DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Anatomy of the Genus Abies Luis García Esteban*, Paloma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Anatomy of the Genus Abies Luis García Esteban*, Paloma IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (3), 2009: 231–245 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE GENUS ABIES A REVIEW Luis García Esteban*, Paloma de Palacios, Francisco García Fernández and Ruth Moreno Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain *Corresponding author [E-mail: [email protected]] SUMMARY The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 sub- species and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diag- nostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and quali- tative features. The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features. Key words: Abies, Abietoideae, anatomy, wood. INTRODUCTION The family Pinaceae, with 11 genera and 225 species, is the largest conifer family. The genus Abies, with 48 species and 24 varieties, has the second highest number of species after the genus Pinus (Farjon 2001). Distribution is exclusive to the northern hemisphere. In Eurasia the southernmost species are located in the west in Morocco (A. pinsapo var. marocana and A. pinsapo var. tazaotana) and in the east in the Taiwanese mountains (A. kawakamii), while the northernmost species is in Siberia (A. sibirica). In America, the northernmost species is A. lasiocarpa and the southernmost is A. guatemalensis (Liu 1971). In general, the wood structure of the genus Abies is very homogeneous (Jacquiot 1955; Peraza 1964) and its features are very similar to the genus Pseudolarix (Phil- lips 1948). In fact, together with Pseudolarix and Keteleeria, Abies has the simplest structure of the Pinaceae (Greguss 1955). Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 03:49:05AM via free access 232 IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (3), 2009 The wood anatomy of Abies was studied by several researchers in the late 19th century (Castellarnau 1880; Kleeberg 1885) and early 20th century (Penhallow 1904; Jeffrey 1905; Thompson 1910; Vierhapper 1910). Studies refer to individual species (Castellarnau 1880), to species grouped according to provenance (Penhallow 1907; Wiesehuegel 1932), to their phylogeny or evolution (Jeffrey 1905) or to specific struc- tural aspects (Thompson 1912; Bannan 1936). In the mid-20th century, more complete studies were undertaken, such as by Phillips (1948), who described the characteristics of the genus and 5 species, and Greguss (1955), who also described the specific features of the genus in addition to 30 species and 2 varieties, including the most complete biometry made until that time. Subsequently, Greguss (1972) added to this work with 9 more species. Jacquiot (1955), Peraza (1964), Jane (1970), Panshin & DeZeeuw (1970), Esteban & Guindeo (1988), Schweingruber (1990) and Esteban et al. (1996) included general descriptions of the specific features of the genus Abies in their studies, as well as species descriptions. Esteban et al. (2002) described 30 species. Lastly, in its Softwood List, the IAWA Committee (2004) made many references to characteristic wood anatomical features of Abies. The objective of this work was to review and discuss existing studies on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies, and to complement this with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material used in this study came from the wood collections of several research centres. Table 1 lists the 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties studied, with refer- ences to the collections from which the samples were obtained (Stern 1988). In the case of Abies alba (ETSIMw X2174) and A. pinsapo (ETSIMw X2175, X2176, X2177, X2267 and X2268) the samples were collected by us in their natural areas in Spain and Morocco, from 5 mature trees felled in each area. Microscopic slides were prepared in accordance with the usual methods of softening, sectioning, staining and mounting, and the anatomical descriptions were made using the standard terminology of the IAWA Committee (2004). The samples were observed using light microscopy, without staining and after staining any resin with safranin and Sudan 4 (Jane 1970). The SEM samples were prepared as recommended by Heady and Evans (2000), and observed in a JEOL JSM-6380 scanning electron microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 summarises the features observed in the species, subspecies and varieties studied. Differentiation of species within the genus and from other genera In general terms, there are no qualitative differences that can be used consistently to separate species of the genus Abies. Below some examples are given of specific identification keys published in the past, that appear not to be valid on closer scrutiny. Castellarnau (1880) showed that Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 03:49:05AM via free access Esteban et al. — Review of Abies wood anatomy 233 A. alba wood can easily be distinguished from that of A. pinsapo by the occurrence of marginal axial parenchyma with nodular transverse end walls in the former and its absence in