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Water Quality Modelling in Chaoyang

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Water Quality Modelling in Chaoyang 8. 6. 3. 7. 5. Inform- Water 4. Demand 2. 1. Conflict Economic ation Saving Permitting Manage- IWRM WRA Resolution Tools Exchange Society ment May 2010 May Chaoyang, LiaoningProvince Example 1.5:WaterQualityModellingin Document Series Integrated WaterResourcesManagement China –UK,WRDMAP Documents Management Water Resources Integrated EG1.5 Integrated Water Resources Management Documents EG1.5 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) (Basics after Global Water Partnership) Ecological sustainability Enabling environment • Policies ts n • Legislation me In u Fora and st tr • i s tut in mechanisms for t io n participation nal me • Level of action R e o ag • Allocation • International / les n • Management a Regulations inter-provincial M • boundaries • Economic Tools co-operation • Capacity building • …. • ….. • ….. ….. …. ….. Economic efficiency Social Equity Driving Elements of Integrated Water Resources Management Regulation and Control En v i r o n m en t al So c i al Considerations Considerations Water Permits Water Resource Water Resources Water Use Water Resources Assessments Management Norms Demands Resource Charges and Institutional Water Tariffs Ec o n o m i c Considerations Considerations Financial Resources (Second figure after WRDMAP) Integrated Water Resources Management Documents EG1.5 1 Introduction Summary: This document describes the water quality modelling undertaken in Water pollution is a health hazard to Chaoyang, Liaoning Province. The people, and can be damaging to the modelling was used to investigate the environment. In the Daling River Basin, water quality in the Daling River and some of its tributaries. The purpose was to better Liaoning Province, water quality understand the sources of pollution, with modelling has been used to better the longer term aim of improving the river understand the local sources of water quality. pollution with the longer term aim of improving the local water quality. This document covers the following topics: 1.1 Chaoyang City and the • Purpose of modelling Daling River • Choice of modelling software Chaoyang City is located in the • Data requirements and availability province of Liaoning in north east • Data processing and estimation China, approximately 390 km from • Model development Beijing. The city has a growing population which presently totals • Training and support required for approximately 300 000 people. local staff • Summary of findings The Daling River is 434 km long and its basin covers an area of 23 837 km2. This document is part of a series addressing aspects of integrated water 1.2 Overview of modelling resources management (IWRM) under which water quality is increasingly viewed The purpose of this water quality as a critical component. It should be read modelling is to inform improvements to in conjunction with Thematic Paper 1.5 the abstraction and discharge ‘Use of Water Quality Modelling for Water permitting systems in the Chaoyang Protection’ and Advisory Note 1.5 ‘Use of QUAL2K Water Quality Model in IWRM area, operated by the Water Affairs Planning’. Bureau (WAB) and the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) respectively. The Ministry of Water Resources have supported the Water Resources Demand A water quality model was initially Management Assistance Project developed for a pilot reach: a stretch of (WRDMAP) to develop this series to approximately 60 km of the Daling support WRD/WAB at provincial, municipal River in the vicinity of Chaoyang from and county levels in their efforts to achieve the Yanwangbizi (YWBZ) Reservoir to sustainable water use. the Baishi Reservoir. This model was later extended, following an extensive data collection and monitoring programme, to cover a greater part of the Daling River and some of its tributaries. The modelling work was undertaken by a team of local staff from the Chaoyang WAB, the Chaoyang EPB, Page 1 of 12 Integrated Water Resources Management Documents EG1.5 consultants from the Shenyang changes in abstractions and Hydrology Bureau and with assistance discharges, or changes in flow from an international consultant. volumes (e.g. drought conditions). Conversely, appropriate discharge and 2 Purpose of Modelling abstraction limits to achieve specific river water quality targets can be The purpose of this modelling was to investigated using a water quality inform improvements to the abstraction model. and discharge permitting systems in the Chaoyang area, operated by the Chaoyang Municipal WAB and EPB respectively. Water quality modelling can be used to assist in the setting of abstraction and discharge permitting. A model can be used to test “what if?” scenarios which can demonstrate the effect on the Daling River Basin water quality