7 WHERE WOMEN NEED NOT AGITATE FOR EQUAL RIGHTS Here s a New Republic That Starts Out With Full Suffrage and Basic Democracy Something About Poland's Women Leaders BT CONSTANCE DREXEL. prises. Strange as It may seem whew referring to a country so far away, MERlCA realizes, I hope." said there 'are women's organisations In it Z Madame Padcrcwski In a re- - Poland run very ranch like those la cent Interview, 'that Poland America. One of the most prominent Is a real republic- From a woman's Is the "Circle for Women's Work." standpoint, we start our "national life whose members are leaders of the with a clean slate, the women having ( leisure class pledged to give tblr exactly as much weight politically as time and effort for public benefit the men. There are women members Madame Josephine Klaver Is the en- In the diet and In 'nearly all the city ergetic president, busy from morning councils. Why, they're even In the until evening at her offices In the army! center of Warsaw. T. W. C A. work- Indeed, so great is the desire of ers are there, too. young American the Polish government to avail itself women In bloe-gra- y uniforms, who of the services of the woman of the are 'helping the organisation In es- nation that I was invited by the for- tablishing American methods along eign office to coma to Poland to en- our social service and settlement lighten the women so shut off from work Ideas. the rest of the worldas to whet More distinctive, however, la Oie women of the allied countries had work of the "Wsotrn Land Owners done at the peace bonferspea, and as and Land Workara." tha oldest wom- to the part of women in the futura en's organisation In Poland. This as- closer organization of the world. The sociation comprises both the titled, trip to Warsaw was arranged for me formsrly wealthy owners of large es- on the diplomatic orient express, tates, and the peasant women who which leaves Paris three times a work oa the farms. The aim of the week, two cars going to Prague and more fortunate woman was a closer the other two to Warsaw by way of contact with the working passant Vienna. Conferences were arranged women, who In Poland have had so witb the presidents and officers of little chance at odaieatton, by estab- the women's organizations, and with lishing schools where they could women members of the diet and city learn better methods of housekeep- . couroils. most of whom speak French, ing and farming. The association aun the second language of the nation. provided a market for peasant handi Poland, a country nearly equal in craft on a cooperative basis, and tried population to France, has six women rn every way to Improve the condi deputies la tha diet, or national par tions of me agricultural class, the liament It meets In Warsaw (better largest In Poland. known in Europe by its French name, That this organization was consid Varsovle), the throbbing capital of ered of practical valoe 'was proved the new Polish nation. when the minister of ajrrlcultura Formerly under Russian rule in the women charge of - ' asked the to take part of Poland owned by Russia, War- soma cows ir-Ti- , 'y-ir-h S-i- - shipments of and hens saw is nevertheless a distinctly mod ('"jt.,. Jas&s i vjt; i which were being brought Into Poland rn city of western European culture. ' to replace in some measure the Irrep- with just enough dash of Russian n IP o arable losses of the war. The women mystery to give it a piquant flavor MS.f d were to make the distribution where and distinction lacking In western ',tt most needed. The offices of the wom- European cities. Its population is en land holders had been notified by more than one million and growing the minister of agriculture. The last. . a charming lady. Countess Tha diet meets temporarily in . a Sierakowska, was going to the sta- large building which used to ba a tion to meet the hens, and the women girls' school under tha old Russian were planning to exhibit them In tri- regime. There are a great number coovratloa of Polish ,wi be umph in Warsaw before sending them Wosa-r- m of committee rooms and a fairly large lunalng to tha Asaoelatloa of Into the country. , assembly hall, which, however, is Land Owners and Warhara at There was also the "White Cross." overcrowded with nearly 400 mem Warsaw. The democracy of the corresponding to the Red Cross In bers belonging to the national leg- meetlna; la emphaalaed by peasant other countries founded and organ- So is only one islature. far there costume. nntveniHy student' capa. ized by Madame Paderewski, Its pres- body, a provisional one pending the ident. was doing ate. - This association its making of the constitution for tha best to care for sick and wounded new country. In order to gain time dozen of them. In their long black soldiers. All winter Poland was still the deputies were named by tha va- - robes beneath kindly. Intelligent faces maintaining armies on the bolshevik rious parties and not by popular vote, there were workmen: there and Ukrainian fronts. as will be the case in tha future. lawyers and professional men. The "Circle of Polish Women" was Wending one's way to the diet in a Half a dozen women were scat also caring tor