the latter. Our observations show that this feature occurs in both species (Table 1). Krauss (1864) in Viguié & Gaussen (1928) proposed an identification key based on the rays, which distinguished A. cephalonica, A. sibirica, A. fraseri, A. alba, A. pinsapo, A. nordmanniana, A. cilicica and A. balsamea. The key was based on the number of cross-field pits and their form (oval or rounded) and the height and shape (oval or rounded) of ray parenchyma cells in the tangential section. In the present study no major differences were observed in the morphology of the ray cells which would enable the species of Abies to be distinguished. Penhallow (1896) proposed a classifica- tion of North American conifer wood in which he attributed the genus Abies with the following features: resin canals rare, recorded in A. nobilis and A. bracteata; absence of fusiform rays; absence of ray tracheids, except in the case of A. balsamea; end walls of ray parenchyma cells markedly nodular; and absence of helical thickenings in tracheids. However, resin canals and ray tracheids, used by Penhallow (1896), do not support any classification, as both features appear to be a response to wounding. Wiesehuegel (1932) also proposed an identification key for the American firs which included the presence or absence of crystals in the rays and the occurrence of partially biseriate rays. These two features are very common in all the species studied and cannot be used to separate species within Abies. The same author also distinguished A. balsamea, A. grandis, A. venusta and A. magnifica on the basis of biseriate tracheid pitting in comparison with the other American firs, in which the arrangement is uniseriate. Because the presence of biseriate pitting is closely associated with the tracheid diameter of earlywood and the diameter is closely related to climate conditions, this feature does not support any classification either. Lastly, Wiesehuegel (1932) used the number of pits per cross-field as a diagnostic feature for A. amabilis in the American firs based on the predominance of a single pit per cross-field. His results differ from those obtained in the present study, where the number of pits ranges from 2 to 4. Saint-Laurent (1932) established differences between the wood of A. pinsapo var. marocana and A. numidica on the basis of the more abundant axial parenchyma tissue in the former. In the present study no differences between these taxa were observed, as in both species the parenchyma is restricted to single marginal cells. Brown et al. (1949) proposed a classification to distinguish A. balsamea and A. fraseri from A. concolor, A. procera, A. grandis and A. magnificaon the basis of the tangential section of the ray parenchyma cells, which is oblong in A. balsamea and A. fraseri and circular to oval in the others. This feature has often been used to distinguish very similar species (Phillips 1948; Greguss 1955; Core et al. 1979; Roig 1992), but the observations in the present study show that the use of this feature is highly subjective. Similarly, Kukachka (1960) established a division of the genus based on the colour of the ray cell content, but this is also a subjective classification and is highly influenced by factors such as whether the wood is juvenile or mature, or the degree of heartwood formation. Peraza (1964) separated A. alba from the group A. pinsapo and A. pinsapo var. tazaotana on the basis of the higher frequency of rays more than 30 cells high in A. alba. However, Esteban et al. (2007), using mature wood from trunks of trees collected in their area of origin, Downloaded from Brill.com10/04/2021 03:49:05AM via free access 234 IAWA Journal, Vol. 30 (3), 2009 Table 1. Features of the species, subspecies and varieties of the genus Abies studied. NB. Only features that vary below the genus level are included. For anatomical features that are constant see text. Legends: +: present; –: absent. – Growth rings: a = abrupt, g = gradual early/latewood transition. – Tracheid pitting: u = uniseriate, b = biseriate, u (b) = uniseriate and occasionally biseriate. – Axial parenchyma: m = marginal, d = diffuse. – Ray width 2-seriate in part: + = number of biseriate rays greater than 1%, (+)1 = number of biseriate rays lower than 1%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Qty Size Name 6 1G Abies Bracteata 10 1G Abutilon Palmeri 1 1G Acaena Pinnatifida Var
    REGIONAL PARKS BOTANIC GARDEN, TILDEN REGIONAL PARK, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA Celebrating 76 years of growing California native plants: 1940-2016 **FINAL**PLANT SALE LIST **FINAL** (9/30/2016 @ 6:00 PM) visit: www.nativeplants.org for the most up to date plant list FALL PLANT SALE OF CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANTS SATURDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2016 PUBLIC SALE: 10:00 AM TO 3:00 PM MEMBERS ONLY SALE: 9:00 AM TO 10:00 AM MEMBERSHIPS ARE AVAILABLE AT THE ENTRY TO THE SALE AT 8:30 AM Qty Size Name 6 1G Abies bracteata 10 1G Abutilon palmeri 1 1G Acaena pinnatifida var. californica 18 1G Achillea millefolium 10 4" Achillea millefolium - Black Butte 28 4" Achillea millefolium 'Island Pink' 8 4" Achillea millefolium 'Rosy Red' - donated by