DOCSLIB.ORG

EE Mar 1917 .Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EE Mar 1917 .Pdf BE AN ELECTRICIAN 5t,i) eCieliìtY LEARN AT Here's the chance. you've been waiting for ! Here's your opporttinity to get out of the small HOME pay class. Here's your opportunity to earn the money and do the kind of work your ambi- send tion calls for! ' Write me at once -TODAY! Just the coupon or a postal. I will give you 20 complete les- sons in practical electricity FREE! Think of it! My per- sonal and individual instruction for 20 lessons without a cent of cost to you if you act quick. No charge to you for these 20 lessons, more now or later. I make this sensational offer to secure a tew you a live students-to show, too, how quickly I can make Master Electrician, no matter where you live, or what you do. only. But you must act at once! This offer is for a limited time Remember, these free lessons are not merely sample lessons, but are a regular part of my full and complete course in electricity. Send the coupon without eI, 1.ty -- TODAY! EARN $2,500 TO $4,000 A YEAR the doing it. Don't let false fear or doubt say you can't! Give Others are You can now butter man within you a chance on this great opportunity. your spare time, and without giving up your pres- qualify at home during the or occupation. for the most wonderful of all fields open to ent position Yes, no matter man -the great Jod growing field of Electricity! ambitious a of electrical ex- know a thing about electricity or never had bit if you don't so that take you in hand and make you an Expert Electrician, perience, I will do it so easily earn $2,500 to $4.000 a year and more. And I'll A. W. WICKS, E. E. you should wonder how it was quickly and with so little effort on your part, that you'll Formerly with the possible. No books or tools to buy. General Electric Co.; lorotrr General Man- ager of company ola- I TRAIN YOU BY MAIL afaeNtriop Jenney the whole matter so simple for you that you I will instruct you personally -make Expert Electric Motors; also When you have finished my instructions you are an can't help but Rum. I show formerly with Fair- take a big paying job or start in for yourself. Electrician -ready to on jobs banks, Morse & Co.; only how to do practical electrical work, but how to estimate Engi- you not means to be trained noce C'aasallin,g you can take contracts at big profits. That's what it of so that you can't neer and Director of my practical experience. Don't let anyone tell that.you by a man can, NOW, since I have the lI'irks Electrical clectrie ity through home study. You positively institute. learn Remember, too, that my perfected my v.,m,!urful metI od of instruction. instruction is practical, as I am a practical Elect rici tn. Sec what my st udents have to say! Electricians are needed now more than ever! Our marvelous industrial activity Coupon Today Elec- Mail Act wick ! is opening up new jobs every day. life spark of modern industrial activity. The man tricity is the I want to hear knows electricity has the big chance today. E.E.. Director, Wicks Electrical Institute who of 20 personal les- A.W.Wicks, from you immediately. Don't miss my offer Street, Dept. 250 Chicago, Ill. this offer is strictly limited. Write for 81 West Randolph sons free. Remember, No obligation to I at once. Here's your chance. please send me full all particulars Without obligation to me whatever, you. Send coupon or postal. description of your personal instructions in Electricity and your special offer of 20 lessons free. 111 . particulars of A. W. Wicks, E. E., Director I WICKS ELECTRICAL INSTITUTE Nane `250 Chicago, III. 11 81 West Randolph St. Dept. Address 4' (' ly ',a de. www.americanradiohistory.com EXí'F:<1siF1v'!T,: . _...... NEW - B'I G 300 PAC E ELECTRICx A .:,.. X ÖUCK' 5llO. ' and WIRELESS CATALOG ' d MORE THAN EVER JUSTIFIES YOUR VERr)ICT ~ J IT IS THE ONE CATALOG WORTH WHILE ra,N.o...rc, l50 p yTi a ess ÁTinstruments 150 pp. electrical ,t.,-,ft!cs fp. The WIIäm !. Duell ANNOUNCEMENT WIRELESS AMATEURS We announce effective at once these exceedingly attractive reductions on the following wireless ins, i amen t ; Price Price Prie f re Type T-0 Thordarson Flexible. Step -Up No. 1915 Detector Stand 1 $2. rp St.' e Transformer $15.00 512.25 Model SAA Navy Type Receiving Trans- Type T -1 Thordarson Flexible Step -Up former. 