soldiers, attempting horse carriage from tha Hotel Bristol, tered downstairs, seated In the sec to make their bard lot a little easier the seething center of all the foreign tions reserved for the political party by a bit of comfort and cheer. Quite missions In Poland, evidences of pov-- to which they belonged. It seemed In approved more western style. erty and want were apparent. Shop I perfectly natural-t- see them there. scarcely a day passed but that the windows were empty, especially of j Madams Gabrielle Balicka had been members of these organizations were - clothing, Ona passed scores or worn- as perhaps x mentioned the best known " s oat in betels and other public places en whose main possession- - In life was of the group. It was not long before " ' 1 1 making if, 11' IIIIII" 1 3 'I collections for their work. a shawl, often a picturesque one of she came out in response to tha call b All at these women's organizations large plaid, such as worn by peasant I sent in. " ' and others like the Catholic women's I is 1 l-- ' j women In tha country about. These A little woman, fair hair turning III i I iTlJi'' 'll ',lSaW-!!- l J . 'V I j K. . organisation were about to take steps shawls served as head covering as I white, dressed in a plain white silk to form a national group, something well, one end usually wrapped tightly I blouse and black skirt, extended on the plan of the Americas Federa around a baby. Many of these women I nand in greeting. She has a very tion of Women's Clubs. were forced to beg from passersby, I sweet expression and quiet manner. It has often been said that women with no place to lay their heads. She spoke French. I also met that shea Id not be citizens becaase they Some were too weary fray, day Madame Sophie MoraczewBka and " from th Photo taken by Miss Drexel at !mbergr, October, 191J. i f S' If cansot and will not fight The wom- and, with baby hugged in haggard Mademoiselle Irene Kosmoswska, two en of are an exception. In rep- COLONEL. LINDA, COMMANDER OF LEMBERQ, AND CAPTAIN ALEKSAN Poland arms under the protecting shawl, were other deputies. The former is a berg, capi- party DBA GAdOWSKA OF A WOMAN'S BATTALION OF TIIK POLISH ARMY. Lam now called Lwow, the huddled on cold stona steps of build resentative of the socialist and of Gallcia, Is bat- is wife of prime tal there a woman's ings. the the first minister are fairly large, comprising about 30 ical research laboratory In Cracow talion 151 strong. These young of Poland, who held sway a still The saddest part of all was the for short members. If too many deputies elect and has published books on the hered- women have seen more than year's period before He Is , a want of shoes and stockings. Most Paderewski. still themselves on certain committees, lots ity and philosophy of plant life. Her f lAl r ft. 7 service, having come into existence were a prominent socialist member of the arrangement ' of the poor women one saw ab parliament. are drawn and some husband was a professor of science, whan the city was In the hands of on city streets. He and his wife come made Whereby varions political but occupied poli solutely barefooted the Cracow, in the also himself with the Ukrainians about the tlraa of the Women or stockings from former Austrian parties are about fairly represented. ticspolitics concerning the inde- without shoes Poland, but for many centuries armistice. There was such a lack of were cleaning streets. One was to the Here is a list of the women mem pendence of Poland. For 18 years, wom- capital of the ancient kingdom of men to defend the city that the be noticed in particular. Her feat bers of the diet, the places and poli- through her husband's interests, Mad- en actually bad to fight with guns were others, but unus Poland. Mademoiselle Kosmoswska tical parties they represent, their oc ame Balicka was with po bare like the Is a former teacher, represents Lub associated and helped save the city. I saw Uie well shaped, evi cupations and, the committees of the litical men of the national political Colo- ually delicate and tin, ana belongs to the popular, or battalion still under arms and dently not used to direct contact wit diet to which they belong: party, now the national democratic nel Linda, military commander of populist party; party, city streets. This was perhaps the During Doctor Gabrielle Balicka, scientist conservative and Paderewskl's Lemberg. paid its members a splen- . --I , . UAAn AAmnTlllft I three meetings with Madame .1 " and teachesi from Warsaw, national party. Since her husband's death four did tribute, as follows: ' KaJlaKa, I was able ao learn a great years ago to discard the remnants of worn aeal of what the new citi2ens of tnls democrat, on the constitutional and she has been directress of "This Is tha bast battalion nnder my ragged stockings, but she public education committees. a normal school for teachers in War. young women shoes and cew nation were Figureheads ' command. These are dolnR saw. was courageously swaying her big in parliament? A no! Irene Kosmoswska, teacher, from now sent eat oa guard and sentinel thousand times popular (left), secretary for- Madame me broom back and. forth, splashing