Annie's Annuals 2 4" Achillea millefolium 'Sonoma Coast' 7 4" Acmispon (Lotus) argophyllus var. argenteus 9 1G Actea rubra f. neglecta (white fruits) 25 4" Adiantum x tracyi (A. jordanii x A. aleuticum) 5 1G Aesculus californica 1 2G Agave shawii var. shawii 2 1G Agoseris grandiflora 8 1G Alnus incana var. tenuifolia 2 2G Alnus incana var. tenuifolia 5 4" Ambrosia pumila 5 1G Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia 9 1G Anemopsis californica 5 1G Angelica hendersonii 3 1G Angelica tomentosa 1 1G Apocynum androsaemifolium x Apocynum cannabinum 7 1G Apocynum cannabinum 5 1G Aquilegia formosa 2 4" Aquilegia formosa 4 4" Arbutus menziesii 2 1G Arctostaphylos andersonii 2 1G Arctostaphylos auriculata 3 1G Arctostaphylos 'Austin Griffith' 11 1G Arctostaphylos bakeri 5 1G Arctostaphylos bakeri 'Louis Edmunds' 2 1G Arctostaphylos canescens 2 1G Arctostaphylos canescens subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosperms) of New York State
    QK 129 . C667 1992 Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) of New York State Edward A. Cope The L. H. Bailey Hortorium Cornell University Contributions to a Flora of New York State IX Richard S. Mitchell, Editor 1992 Bulletin No. 483 New York State Museum The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230 V A ThL U: ESTHER T. SVIERTZ LIBRARY THI-: ?‘HW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE LuESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) of New York State Edward A. Cope The L. H. Bailey Hortorium Cornell University Contributions to a Flora of New York State IX Richard S. Mitchell, Editor 1992 Bulletin No. 483 New York State Museum The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUC ATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12230 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University Martin C. Barell, Chancellor, B.A., I.A., LL.B. Muttontown R. Carlos Carballada, Vice Chancellor, B.S. Rochester Willard A. Genrich, LL.B. Buffalo Emlyn I. Griffith. A.B.. J.D. Rome Jorge L. Batista, B.A.. J.D. Bronx Laura Bradley Chodos, B.A., M.A. Vischer Ferry Louise P. Matteoni, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Bayside J. Edward Meyer, B.A., LL.B. Chappaqua FloydS. Linton, A.B., M.A., M.P.A. Miller Place Mimi Levin Lif.ber, B.A., M.A. Manhattan Shirley C. Brown, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Albany Norma Gluck, B.A., M.S.W. Manhattan Adelaide L. Sanford, B.A., M.A., P.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Big Sur Capital Preventive Maintenance (CAPM) Project Approximately a 35-Mile Section on State Route 1, from Big Sur to Carmel-By-The-Sea, in the County of Monterey
    Big Sur Capital Preventive Maintenance (CAPM) Project Approximately a 35-mile section on State Route 1, from Big Sur to Carmel-by-the-Sea, in the County of Monterey 05-MON-01-PM 39.8/74.6 Project ID: 05-1400-0046 Project EA: 05-1F680 SCH#: 2018011042 Initial Study with Mitigated Negative Declaration Prepared by the State of California Department of Transportation April 2018 General Information About This Document The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), has prepared this Initial Study with Mitigated Negative Declaration, which examines the potential environmental impacts of the Big Sur CAPM project on approximately a 35-mile section of State Route 1, located in Monterey County California. The Draft Initial Study was circulated for public review and comment from January 26, 2018 to February 26, 2018. A Notice of Intent to Adopt a Mitigated Negative Declaration, and Opportunity for Public Hearing was published in the Monterey County Herald on Friday January 26, 2018. The Notice of Intent and Opportunity for Public Hearing was mailed to a list of stakeholders that included both government agencies and private citizen groups who occupy and have interest in the project area. No comments were received during the public circulation period. The project has completed the environmental compliance with circulation of this document. When funding is approved, Caltrans can design and build all or part of the project. Throughout this document, a vertical line in the margin indicates a change that has been made since the draft document
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Fir Species in the Silviculture of British Forests
    Kastamonu Üni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2012, Özel Sayı: 15-26 Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty, 2012, Special Issue The Role of True Fir Species in the Silviculture of British Forests: past, present and future W.L. MASON Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9SY, U.K. E.mail:[email protected] Abstract There are no true fir species (Abies spp.) native to the British Isles: the first to be introduced was Abies alba in the 1600s which was planted on some scale until the late 1800s when it proved vulnerable to an insect pest. Thereafter interest switched to North American species, particularly grand (Abies grandis) and noble (Abies procera) firs. Provenance tests were established for A. alba, A. amabilis, A. grandis, and A. procera. Other silver fir species were trialled in forest plots with varying success. Although