19, .0 3 7.: , Transformer 20.00 16.25 No. 1091 Arlington Receiving Transformer 9.l I. ,e Only 8c in stamps Type T -2 Thordarson Flexible Step -Up No. 1092 Arlington Type R Receiving will bring this Transformer 25.00 19.75 Transformer 7. h,.; unrivalled cata- Note. -A Thordarson Special No. A7721 Receiving Transformer 6. .5 :'S log to your home. Protective Device included No. 44X6 1 inch Spark Coil 4. 3.5.5 free with each transformer. No. 39X0 inch Spark Coil 2. ...h The great cost of Catalog No. 11 these trans- 3 In No. 40X0 3á inch Spark Coil 3. t '5 catalog and the formers are listed at a alight No. A6012 Detector Stand low advance over above prices. if. exceptionally No. A395 Commercial Type Oscillation No. 61X10 Standard Tuning Coil 3, ., s. prices (often- Transformer 15.00 13.50 No. A560 Pancake Helix I. I. u . times fully 25e', . No. A7628 Oscillation Transformer 6.75 5.75 No. 71X0 Electrose Insulator..... ...... el below usual re- No. R41 Receiving Set with Condensers 32.00 29.50 No. 73X0 Electrose Insulator . tí 24.00 22.00 r tail price) pro- No. R41 Receiving Set less Condensers.. No. 17X0 Electrose Insulator . tt hibits its distri- bution otherwise. WHAT OUR BIG CATALOG CONTAINS You may deduct 150 pages wireless instruments, 10 pages raw material; storage batteries: electrolytic rectifiers: high frequency soils el grt l,h mtruments; commercial and battery motors and dynamos; rotary converters: alternators: sewing machine 'mot ..; wet, the 8c on first motors: medical batteries; auto accessories; flashlights: electric lighting plants; Victrolas; books and general electric $1.00 purchase. s, Send Sc for this Catalog today. You need it 230-232 Si The William B. Duck Co, TOLEDUO, OHIIC 3...w.t'4!`t'.tä.. WAAITE FOR OUR FRET ON ELECTIUCITY BOOK- sg) -a profet^+n that is constantly calling for - tdble rw. ;. The rew-e care big for those with t 1 knot rot,Ivtt 4 of practise. .e Yee Y ork book inowledge, or a smattering 11 EV,.tncal School has started over 4,000 men t. -. .ces,f. r ch. : I .ncal careers. "LEARN B' DOING" a principle. 57 L.FL t u I- 6 trial' apparatus.ppa. where youwearn, oit In actual prace t t lectricali t This free book will show you how thoroughly we . mn tSls c'- Write for a copy. Address The New York Electrical School, 29 West 17th 1. et. Kan :o,i , : turi'¿aa ¿O c1 ;^ www.americanradiohistory.com 786 ELEt,Ti;iC?±_ EXPERIMENTER THAUGriranñ LENZITE CRYSTAL DETECCOR Patented May 2nd, 1916 A first class Wireless Detector is half the battle in tit,: %Wireless game. Have you tried the best and most effective, The "Lenzite" Crystal Detector ? REGISTERED Why Is Our Detector Near Perfection? If you want to have a per- fect receiving detector, try Being a user of an Audion Bulb and having firmly, after due test and consideration of "mfnera' them as unstable and unreliable very inconvenient, 1., ours. not satisfactory, detectors," discarded and being hard to .et. If in adjustment, I was very skeptical as to Lenzite, but glad to make the test and molt than ph a ed return same within thirty that I did so. days and we shall be pleased I found that the reception of signals with Lenzite as a detector quite beyond : +r y hope r}.at to refund you the price. I may have had. .1 Inasmuch as the mineral in question (Lenzite) seems to be "sensitive" nearly re r its sur- face on all sides, which is a very great advantage as it makes it ,st as easy to keep in adjustment as an audion, and brings in the signa , «Icr. yrcper attunement is accomplished, in a very loud and positive mann , and I m ,sr add I was greatly surprised as it, without any question, has viN -u me far greater results than any other sort of mineral detector I have trim, :,nl I hale tried to get all that I have been able to hear of. Its clear, loud, readable demonstrations should make it v i , ' dce.i, able to operators whether or not they use audions, which consume powel hich I cnattc does not, and it is quite as good for long distance work as well. p 'h. l '.e glad to tell others of it. Very truly, HERBERT W. i21S: llì (6 IH U. S. L 'nse.) Send money order, express order or check for $5.00 and we will send you, postage LENZITE CRYSTAL CORPORATION prepaid, one of our Lenzire wireless detectors. 537 Chamber of Commerce Building Pasadena California VACUUM TUBE DETECTOWkh Noticie to Our Customers Have you received our new circulars' containing our guarantees? Is the tube you purchased from us giving you abso- lute satisfaction ? Remember we live up to our guarantees.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simple, Compact Source for Low-Temperature Air Plasmas
