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By 509 BCE the Romans Overthrew the Etruscan Kings & Formed A

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By 509 BCE the Romans Overthrew the Etruscan Kings & Formed A By 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings & formed a single republic centered in Rome. The Ancient Roman World. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea mare nostrum or “ ____________”. a. Our sea c. Pure water b. Open sea d. god’s water The Roman Kingdom 753-509 BCE No written records from that time survive. History begins with the legend… and ends With the overthrow of the kings and establish- ment of The Roman Republic in 509 BCE. The Roman Republic 509 - 27 BCE Began with the overthrow of the Kings, turned into A Republican party ruled by a Senate. Patricians & Plebeians. Ends with Imperialism (emperor). The Roman Empire 27- 476 CE …was post Republican phase of ancient Rome. Imperial-one person possesses unlimited power. Emperor: Augustus (Octavian), grand nephew of Julius Caesar. The first Roman Emperor was born in 63 BCE as Octavius. :: He was given the title ::Augustus “exalted, sacred”; made him the highest religious official as well as political leader. :: Caesar :: a title of Roman emperors, and later each Augustus would designate an heir to the throne who held the title of “Caesar” The Republic, 509-27 BCE Early Rome was governed by kings and an Advisory board of citizens called the Senate. Portrait painting and sculpture Architecture Landscape painting :: The Romans’ tradition of realistic portrait sculpture probably derives from their veneration of deceased ancestors. The Orator, Aulus Metellus :: The strong emphasis on portraiture in Roman art may stem from the practice of creating likenesses - actual wax death masks The meticulous realism evident in the Portrait of Pompey the Great is called ___________. a. Verism b. Realism c. Abstraction d. Pointillism Pompey the Great, ruled Rome 60-53 BCE. Verism: meticulous realism, which includes the ugly and vulgar. Idealized: made to represent (conform) to a standard of perfection or excellence. The propaganda values of portraits was not lost on Roman leaders…. Title: Denarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar Medium: Silver Size: diameter approximately ¾" (1.9 cm) Date: 44 BCE In the roman currency system, the denarius was a small silver coin first minted in 211 BC… its value was 10. The Augustus of Primaporta adapted the pose of a Roman orator by melding it to Polykleitos’s Spearbearer. Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century CE, marble, 6’8” h. Imperial portraits… Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius The Antonines Medium: Bronze, originally gilded Size: height of statue 11'6" (3.5 m) Date: c. 176 CE Commodus as Hercules Medium: Marble Size: height 46 ½" (118 cm) Date: c. 191–92 CE Nero, 5th Emperor of the Roman Empire 13 October CE 54 – 9 June CE 68 The portrait of the Young Woman Writing is an example Of a Tondo, or a circular Panel. Title: Young Woman Writing Medium: Detail of a wall painting Size: diameter 14 ⅝" (37 cm) Date: Before 79 CE Romans used pointed styluses to engrave letters on thin, wax-coated ivory or wood tablets. Late Empire, 3rd & 4th centuries Septimus Severus, Julia Domna, and their Children, Caracalla and Geta, from Fayum, Egypt, 200 CE, painted wood, d. 14” Caracalla Medium: Marble Size: height 14 ½" (36.2 cm) - marched alongside his soldiers - - ate the same food - -close-cropped hairstyle - scowl & threatening presence In order to strengthen his empire, the Emperor Diocletian Devised a system of government called a tetrarchy, or “rule of four”. He divided the empire into two parts: East & West. In 313 CE, Constantine issued The Edict of Milan which was a model Of religious tolerance and ended the Persecution of Christians. Constantine The Great (57) Medium: Marble, permanent stand in Size: height of head 8'6" (2.6 m) Date: 325–26 CE In the 2nd & 3rd Centuries a shift from cremation to burial led to a growing demand for Funerary sculpture. Battle between the Romans and the Barbarians, detail of the Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, found near Rome, c. 250 CE, marble, h. approx 5’ Roman Architecture He has been called the world's first known engineer. The architect_________ described the accomplishments of the Roman Builders in his Ten Books of Architecture. 1 a. Polykleitus b. Hadrian c. Vitruvius d. Imhotep Elements of Architecture: Arch, Vault & Dome. The two basic building techniques that the Romans relied upon were the __________ and the ____________. a. Round arch; vault b. Corbelled arch; round arch c. Vault; corbelled arch d. Cantilever; round arch 2 In the first century BCE, the innovative use of concrete was considered to be a Technological breakthrough. Used mainly for poured foundations, wall constructions, arches and vaults for larger structures. The Roman invention to supply water: Aqueduct: an artificial channel for conducting water from a distance, usually by means of gravity. Pont Du Gard, Nîmes, France Date: Late 1st century BCE Literal translation: Bridge of the Gard River. Aqueducts in Pompeii allowed residents to add pools, fountains and flowering plants that needed heavy watering to their gardens. Not having to be dependent on wells and rainwater basins. The Roman Temple Temple of Portunus, Rome, late 2nd C. BCE, stone • Roman temples followed the pattern of Greek & Etruscan buildings. • Greek design where the structure is surrounded by a collonade of freestanding columns • Roman design of engaged columns (which are decorative, not supportive) Ionic order Corinthian order Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France Date: c. 20 BCE This one differs in size, much larger and it uses the Corinthian order. The Roman Forum Focal point for civic and social activity. In Rome, the first forum: Forum Romanum, dates from 6th C. BC During the long peaceful reign of Augustus, he paved the city’s old Republican forum and restored the many basilicas, and temples that had pre-existed from ancient Rome… View of the Roman Forum Model of the Forum Romanum and Imperial Forums, Rome Economic and judicial Activity Constantine built this Shortly before the Empire split in two. Last major expansion Of forum. Date: c. 325 CE The last and largest Imperial forum was built by Emperor Trajan around 107-113 CE. Basilica: a large, Rectangular building With a rounded Extension, Apse. Basilica Ulpia (Trajan), Rome, 106-112 CE Pantheon c. 118–128 CE Temple to the Olympian gods The word _____________ literally means “all the gods.” a. Theology b. Parthenon c. Pantheon d. theocratic Rotunda: 20 ft. thick walls that rise Nearly 75 feet. Pantheon, Rome, 117-125, marble, brick, and concrete Portico: columned porch Oculus: central opening Coffers: circular patterns made By sunken panels. Reconstruction Drawing of the Pantheon Dome of the Pantheon with light from the oculus on its coffered ceiling Medium: Brick, concrete, marble, veneer Size: diameter of dome 143' (43.5 m) Date: 125–128 CE The Flavian Amphitheater has come to be known as the “_____________.” 7 a. Amphitheater of Rome b. Colosseum c. Flavian Circle d. Hadrian Arena Each level of the Flavian Amphitheater uses the same architectural order. True or False .
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