species such as grand fir have proved highly productive on favourable sites, their initial slow growth on new planting sites and limited tolerance of the moist nutrient-poor soils characteristic of upland Britain restricted their use in the afforestation programmes of the last century. As a consequence, in 2010, there were about 8000 ha of Abies species in Britain, comprising less than one per cent of the forest area. Recent species trials have confirmed that best growth is on mineral soils and that, in open ground conditions, establishment takes longer than for other conifers. However, changes in forest policies increasingly favour the use of Continuous Cover Forestry and the shade tolerant nature of many fir species makes them candidates for use with selection or shelterwood silvicultural systems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Rhyndophorus Ferrugineus in Grecce and Cyprus
    ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 17 (2007-2008): 28-33 The scale insect Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank) on Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae) G. J. STATHAS Technological Educational Institute of Kalamata, School of Agricultural Technology Department of Crop Production, Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, 24100 Antikalamos, Greece, ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Data on phenology and morphology of the scale insect Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), found on fir trees Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae) on mount Taygetos (Peloponnesus - southern Greece), are presented. The species is biparental and oviparous. During this study (June 2004 – August 2006) D. abietis completed one generation per year. It overwintered as mated pre-ovipositing female adult. Ovipositions were recorded from May to July. The majority of the hatches of the crawlers were observed in June. Predated individuals of the scale which were found during the study period were attributed to the presence of the predator Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Introduction belonging to the family Coccidae, such as Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalm.), P. There are many species belonging to picae Sch., Eulecanium sericeum (Lind.) family Diaspididae that infest fir trees in and Nemolecanium graniformis (Wünn), Europe. Major species include: Chionaspis which were found on Abies cephalonica austriaca Lindinger, Diaspidiotus Loud. and A. borisii-regis Mattf., as well ostreaeformis (Curtis), Dynaspidiotus as Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) abieticola (Koroneos), D. abietis (Margarodidae), are regarded as more (Schrank), Fiorinia japonica Luwana, important and have been studied mainly Lepidosaphes juniperi Lindinger, L. due to them excreting honeydews, on newsteadi (Šulc), Leucaspis lowi Colvée, which bees are fed (Santas 1983, Santas L. pini (Hartig), Parlatoria parlatoriae 1991, Stathas, 2001). (Šulc) and Unaspidiotus corticispini The scale insect Dynaspidiotus abietis (Lindinger) (Ben-Dov 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Details of Important Plants in Rpbg
    DETAILS OF IMPORTANT PLANTS IN RPBG ABIES BRACTEATA. SANTA LUCIA OR BRISTLECONE FIR. PINACEAE, THE PINE FAMILY. A slender tree (especially in the wild) with skirts of branches and long glossy green spine-tipped needles with white stomatal bands underneath. Unusual for its sharp needles and pointed buds. Pollen cones borne under the branches between needles; seed cones short with long bristly bracts extending beyond scales and loaded with pitch, the cones at the top of the tree and shattering when ripe. One of the world’s rarest and most unique firs, restricted to steep limestone slopes in the higher elevations of the Santa Lucia Mountains. Easiest access is from Cone Peak Road at the top of the first ridge back of the ocean and reached from Nacimiento Ferguson Road. Signature tree at the Garden, and much fuller and attractive than in its native habitat. ACER CIRCINATUM. VINE MAPLE. SAPINDACEAE, THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Not a vine but a small deciduous tree found on the edge of conifer forests in northwestern California and the extreme northern Sierra (not a Bay Area species). Slow growing to perhaps 20 feet high with pairs of palmately lobed leaves that turn scarlet in fall, the lobes arranged like an expanded fan. Tiny maroon flowers in early spring followed by pairs of winged samaras that start pink and turn brown in late summer, the fruits carried on strong winds. A beautiful species very similar to the Japanese maple (A. palmatum) needing summer water and part-day shade, best in coastal gardens. A beautiful sight along the northern Redwood Highway in fall.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impact of Climate Change