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Biological Sciences, Department of 7-25-2002 Simple, Compact Source for Low-Temperature Air Plasmas D. P. Sheehan University of San Diego J. Lawson University of San Diego M. Sosa University of San Diego Richard A. Long University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/biol_facpub Part of the Biology Commons Publication Info Review of Scientific Instruments, Volume 73, Issue 8, 2002, pages 3128-3130. © Review of Scientific Instruments 2002, The American Institute of Physics. This Article is brought to you by the Biological Sciences, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS VOLUME 73, NUMBER 8 AUGUST 2002 Simple, compact source for low-temperature air plasmas D. P. Sheehan,a) J. Lawson, and M. Sosa Physics Department, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110 R. A. Long Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, California ͑Received 14 August 2001; accepted for publication 8 May 2002͒ A simple, compact source of low-temperature, spatially and temporally uniform air plasma using a Telsa induction coil driver is described. The low-power ionization discharge plasma is localized (2 cmϫ0.5 cmϫ0.1 cm) and essentially free of arc channels. A Teflon coated rolling cylindrical electrode and dielectric coated ground plate are essential to the source’s operation and allow flat test samples to be readily exposed to the plasma.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study on the Use of Fast Camera and Recording in Time-Domain to Characterize ESD
    MATEC Web of Conferences 247, 00028 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700028 FESE 2018 Feasibility study on the use of fast camera and recording in time-domain to characterize ESD Szymon Ptak1,*, Albert Smalcerz1, Piotr Ostrowski1 1Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, 16 Czerniakowska St., 00-701 Warsaw, Poland Abstract. Fire and explosion protection in industrial conditions requires multidimensional approach. Usually the risk of hazardous zone creation is unavoidable, if the combustible material is processed. Therefore controlling of potential ignition sources is introduced. One of most popular sources of ignition is electrostatic discharge. Depending on the type of the discharge, as well as on exact discharge conditions, energy released might reach hundreds or even thousands of mJ, being able to ignite most of gaseous or dust-air hazardous mixtures. A dedicated methodology was created to record the discharge with fast camera with maximum speed of 1M fps and with the oscilloscope up to 25 GS/s. Dedicated test stand allows to obtain high voltage to create the conditions for electrostatic discharge. The aim of presented research was to analyze the course of electrostatic spark discharge in laboratory conditions and to place the outcomes in the context of explosion safety in the industrial conditions. The course of electrostatic discharge is dependent on various conditions: the polarity, distance between the electrodes, shape of electrodes, grounding conditions, etc. Understanding of the phenomenon is crucial from the point of view of explosion safety. 1 Introduction In every industrial process the safety of people, equipment and environment must be ensured. Despite the safety of the process itself, the risk of fire and/or explosion should be always taken into consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Explosive Safety with Regards to Electrostatic Discharge Francis Martinez
