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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MONDAY, JULY 26, 1943 , F

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MONDAY, JULY 26, 1943 , F FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MONDAY, JULY 26, 1943 , f DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Attorney General Francis Biddle announces that a Federal Grand Jury in the District of ColuMbia today returned indictments charging treason against eight Amerkt0afttens !:now resident in 95t4ly and y, alleging that they have given aid and comfort "tirrffii- enemy by acting,,as,rropaganda broadcasters. Named in eight separate indictments were: FREDERICK WILRELMIAUWAQN„formerly of Dubuque, Iowa; )22221,u:_yesT, formerly of Sumter, South Oarolina; . EZRA POUND; formerly of New York City; DOUGLAS CHANDLER, formerly of Baltimore, Maryland; EDWARD LEO DELANEY, formerly •of Olney, Illinois; CONSTANCE DREXEL, formerly of Philadelphia; , • JANE ANDERSON, formerly of Atlanta, Georgia; and MAX OTTO KOISCHWITZ, formerly of New York City. All of those named, with the exception of Ezra Pound, are in ,the em- ploy of the German Reich and broadcast from Berlin and other poirM in Germany. Pound's broadcasts originate in Rome. All of the indictments follow the same general pattern, and allege that for varying periods of time since December 11, 1,41, the defendants, being citizens of the United States, itknowingly, intentionally, feloniously, traitor- ously and treasonably did adhere to the enemies of the United States . givS.ng to the said enemies aid and comfort within the United States and else- .. by repeated broadcasts of propaganda designed-"to persuade citi- zens of the United. States to decline to support the, United States in the con- duct of the war . ." The defendants are charged with accepting employment with the German • • . and Italian goVernmente, and with writing and broadcasting speeches andstate- ments deliberately intended to weaken the morale the American people; to dissuade them frOM making:War on the Axis powers; .destroy their faith in their own governMent and. the governments of their tallies, and in other ways to impede, obstruct and interfere with the naval and military operations of the (OVER) United States and its allies. The indictments set forth that all radio facilities in both Germany and Italy are under the direct control of the respective enemy governments, and-that only such messages.-as will further the interests of the enemy are allowed to be transmitted,. With the declaration of war against the United - States,-the indictments continue,- the German and Italian governments immedi- ately launched a propaganda caMpaign by shortwave broadcasts beamed to the United States, with the intention of weakening the morale of the American people and obstructing and -interfering with the success of their naval and military forces. The indictments state that the Axis governments sought, the assistance of American citizens, in this effort for the reason that their language and knowledge of the customs of the people of the United States, reinforced by their false declarations:of. loyalty, would render.such propaganda messages more credible. The treason Statute under which they are indicted reads as follows: "Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason." Penalties prescribed are death, or, at the discretion of the court, imprisonment for not less than five years AND a fine of not less than $10,000. Commenting:on the indictments, Attorney General Biddle said "This action of the -Grand Jury re-affirms the fact that the United States will not tolerate traitors either at home or abroad. It is our -intention when we can to apprehend these defendants and totring them to trial before 'a- jury of thpir felloWcitizens,! whom they are charged with betraying• Shauld, be Clearly understood that these indictments are based not only on the contentabf .the propaganda statements—the. lies !and falsi- fications which Were-uttered—but also on:the SiMp1e fact-that these people have freelTelected,' et -a:time wherutheir_country is-at•war,.:to devote thein services•to.the•cause of the enemies of the Unite&States. They have betrayed the first and most sacred obligation of American citizenship." The indictments are based on studies and investigations which have been in progress for almost a year by the Criminal Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Special War Policies Unit of the Department of Justice. Material assistance in the investigation was furnished by the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service of the Federal Communications Commis- sion, which recorded and transcribed hundreds of thousands of words of short- wave propaganda broadcast by the defendants. Presentation to the Grand Jury was made by Jesse Climenko and Samuel C. Ely, Special Assistants to the Attorney General, under the direction of Assistant Attorney General Wendell. Berge, in charge of the Criminal Division, and United States Attorney Edward M. Curran. - 3 - BACKGROUND Propaganda as a weapon of attack has been effectively used by the Nazis, as witness the preliminary "softening up" of