest fire rehabilitation project ■1 Project for Rehabilitation of Natural Forest in Degraded Watershed Area in the North of Vietnam ■1 Project on the Villagers Support for Sustainable Forest Management in Central Highland ■3 Development Study on Capacity Development for AR-CDM Promotion in Vietnam ■4 the Project for Afforestation on the Coastal Sandy Area in Southern Central Viet Nam (phase Besides activities abovementationed, many cooperative studies, operations and investments have been carried out by NGOs (e.g. JOFCA, JIFPRO, OISCA, etc.) and private enterprises in Japan for the bilateral and/or multilateral (e.g. FAO, lTTO, etc.) cooperation in the forestry sector. Note: Activities started or completed between April 2002 and March 2011 are listed Source: JICA Annual Report, Forestry Agency and JICS 2011 15 HONGO-YUMICHO BUILDING 3F Phone. 81（Japan）-3-5689-3435 2-38-4 HONGO BUNKYO-KU Fax. 81（Japan）-3-5689-3439 TOKYO 113-0033 JAPAN E-mail：[email protected] May 2012