Biological Control of Arthropod Pests of C '" the Northeastern and North Central Forests in the United States: a Review and Recommendations
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Forest Health Technology , ..~ , Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control . Biological Control of Arthropod Pests of c '" the Northeastern and North Central Forests in the United States: A Review and Recommendations Roy G. Van Driesche Steve Healy Richard C. Reardon , Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team - Morgantown, WV '.","' USDA Forest Service '. FHTET -96-19 December 1996 --------- Acknowledgments We thank: Richard Dearborn, Kenneth Raffa, Robert Tichenor, Daniel Potter, Michael Raupp, and John Davidson for help in choosing the list of species to be included in this report. Assistance in review ofthe manuscript was received from Kenneth Raffa, Ronald Weseloh, Wayne Berisford, Daniel Potter, Roger Fuester, Mark McClure, Vincent Nealis, Richard McDonald, and David Houston. Photograph for the cover was contributed by Carole Cheah. Thanks are extended to Julia Rewa for preparation, Roberta Burzynski for editing, Jackie Twiss for layout and design, and Patricia Dougherty for printing advice and coordination ofthe manuscript. Support for the literature review and its publication came from the USDA Forest Service's Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505. Cover Photo: The hemlock woolly adelgid faces a challenge in the form ofthe newly-discovered exotic adelgid predator, Pseudoscymnus tsugae sp. nov. Laboratory and preliminary field experiments indicate this coccinellid's potential to be one ofthe more promising biological control agents this decade. Tiny but voracious, both the larva and adult (shown here) attack all stages ofthe adelgid. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communications of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA OfficeofCommunications at 202-720-2791. To file a complaint, write the Secretary, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, DC 20250, orcall 1-800-245-6340(voice),or202-720-1127 (TOO). USDA is anequal employment opportunity employer. '-I ~ Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Biological Control of Arthropod Pests of the Northeastern and North Central Forests in the United States: A Review and Recommendations R. G. Van Driescbel , S. Healyl, and R. C. Reardon2 1 Department ofEntomology, Univer;ity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 2 USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 additional copies ofthis publication please contact either Dr. Roy Van in Amherst, MA at (413) 545-2283, or Lisa Cress in Morgantown, WV at (304)285-1563. Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Purpose .................................................................................................................... 1 Organization .............................................................................................................. 1 Selection ofSpecies.................................................................................................. 1 Literature Sources .................................................................................................... 1 Shanges in Scientific Names ..................................................................................... 2 Thysanoptera .............................................................................. 2 1. Pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens ................................................................ 2 2. Introduced basswood thrips, Thrips calcaratus .................................................... 4 Homoptera.................................................................................... 5 Adelgids (Adelgidae) 3. Eastern spruce gall adelgid,Adelges abietis .......................................................... 5 4. Balsam woolly adelgid,Adelges piceae ................................................................. 6 5. Hemlock woolly adelgid,Adelges tsugae ............................................................ 10 6. Cooley spruce gall adelgid,Adelges cooleyi ........................................................ 11 7. Pine bark adelgid,Pineus strobi ......................................................................... 12 8. Pine leaf adelgid, Pineus pinifoliae ..................................................................... 13 True Aphids (Aphididae) ............................................................................................ 14 9. White pine aphid, Cinara strobi ......................................................................... 14 10. Woolly elm aphid, Eriosoma americanum ....................................................... 14 11. Woolly beech aphid, Phyllaphis fagi ..: ............................................................. 15 12. Tuliptree aphid, Illinoia liriodendri ................................................................... 16 13. Norway maple aphid,Periphyllus lyropictus .................................................... 17 14. Linden aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae .................................................................... 18 Scales' ........................................................................................................................ 20 15. Beech scale, Cryptococcusfagisuga ............................................................... 20 16. Red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae ............................................................ 22 17. Tuliptree scale, Toumeyella liriodendri ............................................................. 23 18. Pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis ..................................................... 24 19. Elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa ......................................................... 25 20. Oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi ............................................................... 26 21. San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ................................................... 28 Other Homoptera ....................................................................................................... 31 22. Saratoga spittlebug, Aphrophora saratogensis ................................................. 31 ii Coleoptera .................................................................................. 32 Defoliating and Root-Feeding Beetles 23. Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta ................................................... 32 24. Pales weevil, Hylobius pales ............................................................................ 33 25. Pine root collar weevil, Hylobius radicis ........................................................... 35 26. Pine root tip weevil, Hylobius rhizophagus ....................................................... 36 27. Pitch-eating weevil, Pachylobius picivorus ....................................................... 37 28. May and June beetles,Phyllophaga spp........................................................... 37 29. A white grub,Polyphylia variolosa .................................................................. 39 30. Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus ........................................................ 40 31. Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus .................................................. 42 32. Japanese beetle,Popilliajaponica ................................................................... 43 33. Imported willow leafbeetle,Plagiodera versicolora ........................................ 49 34. Elm leafbeetle,Xanthogaleruca luteola .......................................................... 50 Bark Beetles .............................................................................................................. 52 35. Native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes ................................................... 52 36. Smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus ................................. 53 37. Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis .......................................................... 55 38. Black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans ............................................. 57 39. Eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex ..................................................... 58 40. Engraverbeetle,Ips typographus ..................................................................... 59 41. Pine engraver, Ips pini ...................................................................................... 62 Lepidoptera .................................................................................. 64 42. Spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana .................................................. 64 43. Jack pine budwonn, Choristoneura pinus pinus .............................................. 69 44. Large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana ............................................... 73 45. Fall cankerwonn,A lsophila pometaria ............................................................ 74 46. Bruce spanwonn, Operophtera bruceata ......................................................... 76 47. Spring cankerwonn, Paleacrita vernata .......................................................... 77 48. Eastern hemlock looper, Lambdinafiscellariafiscellaria ................................. 77 49. Forest tent caterpillar,