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The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Frank Rybicki

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The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Frank Rybicki Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2004 The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Frank Rybicki Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Rybicki, F. (2004). The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1137 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945” A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Communication and Rhetorical Studies Department McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Frank Rybicki May 21, 2004 - iii - Preface This dissertation is being submitted as the final requirement for completion of the Ph.D. program offered by the Department of Communication and Rhetorical Studies at Duquesne University. Unaware of the scope of sacrifice involved in the completion of a program of this nature, I would like to express my thanks to all of my friends and family who have necessarily, but not intentionally, been neglected while I pursued this course of study. In addition, I would like to extend a special note of gratitude to the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. Clarke Edwards. His patience and guidance were sincerely appreciated during the course of this project. We “media types” seem to understand one another in some unspoken manner. Another committee member, Dr. Janie Harden Fritz, quickly became an inspirational source for me during a few, fleeting moments of doubt. Through her innate kindness and genuine interest in the concerns of her students, her example and scholarship will always be valued and remembered. The third member of my dissertation committee, Dr. Richard Thames has shown me the type of educator I will try to emulate. His boundless energy and intellectual enthusiasm for the subject matter at hand, have pointed me in a desirable professional direction. The director of the Ph.D. program, Dr. Calvin Troup, is another faculty member whose help and guidance has meant a great deal. His classes provided challenging topics and actually taught me the meaning of rhetoric. I admire these people professionally and consider them all as friends. - iv - Finally, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Cyndie. Her overwhelming support and personal sacrifices have contributed immensely to something that became our goal. I love you, I thank you, and I appreciate the goodness of your heart. Frank Rybicki Edinboro University May 21, 2004 - v - Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One “Rhetoric as Organization: Radio Broadcasting in the Third Reich” Rhetorical Approach………………………………………………………………..11 A Brief Overview of Ehninger’s Three Great Systems of Rhetoric……………..12 Crable’s Fourth Great System of Rhetoric………………………………………..14 Explaining Crable’s Verbal Model of Organizational Rhetoric……………….…15 Elements of Crable’s Model………………………………………………………..17 Production Functions and Interconnectedness…………………………..19 Circumstances Perceived by the Organization and the Audiences…....22 Organizational self-concept………………………………………………...25 Audiences………………………………………………………………….…27 Support as an Organizational Goal…………………………………….….29 Stage Managers………………………………………………………….….31 Dressler-Andress……………………………………………….……32 Kriegler…………………………………………………………….….32 Berndt………………………………………………………………....33 Diewerge………………………………………………………….…..33 Fritzsche……………………………………………………………...34 Speech Writers………………………………………………………………35 The “Set” or “Forum”…………………………………………………….…..38 Media Delivery System…………………………………………..………....40 - vi - Message Intermediaries…………………………………………………….41 Spokespersons or Representatives……………………………….………44 Perceptions and Evidence of Impact………………………………….…..46 Chapter Two “The Agency of Radio: A New Instrument for Propaganda Programming” Radio’s Political Impact……………………………………………………….….…50 German Origins of Propaganda’s Significance………………………….……….53 The Public Endorsement of Radio……………………………………….………..58 Bitzer’s Rhetorical Situation……………………………………………….…….…60 Points to Consider for Situational Rhetoric ………………….….………………..61 National Socialist Radio as the Rhetorical Situation………………….…….…...63 Rhetorical Discursive Strategies for Modification of Exigence………….….…..70 Strategy of Division…………………………………………………………70 Strategy of Paralysis………………………………………………………..74 Strategy of Confusion………………………………………………………75 Strategy of Alternatives…………………………………………………….77 Strategy of Diversion……………………………………………………….78 Strategy of Terror…………………………………………………………...79 Domestic Radio Programming…………………………………………….