    Adhikari et al. Journal of Ecology and Environment (2018) 42:36 Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-018-0095-y and Environment RESEARCH Open Access Potential impact of climate change on the species richness of subalpine plant species in the mountain national parks of South Korea Pradeep Adhikari, Man-Seok Shin, Ja-Young Jeon, Hyun Woo Kim, Seungbum Hong and Changwan Seo* Abstract Background: Subalpine ecosystems at high altitudes and latitudes are particularly sensitive to climate change. In South Korea, the prediction of the species richness of subalpine plant species under future climate change is not well studied. Thus, this study aims to assess the potential impact of climate change on species richness of subalpine plant species (14 species) in the 17 mountain national parks (MNPs) of South Korea under climate change scenarios’ representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and Migclim for the years 2050 and 2070. Results: Altogether, 723 species occurrence points of 14 species and six selected variables were used in modeling. The models developed for all species showed excellent performance (AUC > 0.89 and TSS > 0.70). The results predicted a significant loss of species richness in all MNPs. Under RCP 4.5, the range of reduction was predicted to be 15.38–94.02% by 2050 and 21.42–96.64% by 2070. Similarly, under RCP 8.5, it will decline 15.38–97.9% by 2050 and 23.07–100% by 2070. The reduction was relatively high in the MNPs located in the central regions (Songnisan and Gyeryongsan), eastern region (Juwangsan), and southern regions (Mudeungsan, Wolchulsan, Hallasan, and Jirisan) compared to the northern and northeastern regions (Odaesan, Seoraksan, Chiaksan, and Taebaeksan).
    [Show full text]
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO DIVISIÓN DE AGRONOMÍA Pinus arizonica Engelm. PRESENTA: SERGIO AMILCAR CANUL TUN MONOGRAFÍA Presentada como requisito parcial para Obtener el título de: INGENIERO FORESTAL Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Mayo de 2005 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO DIVISIÓN DE AGRONOMÍA DEPARTAMENTO FORESTAL Pinus arizonica Engelm. MONOGRAFÍA Que somete a consideración del H. Jurado calificador como requisito parcial para obtener el título de: INGENIERO FORESTAL PRESENTA SERGIO AMILCAR CANUL TUN APROBADA PRESIDENTE DEL JURADO COORDINADOR DE LA DIVISIÓN DE AGRONOMÍA _____________________________ ________________________________ M. C. CELESTINO FLORES LÓPEZ M. C. ARNOLDO OYERVIDES GARCÍA Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Mayo de 2005 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO DIVISIÓN DE AGRONOMÍA DEPARTAMENTO FORESTAL Pinus arizonica Engelm. MONOGRAFÍA Que somete a consideración del H. Jurado calificador como requisito parcial para obtener el título de: INGENIERO FORESTAL PRESENTA SERGIO AMILCAR CANUL TUN PRESIDENTE DEL JURADO _____________________________ M. C. CELESTINO FLORES LÓPEZ PRIMER SINODAL SEGUNDO SINODAL _______________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. MIGUEL ÁNGEL CAPÓ ARTEAGA Dr. JOSÉ ÁNGEL VILLARREAL QUINTANILLA Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México Mayo de 2005 DEDICATORIA A mis grandes amores: Leydi Abigail Cob Chan Nayvi Abisai Canul Cob Por haber llegado a mi vida y formar parte de mi, son un gran motivo para triunfar y salir adelante en medio de una gran tempestad. A mis padres: Ramón Cruz Canul Vázquez Lucila Tún Cahuich. Por su gran sacrificio realizado, por la confianza que me brindaron y por ser mis mejores amigos. Siempre tuve sus consejos, ayuda en el momento más crítico y comprensión. A mis hermanos: Claudio Ezequiel, por aceptar ser mi amigo, por su compañía y apoyo durante mi carrera y en este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ to Identify the Level of Threat to Plants
    Ex-Situ Conservation at Scott Arboretum Public gardens and arboreta are more than just pretty places. They serve as an insurance policy for the future through their well managed ex situ collections. Ex situ conservation focuses on safeguarding species by keeping them in places such as seed banks or living collections. In situ means "on site", so in situ conservation is the conservation of species diversity within normal and natural habitats and ecosystems. The Scott Arboretum is a member of Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which works with botanic gardens around the world and other conservation partners to secure plant diversity for the benefit of people and the planet. The aim of BGCI is to ensure that threatened species are secure in botanic garden collections as an insurance policy against loss in the wild. Their work encompasses supporting botanic garden development where this is needed and addressing capacity building needs. They support ex situ conservation for priority species, with a focus on linking ex situ conservation with species conservation in natural habitats and they work with botanic gardens on the development and implementation of habitat restoration and education projects. BGCI uses the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ to identify the level of threat to plants. In-depth analyses of the data contained in the IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List are published periodically (usually at least once every four years). The results from the analysis of the data contained in the 2008 update of the IUCN Red List are published in The 2008 Review of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; see www.iucn.org/redlist for further details.