The women deputies are members of Lublin, Balicka told that her DR. GABRIEXLB BALICKA. WOMAN IN THE DIET, THE duty. I can always rely upon them was oaa eign affairs, constitutional and pub- main effort would be to change the DEPUTY water from the gutter, it the most jmportant committees di- - POLISH NATIONAL PARLIAMENT. faithfully to carry out orders," he enough in the kindly autumn sun- - recting the affairs of the country, in lic education. Napoleon code, the law in force In said. Sophie Moraczewska, of a so France, is very retary on foreign shine, but wnat wouia n do in winter connection with the various minis wife Poland as in which' opinion, .woman' must' have all the to the committee The leader of the women soldiers on I leader, president Woman's unfair to women, giving a husband men, was very glad to be ac cold way out there th threshold tries. clalist rights' and duties of and for affairs and la a serious yet attractive young I league, from Cracow, socialist, secre- far more rights than a wife oyer their . , cepted." of Russia? Madame Balicka and Mademoiselle these I shall work." woman. Captain Aleksandra Gafcow-sk- a. one tary public health and labor. children and even over her own prop- Asked new element she Asked If women had had a hard However, as drove along the Kosmoswska both belong to the com-wid- e what One of the members of tha bat- erty income- - She obtaining, suffrage when the streets. In spite of want and mittee framing a constitution for Po- - Hedwige Dzinbinska, teacher, from and will work that thought women, deputies would bring time in to ba Torn, Dan women may same civil new government was established, she talion was discovered Bertha dire need, you could not but feel the land. It is tha time la history Utoctawek, near toward have the to the national parliament, Madame Stocky who emigrated Chicago as a first on rights; privileges as men. looked up and said: to scintillating thrill or nope ana goy in that woman will have a direct voice zlg, popular (or populist), labor duties and Balicka replied: . in astonishment came Cracow in public committees. Madame explained phil- never was the least child and back te the air. National feeling out there is i shaping the constitution of a and education Baflcka her "Women will not consider politics ."Why, there 1913 way: '.. to visit relatives. Har brother very strong. . country. The woman's point of view Marja Mocrydtowska, teacher, from osophy on the subject in this like a game of parties played one question about it. I don't remember popular al- vote; was there and had to jro o war In the At the entrance to the diet Polish will enter in. Madame Balicka is Crestochowa (Kalisch), "I believe tha society should grant against the other, but as a means of that women asked for the tha army. up or clerical, on labor and public exactly same to working Ideals. will men Just took the matter for granted. Austrian Bertha dressed soldiers stood on guard duty. It was also a member of the committee on liance the opportunities toward Parties a man and went with education committees. women as to men, and that, women mean less than policies, and policies I presume this was because we Polish like soldier the opening day and a possible bit of public education. Mademoiselle Kos- - him. She to I Lallan Sophie Sokolwicka, teacher, Mogllla should themselves bound by must attempt to condi women have worked very hard for was sent the trouble had been prepared for. In nioswska, in addition to belonging to consider ameliorate she was wounded In a sec- - (grand duchy of Posen), national Women Independence, not only during front where cpite of a certain national security the constitutional committee, is equal duties In life. But I believe tions of life. in .legislation Polish amy. Her things were going as "tary of the foreign affairs com-- democrat, on public education com- woman will herself comprehend, will work for policies before parties. the world war bat for years before." big defeat of the Aostrlaa and belief that that identity was discovered. No snore fir-la-g well as might be expected there war. mittee, r in a final analysis that It Is not only The victory of a certain party will Madame Moraczewska, herself the mmtee! VhY children, was work- line for her, but work as a clerk grumblers, of course. The destruct- - women deputies are Madame Balicka is a scientist of to ttie Interest of human society in mean less than the victory of a cer- mother of several members of the general, but to her own Interest, to tain policy. Policy, than party, ing on a children's bill to submit to la barracks. The rest of the battalion tve, not tne some renown, having specialised on rather hardy-lookin- constructive, forces oil public health, education and labor new pol- were- - g young women, bolshevism were to be feared cold committees of the diet. They plant life. She has a degree of doctor take second place. Women must be will be woman's slogan in national the diet. It will establish a if have v ' carrying guns, and dressed In the and hunger should become prevalent. chosen Just the things women are of science from the University of as well prepared as men, but they politics." icy