…..…..83 Rhetorical Music……………………………………………………………..……...93 - vii - Chapter Three “The Nazi Speaker: Linking Rhetoric to Ideology” German Oratory………………………………………………………………..…...98 Hitler’s Belief in the Spoken Word…………………………………………….…101 British and American Propaganda Influences……………………………….…103 McGee’s Link between Rhetoric and Ideology………………………………....105 Illustrations of Nazi Ideographs…………………………………………………..113 The Nazi Speaker and Intellectualism…………………………………………..116 The Nazi Party Speaker System (Rednerwesen der NSDAP)…………..…...120 Hans Krebs, Nazi Rhetorician……………………………………………………125 Transition: From Podium to Microphone………………………………………..130 Chapter Four “The Rhetorical Language of National Socialism” Establishing the Necessity of Nazi-German……………………………………136 Marcuse on Nazi Language……………………………………………………...144 Perspectives on the Rhetoric in Mein Kampf…………………………………..154 Sprachregelung: Language Regulation of the Media…………………………165 The Language of Defeat: The Rhetoric of Stalingrad…………………………172 Chapter Five “Rhetoric on the Shortwave: Nazi Broadcasts to America” Germany’s International Broadcasting…………………………………..….…183 - viii - Shortwave Strategy for North America…………………………………….….186 Patterns of Argument……………………………………………………….…..188 American Voices of Nazi Propaganda…………………………………….…..199 Fred Kaltenbach……………………………………………………..…..199 Constance Drexel……………………………………………….…….…204 Edward Leopold Delaney……………………………………………….208 Otto Koischwitz………………………………………………….…….…213 Jane Anderson…………………………………………………….….....219 Robert Best………………………………………………………………224 Douglas Chandler……………………………………………………….231 Donald Day…………………………………………………………....…238 Chapter Six “Epilogue” Organization…………………………………………………………………….244 Programming………………………………………………………………..…..246 Speakers and Ideology…………………………………………………..……249 Language…………………………………………………………………..…....251 Shortwave..……………………………………………………………..……….254 The Audiences……………………………………………………………..…...257 References ………………………………………………………………...…..261 - ix - “The Rhetorical Dimensions of Radio Propaganda in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945” (Abstract) The intrinsic power and subtle influence of broadcasting is not readily recognized by the average consumer of mass media. This circumstance has an abusive potential for those wishing to use the electronic media for ulterior motives. Such was the case between 1933 and 1945 when the Nazis unleashed their manipulative mass media campaign that helped facilitate totalitarian control over the German people. This dissertation is the study of its radio component. Special emphasis is placed on the origins, construction, and subsequent implementation of Nazi broadcast rhetoric heard on domestic and short wave radio during the twelve-year period of the Third Reich. In refusing the notion that a solitary critical perspective can be used in the creation of political consciousness and culture, I admit to using any theoretical insight or concept that sheds light on rhetorical efforts. In the practice of criticism, I believe this is the function of rhetorical theory. Therefore, the following selected theoretical methods are employed: Crable’s theory of rhetoric as organization is shown as an appropriate means of describing the radio divisions within the bureaucratic Propaganda Ministry. Bitzer’s work on the significance of the rhetorical situation is applied to the simple act of listening to finely crafted radio programming in Nazi Germany. - x - The speaker’s link between rhetoric and ideology is explained with McGee’s “ideograph” theory. The construction of a new language suited to the goals of the Nazis is analyzed by examples of Burke’s unifiers and McGuire’s close textual work on Mein Kampf. Marcuse divides the language into pragmatic and mythical layers, while the rhetoric and motivations of eight American “radio traitors,” who served as Nazi broadcasters, are investigated and tied into the overall propaganda scheme. The consequences of this inquiry indicate that the National Socialists, with Dr. Goebbels’ masterful propagandistic insights, tapped into the needs of a post- World War I German society and rebuilt a nationalistic spirit that unfortunately led to war and greater devastation than had been seen some three decades earlier. The new medium of radio, as a major source of information or mis-information, played no small part in this tragic outcome. Frank Rybicki 1 Introduction This dissertation is the study of a form of rhetoric that emanated from one of the first worldwide electronic mass media campaigns. Robert Herzstein’s
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