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Absorption Method 84 Active Corona 97 Act with Relevant Experience 219 277 Index a limits with flammable liquids 3–6 absorption method 84 metal dusts 6 active corona 97 flammable liquids 15–18 act with relevant experience 219–220 fuel 2 additive‐depleted surface 50–51 heat 2–3 adhesion of an insert on a variable vs. oxygen 3 base 227–229 hybrid mixtures 6–7 adhesive bonding‐blocking 226–227 ignition sources adhesive replacement 226 adiabatic compression and shock adiabatic compression and shock waves 11 waves 11 cathodic protection 10 aerials 94 chemical reactions 11 aerosol 234–236, 239–240 electrical apparatus 10 air boundary layers 242 electromagnetic field 10 alcohol cup 173 electromagnetic radiation 10 antistatic 45 flames and hot gases 9 antistatic packaging 182 hot surfaces 9 application of liquid media 234–236 ionizing radiation 10 application of water, use of charging lightning 10 during 236 mechanically generated sparks 10 asymmetrical rubbing 24 static electricity 10 ATEX certification 240 ultrasonics 11 atmosphere exchange 236 inerting process 3 minimum ignition energy 11–15 b oxygen 3 back discharge 160 permissible equipment 7–9 balun 94 big storage tanks, two bang effect 144, 156 explosions 189–192 basics of fire and explosion bipolar charge layers 124 danger triangle 2 blocking effect 230 exothermic reaction of fuel 1 blocking of newspapers 226 explosion‐endangered areas and blow trunk 190 permissible equipment 7 breakdown voltage of a discharge explosive atmosphere gap 267 limits with combustible dusts 6 Brownian molecular movement 28 Static Electricity: Understanding, Controlling, Applying, First Edition. Günter Lüttgens, Sylvia Lüttgens, and Wolfgang Schubert. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. bindex.indd 277 8/7/2017 3:08:33 PM 278 Index brush discharges 97–98, 104–108, 162 by gases 31–33 bulk materials 52, 74–75, 130, 132 of liquids 28–31 burning handkerchief does not burn of particles up 174 many 152–153 single 150–152 c by separation 160 capacitance 38, 259–261 chemical reactions 11 charge decay measurements 79–81 chill roll 230–231 coaxial cable/cylinder circular frequency 258 capacitance 260 classification for flammable conductive sphere in space 260 liquids 5–6 measurement 77–78 clean surfaces 128 permittivity value 78–79 climate 81–82 plate capacitor 261 coating machine 237–241 rod (wire) across a conductive coating process 241–243 area 259 coaxial cable/cylinder capacitance 260 series of single capacitors 261 “CombiCleaner” operating shunt of single capacitors 261 principle 128–129 sphere across a conductive area 260 combustible organic dusts 6 capacitive current limit 136 composite materials 125–127 capacitive hygrometer 86 conductance 269 capacitor 38, 135 conductive layers 125, 126 carbon fiber brush 136 conductive sphere in space 260 carriers 19 conductive surfaces 135 cast film process 230 conductivity 30, 51, 269 cathodic protection 10 cone discharges 98 charge 263–264. see also targeted use contact and separation 120 of charges core dummy charge 232–233 caused by separating corona discharges 96–97, 104, process 149–150 161–162 conservation 223, 225 corona effect 114 decay measurements 79–81 corona systems 248–251 dissipation 20 Coulomb forces 144, 224 of electron beam 263 Coulomb meter 66–67 mass charge density 264 cracks 193 measurement 54–56 current density 240 moved charge 263 current limiter 134 relaxation with liquids 30–31 surface charge density 263–264 d volume charge density 264 danger triangle 2 charge decay measuring device “decanting” of gasoline ® QUMAT ‐528 80 vapors 171–172 charge‐emitting discharge description of demonstration electrode 114 experiments charging charges caused by separating bars 223 process 149–150 behavior 41 charging by separation 160 bindex.indd 278 8/7/2017 3:08:33 PM Index 279 charging of particles visualization 139 many 152–153 dew point hygrometry 83–84 single 150–152 dielectric strength 117–118 dissipating properties 157–158 direct charge 232 electric induction dirty discharge electrodes 135 basic experiment 153–154 discharge electrodes 114 chimes 154–155 discharges, gas 89 isolated conductive avoidable 103–111 parts 155–157 brush discharge 97–98 electrostatic charging of a cone discharges 98 person 158–159 consequences of 102 electrostatic force effects 144–145 corona discharge 96–97 electrical field lines 148 electrostatic 90–94 electroscope 147–148 mechanisms of 89–90 hovering pipes 146–147 propagating brush rolling pipes 145–146 discharge 98–102 electrotechnical ideas 139 spark discharge 94–95 explosion tube 142–144 traces caused by gas 102–103 field meter 57, 142 discharges without electrodes 94 fire and explosion dangers discharging charged burning handkerchief does not surfaces 118–119 burn up 174 granules and similar “decanting” of