in the river due to Baishi Reservoir in the Daling River Basin 3 Choice of Modelling mind that this modelling process should be suitable for use throughout Software China. Several different modelling options Qual2K is a hydraulic and water quality were considered for this case study model available as a free download including a bespoke spreadsheet from the United States Environmental model (based in Excel), the Mike Basin Protection Agency (USEPA). The model from DHI, and the Qual2K model is supported by a user manual model from the US Environmental (Chapra et al, 2006). Development is Protection Agency (USEPA). ongoing and regular updates are issued on the website ， making this The cost and ease of use of each model were considered, bearing in model particularly appropriate in the Page 2 of 12 Integrated Water Resources Management Documents EG1.5 context of using the case study model Water quality data required (at throughout China. headwaters, point sources, and diffuse sources): Due to the considerations of both cost and ease of use, it was decided to • Temperature (OC) proceed with the Qual2K model. • Nitrate, NO3 (µg/l of N) 4 Data Requirements and • Conductivity (µsiemens) Availability • Organic Phosphorus (µg/l of P) 4.1 Data requirements • Inorganic Solids (mg/l, dry weight) • Inorganic Phosphorus (µg/l of P) Qual2K requires water quality, hydraulic and climatic data and • Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l of O2) parameters for its calculations. • Phytoplankton (µg/l) Additional information can be found in • CBODslow (mg/l of O2) the Qual2k user manual (Chapra et al, • Detritus (POM) (mg/l, dry weight) 2006) and the accompanying Advisory Note on Water Quality Modelling. • CBODfast (mg/l of O2) • Pathogens (cfu/100 ml) It is possible to use estimates of many • Organic Nitrogen (µg/l of N) data values if measured values are not • Alkalinity (mg/l of CaCO ) available - the effect of this is to reduce 3 the accuracy of the model output. • Ammonia, NH4 (µg/l of N) • pH Hydraulic and hydrological data Water quality and flow measurements required: are also required at locations throughout the model for calibration. • Flow rates (m3/s) at headwaters, point discharges / abstractions, The reaction rates and settling and diffuse discharges / velocities for the water quality abstractions; parameters are typically user defined parameters. Default values for the • Dimensions for each river reach reaction rates and settling velocities (reach length, bed width, bank are provided in Qual2K but may be slopes and bed slope); adjusted during calibration. • Locations for upstream and Climatic data required: downstream ends of each reach; • Height, width and shape of any • Air temperature weirs, dams and waterfalls; • Wind speed • Rating curve parameters where • Dew point temperature available (e.g. at gauging stations); • Percentage cloud cover • Manning’s n for river reaches. • Percentage shade • Rainfall runoff data Page 3 of 12 Integrated Water Resources Management Documents EG1.5 Water quality data available: 4.2 Data availability in Chaoyang Monthly water quality monitoring is undertaken by Chaoyang Municipal Data from Chaoyang EPB and WAB EPB and WAB at a number of was used in the model and was shared locations along the pilot study reach. freely between the two agencies (see Advisory Note 8.4 ‘Inter-agency When the model was extended to Agreements for Collaborative Water cover more of the Daling River Basin, Quality Management’). water quality data was obtained from County level EPB and WAB agencies Routing data collection and monitoring and by specially commissioned is undertaken by both EPB and WAB. monitoring. During the extension of the model to a larger part of the Daling River, Data for point discharges (such as additional monitoring was undertaken individual enterprises) is collected by as part of an extensive data collection EPB. programme. No data was available for diffuse Hydraulic and hydrological data pollution sources. available: The available water quality parameters • Daily flow rates at gauging did not exactly match the suite of water stations (only one gauging station quality determinands used by Qual2K. in the pilot reach). Estimation procedures used to cope • Specially collected flow data (for with this are described in the next use in extending the model). section. • Cross-sections at gauging Climatic data available (collected by stations. EPB): • Specially collected cross-section data. • Annual average wind speed • Dimensions of dams. • Annual average air temperature • Flow and level data (used to • Average hours of sunshine per create a rating curve) for gauging annum. stations. • Locations of monitoring locations and gauging stations. • Specially collected location data using GPS. • Monthly average rainfall-runoff volumes. • Abstraction and discharge volumes for
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