for the new nation a policy of ' post-gradua- te same uniform as Polish soldiers with But no disturbance had occurred. Sol most fitted for and can help best Geneva and took must place the interests of societ Miss explained safeguarding child life. with. In the Polish parliament, the courses in Munich. She had also and of the country before their own, Kosmoswska that In addition to playing such an im- the exception of a short skirt It diers under arms were stationed all deputies may choose the, committees worked under the famous Professor whichmeans that their proper place she had for several years Interested portant part In the national parlia- was said that many ef Uea lacked ' - over the city, but one could drive on which they prefer to serve. The Bauer of the Academy of Science in in the world of affairs should be sec- herself in European politics. ment, the women of Poland are also underclothes. They were housed In -- In my sec--' own private enter- - about unmolested in the sunlit streets. various committees or commissions Berlin. She was attached to a botan - ond to men. But. nevertheless. "I therefore offered myself as continuing their barren board barracks. Tbe American It bad been thought that Paderew Y. M. C A. which works, for the ski, then prime minister, might be the ideal of reclaiming the Zuyder Polish army had sent thesa a con Zee, explained tne plans to the Asso- signment of folding cots. .ffTurw ZEE RECLAMATION ciated Press correspondent. He is now PONY EXPRESS INAUGURATED WhU These young women were fun of a head of the Polish Cross, at a member of the state council which patriotism, his side, he was still battling , AGO TODAY aa unquenchable but the for GREAT ENGINEERING FEAT will carry out the work. JUST 60 YEARS woman who best voiced the sentiment ' Poland at the council tables of Lon- - to do," Dr. "The first thing- said of new citizens of this new na- don and Paris. a gigantic the Cost of Recovering 827 Square Beekman, "is to construct Annivereary of Once Rapid Tranjwontinental Transportation Now Sees tion was a mother in Cracow, that In European countries there is no Revised Estimate of Miles From Sea to keep North sea. This $125,000,000 on dike out the "Planning Airship Service. capital of old Poland which will novelty in a prime minister's report Work Project Is Slated to Start This Year. will be 30 miles long, stretching from California to the parliament of a country. What coast, doubtless become a mecca for tour- Wieringen to the Frisian where ists as soon as tbe world has relearned was new was the sitting In of women. 33 to 7. 60 across rriHE HAGUE, Feb. 7. Work is to ing a population of 100,000 and; where the water ranges in depth from AN FRANCISCO, Feb. Just brought tha pouches of mail Its geography. We had been explor England and France had never had 16 to 1000-mi- le pony I beirin- this vea.r on the redaim- - in several cities of ancient trading II feet. It will be everywhere years ago the pony express which the wilderness. The - any. America had had one. j.ne express, among ing a little bidden Christian church newi ju lnar of the Zuvder Zee. one of the fame are expected to be restored to 17 feet aboyp the sea level. There carlred letters from St. Loais to with its fast riders, of primitive stone of the 8th or th Germany had women in its national double-trac- top in- "Buffalo (Colonel William worIdr8 greatest engineering projects. commercial importance. will be a k railway on San Francisco in eight days was them Bill" century, discovered under the kitchen assemDiy. put nine news oi meir ac-l- b F. Cody), then a young man, was one Bteh it roDDMl to restora to The engineering work is now well of tne dike. Its construction will augurated. Today plans are being of the old royal palace about a year ' tivities had come through. within is wx take years and its cost, by pre- made to establish a transcontinental of the most romantio features of the nu wW under way.' pine . ago. We had seen the restorations What would these women In tht .... trail-blazi- ng great western country. Many were h, h, vu l9lc bT .v. Centuries ago. at the beginning of war estimates, will be more than airplane mail service and on palace to make Its Polish parliament be like? Would many. the adventures these daring riders goiag In tbe storm. f cnturies. tne Christian era, when the Romans flights have been made as far west as They averaged 75 a day, again; we had ad- - ' mere figureheads, or would -- - bad. miles beauties breathe they be when th. orV ish.rt .t onlv "The total surface to be reclaimed Omaha.