    [Show full text]
  • Bunzo Hayata and His Contributions to the Flora of Taiwan
    TAIWANIA, 54(1): 1-27, 2009 INVITED PAPER Bunzo Hayata and His Contributions to the Flora of Taiwan Hiroyoshi Ohashi Botanical Garden, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0962, Japan. Email: [email protected] (Manuscript received 10 September 2008; accepted 24 October 2008) ABSTRACT: Bunzo Hayata was the founding father of the study of the flora of Taiwan. From 1900 to 1921 Taiwan’s flora was the focus of his attention. During that time he named about 1600 new taxa of vascular plants from Taiwan. Three topics are presented in this paper: a biography of Bunzo Hayata; Hayata’s contributions to the flora of Taiwan; and the current status of Hayata’s new taxa. The second item includes five subitems: i) floristic studies of Taiwan before Hayata, ii) the first 10 years of Hayata’s study of the flora of Taiwan, iii) Taiwania, iv) the second 10 years, and v) Hayata’s works after the flora of Taiwan. The third item is the first step of the evaluation of Hayata’s contribution to the flora of Taiwan. New taxa in Icones Plantarum Formosanarum vol. 10 and the gymnosperms described by Hayata from Taiwan are exampled in this paper. KEY WORDS: biography, Cupressaceae, flora of Taiwan, gymnosperms, Hayata Bunzo, Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, Taiwania, Taxodiaceae. 1944). Wu (1997) wrote a biography of Hayata in INTRODUCTION Chinese as a botanist who worked in Taiwan during the period of Japanese occupation based biographies and Bunzo Hayata (早田文藏) [1874-1934] (Fig. 1) was memoirs written in Japanese. Although there are many a Japanese botanist who described numerous new taxa in articles on the works of Hayata in Japanese, many of nearly every family of vascular plants of Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden
    Research article The role of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico) in the conservation of the Mexican flora El papel del Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero (Xalapa, Veracruz, México) en la conservación de la flora mexicana Milton H. Díaz-Toribio1,3 , Victor Luna1 , Andrew P. Vovides2 Abstract: Background and Aims: There are approximately 3000 botanic gardens in the world. These institutions cultivate approximately six million plant species, representing around 100,000 taxa in cultivation. Botanic gardens make an important contributionex to situ conservation with a high number of threat- ened plant species represented in their collections. To show how the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden (JBC) contributes to the conservation of Mexican flora, we asked the following questions: 1) How is vascular plant diversity currently conserved in the JBC?, 2) How well is this garden perform- ing with respect to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the Mexican Strategy for Plant Conservation (MSPC)?, and 3) How has the garden’s scientific collection contributed to the creation of new knowledge (description of new plant species)? Methods: We used data from the JBC scientific living collection stored in BG-BASE. We gathered information on species names, endemism, and endan- gered status, according to national and international policies, and field data associated with each species. Key results: We found that 12% of the species in the JBC collection is under some risk category by international and Mexican laws. Plant families with the highest numbers of threatened species were Zamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Asparagaceae. We also found that Ostrya mexicana, Tapirira mexicana, Oreopanax capitatus, O.
    [Show full text]