gasoline particles 129–133 vapors 171–172 material webs effects with large surfaces 168–169 behavior of composite extinguishing with materials 125–127 water 173–174 bipolar layers of equal field flash point 168 strength 124 inflaming solid double‐sided combustibles 174–175 discharging 123–124 oxygen demand 172–173 electric potential 123 progressive flame front 170–171 friction 120 rich mixture 169–170 nonporous materials 122 gas discharges optimal discharging setup 120, brush discharges 162 121 corona discharges 161–162 optimal placement of discharge evidence of ion wind 163–164 bars 122 ignition by brush rerolling process 120–121 discharges 162–163 single‐sided discharging 123 propagating brush static electric shocks 119 discharges 164–167 triboelectric effect 120 spark discharges 160–161 other objects 127–129 super brush discharges 163 sheets 127–128 ignition voltage 159–160 discharging granules 129–133 preliminary remarks 140–141 discharging of sheets 127–128 static voltmeter 141 disruptive discharge 117 Van de Graaff generator 142–143 dissipating property 41, 157–158 bindex.indd 279 8/7/2017 3:08:33 PM 280 Index drying 236–237 other objects 127–129 of fast moving substrates 236–237 sheets 127–128 dust explosion 130 empty space 115 field line concentration 116–117 e intentionally charging surfaces 113 effects with large surfaces 168–169 ionizing electrodes 114 electrical apparatus 10 passive ionizer 116 electrical breakdown 90 potential hazards posed by discharge electrical charge 230 electrodes 134–136 coverage 117, 118 electrostatic effect 236 electrical field lines 148, 235 electrostatic force effects 144–145 electrical resistance 45 electrical field lines 148 electric field 33–36 electroscope 147–148 electric induction 156, 224, 225 hovering pipes 146–147 basic experiment 153–154 rolling pipes 145–146 chimes 154–155 electrostatic ignitions, doubts with image charge 37–38 burst of a glass pipe 218–219 isolated conductive parts 155–157 fire in a polyethylene specification of 36–37 drum 213–215 electric induction field meter 67 fire in a solvent cleaning electroadhesion 247–248 area 215–217 electromagnetic field 10 electrostatic safety measures 44 electromagnetic radiation 10 electrostatic separation 245 electrometer amplifier 54 electrostatic shock 111 electron density 247 electrostatic voltmeters 53–54 electron work function 21 electro‐technical explosion electroscope 147–148 protection 178 electrostatic application 223 energy W of a capacitance 255–256 electrostatic charging “equipment protection levels” with fluids 75–76 (EPLs) 8–9 of liquids 28–30 equipotential lines 34 charge relaxation with liquids 30–31 equipotential surface 34 charging by gases 31–33 evidence of ion wind 163–164 of a person 158–159 explosion 1 of powdery bulk materials 74–75 disaster near Bitburg 190–192 electrostatic discharge 89, 180 in a floating roof tank followed by electrostatic disturbances prevention fire 189–190 alternating current voltage 114 in a mixing silo for plastic charge‐emitting discharge granules 202 electrode 114 in a railcar bulk container 192–193 clean and corroded points 115 during rotational molding 201–202 dielectric strength 117–118 explosion dangers, fire and discharging charged surfaces 113, burning handkerchief does not burn 118–119 up 174 granules and similar “decanting” of gasoline particles 129–133 vapors 171–172 material webs 119–127 effects with large surfaces 168–169 bindex.indd 280 8/7/2017 3:08:33 PM Index 281 extinguishing with water 173–174 g flash point 168 gas discharges 89 inflaming solid avoidable 103–111 combustibles 174–175 brush discharges 97–98, 162 oxygen demand 172–173 cone discharges 98 progressive flame front 170–171 consequences of 102 rich mixture 169–170 corona discharges 96–97, 161–162 explosion range 4 electrostatic 90–94 explosion tube 142–144 evidence of ion wind 163–164 explosive atmosphere ignition by brush limits with combustible dusts 6 discharges 162–163 limits with flammable liquids 3–6 mechanisms of 89–90 metal dusts 6 propagating brush extinguishing with water 173–174 discharges 98–102, 164–167 spark discharges 94–95, 160–161 f super brush discharges 163 Faraday cage 55 traces caused by gas 102–103 Faraday pail 55 gasification process with feeder bowls 133 wood 174–175 fiberglass fabric 169 gas stream 246 field glass fiber fabric, impregnation field of point charge 256 of 186–187 field of rod (wire) charge 257 Globally Harmonized System homogeneous field between plane (GHS) 5 plates 256 gravure printing 237–241 lines 33, 34 grounded emitter 93 meter 142 guard ring circuit 47–49 permittivity 257 strength (see field) h fire 1 hair hygrometer 84 fire extinguishing installation 189–191 Helmholtz double‐layer effect 38 fixing coverings 227 homogeneous field between plane fixing of thin
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