Poland, France, Denmark, and Ozecho-Slovakia preceding the entrance of German armed forces. Hitler has likened it to the use of artillery in preparation for an infantry advance, saying: "The enemy must be demoralized and driven to passivity. Our strategy is to destroy, the enemy from within, to conquer him through himself. Mental confusion, contradictions of feeling, indecision, panic -these are our weapons." Radio, obviously, is the ideal instrument for such an attack, and its use as a propaganda weapon has been highly developed by the Nazis. As actuallTpractised, Nazi radio propaganda is directed at a nation's weak spots: it seeks out the discontented minorities,,the political demagogues, the fanatics and malcontents who are ready to grasp any offer of assistance for their schemes or any excuse for their grievances. It bores from within; it exaggerates and intensifies domestic frictions and controversies; it generates suspicions and rumors and grafts them upon some negligible fragment of fact to give them credibility. As specifically directed toward the United States in the last three years, German•radio propaganda has followed five well defined lines. These are the broad categories of appeal or argument into which virtually all Nazi broadcasts beamed to North America have fallen: 1. To spread defeatism and create feelings of hopelessness and futility with regard to the Allied effort; 2. Tp foster disagreement and discord between this country and other United Nations, particularly England; 3. To stimUlate dissension within the United Stites, par- ticularly between the people and the Government; 4. To nurture American isolationism and Fascist attitudes that would result not only in resignation to, but also par- ticipation in, the Axis world scheme; and 5. To magnify domestic difficulties within the United States, such as race-riOWdiseensions within the GoVernment, food and other shortages, etc. Such enemy propaganda encourages and fortifies native fascist elements. It has been the breeding ground for many of the false rumors about war produc- _ . tion and has grossly exaggerated doMestic differences, such as strikes. - Brieff -descriptions of each:of the defendants- foilOw: - 1 - (OVER) ROBLHT H. BEST Robert Henry Best was born in Sumter, South Carolina, April 16, 196, the son of a Methodist minister. He attended local schools in Spartanburg and was graduated from Wofford College in 1917 with both A.B. and N.A. degrees. He began a post-graduate course in journalism at Columbia University in 1917, but left in October of that year to enlist in the Coast Artillery. A year later he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant and remained in the Army with that rank until honorably discharged in January, 1920. In June, 192, he was issued a passport for travel in Europe. He has not returned to this country since that time. For the last ten or fifteen years, Best has followed an erratic course as a journalist, sometimes on regular assignment and salary, but most frequently as a "string correspondent". He has worked at various times for the United Press and the New York Times, among others. His appearance and manner of living in Vienna were those usually described as "Bohemian", and over the year his sympathies and outlook became more European than American. From about 1937 on he has been an outspoken admirer of Hitler and the Nazis and, simultaneously, a critic of American and British democracy. During 1940 and 1941, when the United States was urging its nationals to leave Germany, Best rejected several opportunities to depart afforded him by the consular offices in Vienna and Berlin. After the declaration of war, he was interned at Bad Nauheim along with other members of the American press and diplomatic corps to await exchange.for similar German nationals being held in the United States. Howevera.few weeks before the scheduled departure of this group for Lisbon, Best was removed from Bad Nauheim by the Germans. He wrote that the Germans had granted him permission to remain in Germany, with limited freedom tnmeve7 About the country and record the events of the war. xn a later "oponletter"ito his former Colleagues,mwtten from Berlin, he expressed his'contempt for American democracy and condemned the entry of the United States into the war as a "sell-out" to Communism and international: Jewry.. Shortly thereafter,. he became.a regUlanHtwice,weekly„, feature on German shortwave. broadcasts beamed to- North: — 2 — Best is not a "specialist" on any particular propaganda theme for the Germans. He wanders at will through the catalogue of hate, racial prejudice, scorn for the democracies and defeatism. He is presented as a •news commentator, but his broadcasts consist almost entirely of opinion. His most frequent references are to the virtuous role of Germany in the present war; the venality of the Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin administra- tions, and the futility of United Nations resistance to the Axis. A few excerpts from his broadcasts follow: "I am thankful that an all-wise Providence gave an Adolf Hitler to Germany and to Europe at such a critical time in history.
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