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Electrical and Computer Engineering ETDs Engineering ETDs 7-12-2014 Explosive Safety with Regards to Electrostatic Discharge Francis Martinez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ece_etds Recommended Citation Martinez, Francis. "Explosive Safety with Regards to Electrostatic Discharge." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ece_etds/ 172 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electrical and Computer Engineering ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Francis J. Martinez Candidate Electrical and Computer Engineering Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Christos Christodoulou , Chairperson Dr. Mark Gilmore Dr. Youssef Tawk i EXPLOSIVE SAFETY WITH REGARDS TO ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE by FRANCIS J. MARTINEZ B.S. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY 2001 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science In Electrical Engineering The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May 2014 ii Dedication To my beautiful and amazing wife, Alicia, and our perfect daughter, Isabella Alessandra and to our unborn child who we are excited to meet and the one that we never got to meet. This was done out of love for all of you. iii Acknowledgements Approximately 6 years ago, I met Dr. Christos Christodoulou on a collaborative project we were working on. He invited me to explore getting my Master’s in EE and he told me to call him whenever I decided to do it.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrostatics and Its Hazards
    A Study on Electrostatics and Its Hazards by NIRMALYA BASU (Master of Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering) Date of Birth: May 3, 1984 Email: [email protected] Mobile: +919007757186 Address: 162/B/185 Lake Gardens, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, PIN: 700045. Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Electrostatics in Liquids and Its Hazardous Implications 2 2.1. The Phenomenon of Flow Electrification 2 2.2. Hazards in the Industry 5 2.2.1. Metallic Fuel-handling Systems 6 2.2.2. Non-metallic Fuel-handling Systems 6 2.3. Liquid Charging Due to fragmentation and Hazards Arising Thereof 8 2.3.1. The Charging Phenomenon 8 2.3.2. Industrial Hazards 8 2.3.3. Remedial Measures 11 2.4. Standards on Recommended Practices 11 3. Electrostatics in Solids and Its Hazardous Implications 12 3.1. Phenomenon of Contact Charging or Tribocharging of Solids 12 3.1.1. Phenomenon of Charging of Two Metal Objects Brought in Contact with Each Other 12 3.1.2. Phenomenon of Contact Charging of Solids when Insulators are Involved 14 3.1.3. Charging of Two Identical Materials Brought in Contact with Each Other 18 3.1.4. Contact Charging of Granules 21 3.2. Hazards Caused in the Industry Due to Charging of Solids 21 3.2.1. Electrostatic Hazards in Particulate Processes 22 3.2.2. Electrostatic Hazards in the Semiconductor Industry 25 4. Principles of Fire 27 4.1. Combustion 27 4.2. Ignition: Piloted Ignition and Autoignition 27 4.3. Limits of Flammability 28 4.4. Fire Point 29 4.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewweb/Contentfetcher?Commentparams=(Commenttype=
    National Fire Protection Association Report http://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentParams=(CommentType=... Second Correlating Revision No. 12-NFPA 652-2017 [ Global Input ] Change the order of Chapters 8 and 9 in the document Chapter 8 will now be Management Systems Chapter 9 will now be Hazard Management; Mitigation and Prevention. Submitter Information Verification Submitter Full Name: Susan Bershad Organization: National Fire Protection Assoc Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Nov 08 11:00:20 EST 2017 Committee Statement Committee This will simplify coordination between technical committees with regards to correlation of the outline of the commodity -specific dust documents. Management Statement: Systems are common to all of the documents. The current Chapter 8 in 652, Hazard Mitigation, varies more between the individual commodity specific standards and may be broken into individual chapters. Long term, this will help to correlate the organization of all of the dust documents. 1 of 43 12/22/2017, 10:41 AM National Fire Protection Association Report http://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentParams=(CommentType=... Second Correlating Revision No. 1-NFPA 652-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.13 ] 3.3.13* Dissipative. A material or a construction that will reduce static charge to acceptable levels. [ 77 , 2019] A.3.3.13 Dissipative. Typically, a dissipative material is one having a surface resistivity between 10 5 ohms per square and 10 9 ohms per square or a volume resistivity between 10 5 ohm-m and 10 9 ohm-m. The intent is to limit the voltage achieved by electrostatic charge accumulation to a potential that is less than the threshold voltage for incendive discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrostatic Ignition Hazards Associated with Flammable Substances in the Form of Gases , Vapors, Mists and Dusts