- ' they really be giving sane construe- - had their settlements in Holland, but often covered double that dis mired the tapestries in one of the the oriKiBal faDd wll, De restored, but much of the space now occupied by is 827 square miles. There will re- It was a great achievement when tance. Buffalo Bill once made a storied churches full of sculptured tive assistance in solving prooiems bus.Ml- - of , which Zuyder Zee was main a lake of 600 square miles, pony express was to carry ride of 384 miles when the messenger I the land and the south the started tombs of Poland's ancient tnonarchs; before the nation? v k-- .., . during who was waiting was killed. Often difficulty one part of the present sea was a lake which will act as a reservoir the mall to the young .bat bustling we had been awed by simple peasants' It was with that was be ready for cultivation. the periods when, owing to north- chased by Indiana or "sniped" by out- small, overcrowded gal- called Fievo. Northwest tempests state of California in I860. Its inau- laws, the pony express riders were mystio chanting In the choir of an- able from the According to pre-w- ar swept western storms, the waters of the as- estimates the the North sea, washing away cannot guration was prececledi by tha publi exposed1 to death at all times and they other romantic church, ablaze with a lery to obtain a good view of the work of reclaiming the Zuyder river Ysseland of the canals semblage below. But It certainly entire the tract of dry land between the sea be emptied into the North sea. The cation in a St Louis paper in March braved rain and snow storm as part Byzantine glory. Zee would have cost, approximately everyday-dut- y. looked like a representative body. Un- and the lake. One large. shallow water of the lake will be let out into of that year of tne following adver of an Tha mother was of the Fotlsh no- $88,800,000, but. with the Increased body of water the Zuyder Zee was the North sea through five great One of the memorable achievements Gal like our own congress, which seems tisement: of pony express was bility, whose estate in eastern Ids cost of labor and materials in the formed. sluices at the Wieringen end of the in eight days. the the delivery by - drawn from the more fortunate and To San Francisco inaugural In 1861, had been laid waste the Russians past six years, Is now believed ' dike..:' of Lincoln's address it the Tne towns situated on Its pony express war. sons were , prosperous . elements of our people, banks The first carrier of the when all western country. was early In the Her two cost will be well excess of 8125,- - "Most of the land to be reclaimed the and unlike Russia, which Is ruled only in throve as the merchantmen came Into now IS beneath the sea level. will leave the Missouri river on Tues- waiting for tha momentous news from still la the army on the bolshevik 000.000. The work lias feet by the proletariat, here were repre will be done and their ports. But, as ships became Part ot it Is expected to be dry with- -' day, April 3.. and will run regularly the capital. The address was hurried front Like so many of her kind, she by sp'e- - sentatives of all classes. There were a paid for tha state, through. larger and of deeper draft, traffic in 14 yean, as pumping out will begin weekly' thereafter, carrying letter to St. Joseph, Mo, the "taking off was cheerfully living In reduced cir - completed. The plaoe" of pony express. Wrapped few men of the Polish nobility, .till cia J0"9- "d throuKh was diverted to deeper seas, leaving as soon aa tha dike is mail only, Telegraph mall eight days, tha cumstances. Zuy-de- rs expected to be dry In oil skim and put In saddle bags, holding their titles, though their large the once famous towns en the last of the land is leters ten days to San Franaisco. "It all seams very confuted, and we the scheme to pay for itself within ' mere fishing villages, within 5 years." the address was started on its way estates will be dissolved by a nei shores The population of San Francisco amid wild cheers. Fresh horses wait- seem very helpless." she confessed. a few years and thereafter yield a which, they are now, while Amster- other California towns eagerry ed every ten believe my country will come agrarian law for the benefit of the Mexico Detains Reds From TJ. S. and at miles and the final "I don't people: there were many peasants. handsome revenue. dam's commeroa came to her through welcomed this service, bringing them ten miles before reaching San Fran. through unless we women also put peasant ' man 827 Saaare Miles to Be Reclaimed. a canal leading direct to the North MEXICO CITT. Fourteen , radical into touch as it did with the States cisoo was made in 31 minutes. To eur minds to the task. It is very for some in costume. One message was by re- - sea. agitators, fleeing from the United gold hunters and carried the riders a the men in, the govern had shaggy hair and a still shaggier The total amount of land to' be been Nogales, from which the of 1950 In 188 hours, an tunate that ' States, have detained at total miles to help blouse of some queer sort of fur. A claim! will be 827 scquare miles. Glsantfc Dike WIU Keep Ont Sea. General Juan Torres has reported to other fortune seekers had migrated. average of a little more than ten ment want us them and are cap was held awkwardly In his hand, whictiwin constitute a twelfth, prov- - Dr. A. A. Beekman of The Hague, the war department. Their disposi- Ten riders -- going- each way, with miles an hour. That was wonderful giving us every opportunity. We will Thexe were priests, two or three J lace of Holland, capable of support wno has devoted nearly all his life to tion seems to be a problem. changed .horse ovexy Zi miles. in those days. try. to Justify their faita--'