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The Kingdom of Rome) Date Topic Page # (The Kingdom of Rome) *Roman History-Has three main time periods -1. The Roman Kingdom -2. The Roman Republic -3. The Roman Empire *Rome- Began as a City created in 753 B.C. -Rome began as a collection of villages built on 7 hills, along the Tiber River, that grew into the largest city of the ancient world -The city grew to contain over 1 million people -Rome as an empire grew to contain over 60 million people *The Founding of Rome -Romulus and Remus were twin demi-gods of Ares/Mars and the mortal Rhea -Thrown in a river with their mother to die -Wash ashore and are raised by a she-wolf sent by Ares until a shepherd discovers them -Romulus and Remus could not agree where to build their city or who would be king -The two fight and Remus is killed leaving Romulus to found the city in his own name The Origins of Rome Romulus and Remus *The Migration of the Roman People -Romans believed that the founders of Rome were the descendants of Troy led by the Trojan Prince Aeneas -Aeneas guided the survivors of Troy to the peninsula of Italy *The Etruscans -An advanced, Greek influenced, civilization north of Rome that ruled the Romans until being overthrown at the start of the Roman Republic Period -The Etruscans taught Rome art and science -The Roman Senate was created with 300 Senators to advise the Etruscan king on their needs -Senate translates to “Old Men” -Rome eventually repelled the Etruscans -The Senate begins to rule Rome as a Republic -The Etruscans are later conquered and absorbed into the Romans *Greek Colonies -Greece had colonies in Southern Italy which greatly influenced Roman culture -This makes Rome a blend of Greek and Etruscan culture Date Topic Page # (The Republic of Rome) *The Roman Republic -Rome conquers all of Italy, Etruscans and Greeks -The Republic will expand with their chief rival being Carthage in Northern Africa *Roman Classes -The people of Rome were divided into four classes; Patrician, Plebeian, Freeman, Slave -Patricians were the Roman aristocratic citizens -Plebeians were the Roman working class citizens –Freemen represented conquered people lacking citizenship while slaves were conquered people who resisted Rome, anyone could become a slave Citizens Freeman Slaves Patricians Plebeians *Roman Slavery – 1/3rd of Rome consisted of slaves -Slaves could be criminals, debtors, or peoples that resisted Rome -If a slave killed their master all slaves that master owned would die –To become a Roman citizen you either; * 1. Joined the military 2. Paid a large amount of money 3. Were born into it if BOTH parents were citizens 4. Granted it by the Caesar -Only Male citizens had to pay taxes -Only Male citizens could vote *The Roman Government -Only citizens could vote -Government was split between the Senate, elected by Patricians and Tribunes, elected by Plebeians -Both the Senate and Tribune selected a Consul which acted as Co-Presidents for one year -Each consul could veto the other so in times of war a single man was selected “to dictate” Rome -The chosen leader was known as the “Dictator” and he was only to hold power until peace was restored -Duel Consuls were intended to act as “Checks and Balances” however to avoid indecisive leaders American Presidents don’t share power Fasces *Twelve Tables – The 1st Roman constitution used by the founding fathers when making our Constitution *Law of Nations – The Amendments that established ideals such as Innocent until Proven Guilty and Equality before the law all used by America *SPQR - The symbol of the republic was an eagle and the national phrase was SPQR which represented “The Senate and People of Rome” Date Topic Page # (The Punic Wars and Roman Military) Summary of Notes *The Punic Wars -Rome expanded and encroached on Carthage, a Phoenician founded trade city in Africa -The two empire fought 3 wars over control of the Western Mediterranean (Punic is another word for Phoenician) Archimedes and the Siege of Syracuse -Rome won all three wars but nearly loses the 2nd Punic War to Hannibal of Carthage -Hannibal used a surprise attack across the Alps, with elephants that devastates Rome for 10 years -To end Hannibal’s siege, Rome sails to Carthage -Rome burns Carthage and later salts her fields -Hannibal escapes and later drinks from a poison ring before capture by the Romans *Roman Ranks -Rome utilized Legionaries, Enlisted men, led by Centurions, officers and were famous for the Turtle form. -Utilized short Javelins and short swords *Auxiliaries – Romans who were not yet citizens couldn’t be legionaries but instead became Auxiliaries with less armor/training *Siege Weapons– Rome mastered the usage of projectile siege weapons including long ranged trebuchets, short ranged catapults, and anti- personnel ballista Trebuchets – Immobile Catapults – Mobile Ballista - Mobile Date Topic Page # (Roman Culture and Technology) *Roman Technology –Absorbed and built on foreign ideas -Rome is split into “provinces” each ruled by a “Governor”, just like America *Concrete and Cement- Developed by the Romans as building and bonding agents *Roman Roads – Connected the entire empire together, and utilized a multi-layer design *Aqueducts –Built with Roman cement and concrete -Carried freshwater from mountains to cities over miles -Connected to reservoirs which used water pressure to power the many fountains *Roman Bathrooms – Were open and communal, flushed by flowing water, utilized sponges on sticks as T.P., and were connected to sewers *Bathhouses- Affordable locations to exercise and bath -Built over natural springs or heated with hypocausts -Separate spa-like facilities for men and women *Roman Currency – Consisted of coins made from gold, silver, bronze and copper -The size and style of metal determined the cost Using precious metals from money is considered the “Gold Standard” *Roman Numerals I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M= 1000 *Romans Clothing – Woolen Togas were equivalent to suits -Women wore linen stolas, and causal male dress was a tunic -Clothes were fastened with a safety pin called a fibula Fibula *Fleur de Lis (“Lily Flower”)– The French symbol of royalty -Based on the Roman symbol of fidelity, loyalty -Originates from Egypt’s symbol of a “plant” *Glassblowing – A technique discovered by the Romans *Pulleys – Rome used pulley systems to create cranes, pile drivers, siege weapons, and water wheels *Roman Homes -Overpopulation led to the birth of apartments –Hypocaust heating consisted of furnaces under floors -The rich afforded indoor plumbing *Catacombs – Underground burial chambers to hold the expanding number of dead -The opposite of an above ground Mausoleum *The Coliseum – Held 50,000 people under a retractable roof -Could even be flooded for naval battles -Numerous coliseums were built throughout Rome *Gladiators – Slaves and professional free men who fought in coliseums and arenas throughout Rome -Gladiators did not usually fight to the death! *Triumphal Arches – Arches built to honor victories of Rome -The city of Rome ALONE had 200 at its’ height, 3 now stand -The Arc de Triomphe is based off of Roman Triumphal Arches *Triumphal Columns – Columns built to celebrate Roman victories and they tell a story as they wrap around the column -Similar to Egyptian Obelisk - http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/imaps/AC_15_491_division/AC_15_491_division.html Date Topic Page # (The Roman Empire) *The Roman Empire – Began when Julius Caesar took power as the first permanent Dictator of Rome -Is formally established when his adopted son rules *Gaius Julius Caesar – Wealthy Patrician General who used his army to seize power -Falls in love with Cleopatra VII of Egypt who he even fathered a child with, Caesarion -Egypt is not conquered by Rome until Augustus rules Caesarion *Caesar’s Rise to Power– After a civil war in Rome three generals created a Triumvirate, three leaders, to restore order; Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus -Crassus will die in the war -Pompey will side with the Senate who order Caesar to return to Rome without his army *Crossing of the Rubicon – Now means “no going back” -Caesar will march his army to Rome against orders to step down which was treason punishable by death -Caesar will defeat the army of Pompey and be made “Dictator” however he will never step down *Accomplishments – Caesar conquered the Celts in France (Gaul), led the first invasions of Britain and created an alliance with Hellenistic Egypt -Caesar instituted the Julien calendar and the month of July is named after him -Only minorly differs from the modern Gregorian calendar Januarius *Julius Februarius *Augustus Martius September Aprilis October Maius November Junius December *Caesars’ Fall-Rules the Senate who begin to hate him -The people loved him because of his works for them -On the “Ides of March”, March 15th Caesar will be assassinated in the Senate by a group of Senators *The 2nd Triumvirate -After Caesar’s death a 2nd Triumvirate will form to avenge Julius Caesar, but really to take power 1. Octavian Caesar – Caesars’ adopted son 2. Mark Antony – Caesars’ 2nd in Command 3. Lepidus – Caesar’s Calvary commander -Lepidus is exiled due to false accusations -Mark Antony and Octavian divide Rome -Mark Antony joins forces with Cleopatra VII who he also falls in love with and has two children with -Octavian and Mark Antony go to war and Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII who both commit suicide Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene *Augustus – The Senate will give Octavian the name Augustus “the revered one” and the title “Imperator”
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