    1 Electrostatic Ignition Hazards Associated with Flammable Substances in the Form of Gases , Vapors, Mists and Dusts M.Glor Swiss Institute for the Promotion of Safety & Security, WKL-32.3.01, PO box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Abstract. The paper deals with the assessment of the electrostatic ignition hazards when flammable gases, liquids or powders are handled and processed in industry. It reviews the present state of knowledge in this field based on information available from literature, codes of practice and guidelines. In a short introduction the prerequisites for the ignition of a flammable atmosphere are described. The steps from charge separation to ignition of flammable atmospheres by discharges are outlined and the different types and incendivities of electrostatic discharges occurring in practice are discussed. Associated with the different flammable substances such as gases, liquids and powders and with the typical operations performed with these substances in industry, the electrostatic ignition hazards are reviewed. In addition the electrostatic hazards related to the different types of FIBCs are highlighted. 1 INTRODUCTION Build-up of static electricity is intrinsically related with most industrial processes. Static electricity may cause nuisance or damage and it may represent a fire or explosion hazard when flammable gases, liquids and powders are handled. Thus, it is of great concern in chemical, plastics, pharmaceutical, foodstuff, printing and paint industries. The decisive factor for assessing the risk of accidents due to static electricity is the probability of coincidence in space and time between a flammable atmosphere and a high level of charge accumulation. The probability of a coincidence of this kind is greatest when the handling of a product gives rise both to high electrostatic charge densities and to a flammable atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • High Frequency-High Voltage Corona Discharge
    71 MINIM SK99K0382 HIGH FREQUENCY - HIGH VOLTAGE CORONA DISCHARGE Vujo I. Miljevic VinCa Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Atomic Physics Laboratory P.O.Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia INTRODUCTION Corona discharge is formed around small radius electrodes in, for example, point to plane, a wire and a point, paralel wires, a wire in a cylinder, coaxial cylinder geometries and transmitting lines. Corona discharge has long been studied and is relatively wel-kno- wn /1/. The application of corona iz also well-known, for example, in electrostatic filters, and in ozonizators used for ozone pro- duction. In recent years corona is used in simultaneous removal of SO,, and NO from flue gases 12/. In the mentioned corona discharges direct-current(DC), alternating-current (AC) and superposed DC and AC high voltage power supplies are usuallu used. In this paper results of a new type corona discharge are shown where specilly constructed "3rush-Shaped" electrodes are used - Corona Brush Discharge (CBD). Tesla Coil (TC) is used as a power supply /3/ EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental setup is schematically shown in Fig 1. It consists of electrodes (BE) connected to Tesla Coil (TC). There is a great number of pins on the electrodes - "Brush-shaped" Electrodes (BE). Distance between the elctrodes is 15 cm and the inner radius of the electrodes (where the pins are located) is 8 cm. Rings on the elec- trodes are used for electrostatic protection because they prevent breakdown from the edge of the electrodes. When Tesla Coil is energized, corona discharge is established and it completely occupies the space between the electrodes - Corona Brush Discharge (CBD).
    [Show full text]
  • Electrostatic Hazard Associated with Pneumatic Transport and Storage Of
    University of Southampton Department of Electrical Engineering and stoirage o A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Vahid Ebadat August 1989 o SmmS Page Mo TABLE OF CONTENTS {i)-(v) ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (vii) LIST OF SYMBOLS (viii) CHAPTER 1 : INTRODOCTKW 1.1 Pneumatic Conveying - A Historical View 1 1.2 Advantages of Pneumatic Conveying over Mechanical Conveyors 3 1.3 Pneumatic Conveying Systems 3 1.4 Pneumatic Conveying and Dust Explosion Hazard 5 1.4.1 A Historical View of Dust Explosions 6 1.4.2 Requirements of a Dust Explosion 8 1.4.2.1 Factors Influencing the Explosion Violence 9 1.4.3 Ignition Sources 10 1.4.4 Static Electricity as an Ignition Source 10 1.4.4.1 Types of Discharge due to Electrostatic Charging 10 1.4.4.1.1 Spark Discharge 12 1.4.4.1.2 Brush Discharge 13 1.4.4.1.3 Propagating Brush Discharge 14 1.4.4.1.4 Lightning-like Discharge 15 1.4.4.1.5 Corona Discharge 16 1.4.4.2 Effect of Electrode Size on the Time Distribution of a Discharge 16 1.5 Contact Electrification 18 1.5.1 Analysis of Electrostatic Charging of Particles in Gas-Solids Flow 37 (i) CQNT^^WTS {contd) Paoe No 1.6 Investigation of Electrostatic Hazards in Pneumatic Conveying and Storage of Powders 38 1.7 Aims of the Research 47 CHAPTER 2 : EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES AND MEASURING PROCEDURES 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Industrial Scale Electrostatic Hazards Investigation 49 2.2.1 Instrumentation 52 2.2.1.1 Conveying Air Relative Humidity Control 52 2.2.1.2 Powder Mass Flow Rate Measurements 52 2.2.1.3 Transport Air Velocity Measurements
    [Show full text]
  • Ignition Hazards Caused by Electrostatic Charges in Industrial Processes
    elektrostatik_e_feb_2015_Manual 09.02.15 09:32 Seite 1 Ignition Hazards Caused by Electrostatic Charges in Industrial Processes Edition February 2015 elektrostatik_e_feb_2015_Manual 09.02.15 09:32 Seite 2 2 Authors: Dr. Martin Glor, Swiss Institute of Safety and Security Peter Thurnherr, thuba Ltd. © ® All rights reserved, in particular the rights of reproduction, dissemination and translation. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form (by photocopying, microfilming or any other process) or processed, copied or propagated by means of electronic systems without the written consent of the publisher. elektrostatik_e_feb_2015_Manual 09.02.15 09:32 Seite 3 Ignition Hazards Caused by Electrostatic Charges in Industrial Processes 3 1 Introduction 1.1 Explosion hazards in industrial processes Processes in many different industries produce or process combustible and explosive substances, or use them as auxiliaries. These include flam - mable gases, vapours, liquids, aerosols, dusts and their mixtures. When mixed with air, these substances can form a potentially explosive atmos - phere. All that is needed to trigger an explosion is an effective ignition source. The physical laws governing the sequence of events leading up to and occurring during explosions are described in detail in the literature [1-3]. Protective measures against explosions come under two headings: pre - ventive and constructive precautions. Preventive precautions are designed to prevent explosions from occurring in the first place, while constructive precautions aim to reduce the effects of explosions to an acceptabl e level. Among the measures taken to prevent explosions from occurring, the "exclusion of effective ignition sources" is accorded very high priority. On the one hand, it is employed in combination with other preventive meas - ures and in particular with constructive measures taken to minimize explo - sion effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Cloud Detection and Diagnostics from Arcing by Conditional Averaging — Kenneth Nilsen FYS-3931 Master’S Thesis in Space Physics June 2017
    Department of physics and technology Plasma cloud detection and diagnostics from arcing by conditional averaging — Kenneth Nilsen FYS-3931 Master’s Thesis in Space Physics June 2017 Abstract Plasma cloud formation from arcing is experimentally studied. The arcs are formed by a high voltage set-up in the space simulation chamber at UiT. The plasma clouds are observed as large structures in the time series recorded by Langmuir probe and reference probe. By using the method of conditional averaging, the structures are accentuated. The electron cloud formed by arcing was found to be characterized by a steep drop from zero current to a minimum, then relaxation towards zero current. Additionally, we found the magnitude of the amplitude to the electron cloud to be decreasing when the distance between the arc and the movable probe is increased. The average electron 6 −1 cloud velocity was found to bev ¯e = 1:32 · 10 ms . The ion cloud formed by arcing was found to be characterized by a current above the steady state, which then increases logarithmically to a maximum, and then relaxes back to the steady state. However, the ion cloud measurement revealed a negative spike before the ion cloud, which indicates the electrons from an arc are energetic enough to be recorded by a negatively biased probe. The average ion cloud velocity was found to −1 bev ¯i = 119:2 ms , however the uncertainty was large due to high scattering. During the experiment, we discovered that breakdown of gas causes an arc-like be- haviour of the electrons. By applying the method of conditional average, a distortion was revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Absorption Method 84 Active Corona 97 Act with Relevant Experience 219
    277 Index a limits with flammable liquids 3–6 absorption method 84 metal dusts 6 active corona 97 flammable liquids 15–18 act with relevant experience 219–220 fuel 2 additive‐depleted surface 50–51 heat 2–3 adhesion of an insert on a variable vs. oxygen 3 base 227–229 hybrid mixtures 6–7 adhesive bonding‐blocking 226–227 ignition sources adhesive replacement 226 adiabatic compression and shock adiabatic compression and shock waves 11 waves 11 cathodic protection 10 aerials 94 chemical reactions 11 aerosol 234–236, 239–240 electrical apparatus 10 air boundary layers 242 electromagnetic field 10 alcohol cup 173 electromagnetic radiation 10 antistatic 45 flames and hot gases 9 antistatic packaging 182 hot surfaces 9 application of liquid media 234–236 ionizing radiation 10 application of water, use of charging lightning 10 during 236 mechanically generated sparks 10 asymmetrical rubbing 24 static electricity 10 ATEX certification 240 ultrasonics 11 atmosphere exchange 236 inerting process 3 minimum ignition energy 11–15 b oxygen 3 back discharge 160 permissible equipment 7–9 balun 94 big storage tanks, two bang effect 144, 156 explosions 189–192 basics of fire and explosion bipolar charge layers 124 danger triangle 2 blocking effect 230 exothermic reaction of fuel 1 blocking of newspapers 226 explosion‐endangered areas and blow trunk 190 permissible equipment 7 breakdown voltage of a discharge explosive atmosphere gap 267 limits with combustible dusts 6 Brownian molecular movement 28 Static Electricity: Understanding, Controlling, Applying, First Edition. Günter Lüttgens, Sylvia Lüttgens, and Wolfgang Schubert. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacecraft High-Voltage Paschen and Corona Design Handbook
    METRIC/SI NASA TECHNICAL NASA-HDBK-4007 HANDBOOK W/CHANGE 1—INACTIVE FOR NEW DESIGN 2020-10-16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Approved: 2016-10-27 Superseding MSFC-STD-531 SPACECRAFT HIGH-VOLTAGE PASCHEN AND CORONA DESIGN HANDBOOK NASA-HDBK-4007 W/CHANGE 1 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Status Document Change Approval Date Description Revision Number Baseline 2016-10-27 Initial Release 1 2020-10-16 Administrative Change: Inactive for New Design—This NASA Technical Handbook is no longer authorized for use in new designs, because it is antiquated, and no new updates have been discovered in the last several years APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE—DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED 2 of 147 NASA-HDBK-4007 W/CHANGE 1 FOREWORD This NASA Technical Handbook is published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a guidance document to provide engineering information; lessons learned; possible options to address technical issues; clarification of similar terms, materials, or processes; interpretive direction and techniques; and any other type of guidance information that may help the Government or its contractors in the design, construction, selection, management, support, or operation of systems, products, processes, or services. This NASA Technical Handbook is approved for use by NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers and Facilities. It may also apply to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other contractors only to the extent specified or referenced in applicable contracts. This NASA Technical Handbook establishes an overview of high-voltage electrical/electronic design techniques used to specify and to apply electrical insulation to spacecraft high-voltage parts, components, and systems for spacecraft system designs that are required to meet stringent fault-free operation for a period of days to years in space without maintenance.
    [Show full text]