The Symbolism of Voltaire's Novels, with Special Reference to Zadig

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Symbolism of Voltaire's Novels, with Special Reference to Zadig :00 :LO : CO = 00 CD CO THE SYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIRE'S NOVELS WITH SPECIAL EEFEEENCE TO ZADIG BY WILLIAM RALEIGH PEICE, PH.D. Sotfc THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1911 II rights referred Copyright, 1911 By THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1911 Printed from type. Published September, ?76" PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTINS COMPANY LANCASTER. PA. Columbia STUDIES IN ROMANCE PHILOLOGY AND LITERATURE THE BYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIRE'S NOVELS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS NEW YOBK: LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 WEST 27TH STKEHT LONDON : HENRY FROWDE AHEM CORNER, E.C. TORONTO : HENRY FROWDE 25 RICHMOND STREET, WEST The Symbolism of Voltaire's Novels With Special Reference to Zadig CHAPTEK I INTEODUCTION THE purpose of this Introduction is to show, (1) where a real lacuna exists in the study of Voltaire's novels, and (2) how that lacuna is to be filled. In order to show this, I shall give a resume and an analysis of what has been done by my predecessors in the field. RESUME OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY A. 'No less a scholar than Gaston Paris has treated the episode of the Angel and the Hermit (La Poesie du moyen age, premiere serie, troisieme edition, Paris, 1895, p. 151 ft.) as it has ap- peared in literature from the earliest times down. If he had connected this episode with 1 1 2 SYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIEE'S NOVELS Voltaire's life and informed us just what Vol- *" taire meant by it, there would be nothing more to be said on this topic; but, unfortunately, he neglected to do that. There is a dissertation on the Sources of Zadig, by Mr. W. Seele (Leipzig, 1891), which is largely an elaboration of hints thrown out by Dunlop and others. The author confines him- self strictly to his subject of the sources, giving nothing about Voltaire's purpose in writing the novel. In treating the general topic of the Orient in French, German and English literatures, the following authors have something to say about Zadig: (1) Pierre Martino (L' Orient dans la 6 6 litterature frangaise au XVII et au XVIII A. J. F. siecle, Paris, 1906) ; (2) Remy (The Influence of India and Persia on the poetry of P. Germany, New York, 1901) ; (3) Martha Conant (The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century, New York, 1908). M. Pierre Martino gives the impression that he is not at all sure to be just what Zadig purports ; he dismisses the subject of its realism by saying that it is a capricious tale in the style of Crebil- lon fils, in which allusions to modern life crop INTRODUCTION 3 up unexpectedly and by way of contrast (p. out the immediate 277 f.). Dr- Remy points and the ultimate sources of the novel (p. 15), and calls attention to the meaning of the name " " of the hero as Speaker of the truth (follow- ing, in this interpretation, Hammer, Geschichte der schonen Redekiinste Persiens) . But neither Remy nor Hammer attempted to show whether Voltaire was familiar with this meaning, either by citing his possible authorities, or by internal evidence from the novel. Miss Conant says (p. but 135) that Zadig is, "of course," Voltaire, she offers no evidence to substantiate her asser- tion. She probably followed Parton's Life of Voltaire, in which the Duchess of Maine is quoted as authority for that application. Miss Conant also indicates her belief that the other characters, "with their fanciful Oriental names," are Voltaire's court friends and enemies. Desnoiresterres has little to say about Vol- taire's novels. He gives a paragraph of three lines to Candide, and calls attention, in a note, to the perfidious intention, the sly allusions, of Zadig. In his well-known Life of Voltaire, S. G. Tallentyre says that Candide is directed 4 SYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIEE'S NOVELS against Jean Jacques Rousseau, but fails to specify in what way and to what extent. The general histories of the novel are just as meagre, with the exception of Dunlop, for the sources of Zadig. Dunlop contrasts the successful in- vestigation of the sources of Zadig with the fail- ure to discover any literary sources for Candide. There are a few magazine articles about Vol- taire's novels, of which the following may be mentioned: (1) Blackwood's Magazine, IV (1819), p. 155 ff.; (2) Dublin University Magazine, LXVII (1866), p. 64 ff., p. 184 ff.; (3) Modern Language Notes, 1906 (in which Mr. Leon Fraser points out the earliest source of the episode of the Dog and the Horse, in the Talmud) . Louis Moland (whose edition of Voltaire's works will be referred to as M., followed by the volume and the page number), gives excerpts of the more important utterances about Vol- taire's novels (in Vols. I and XXI, the latter of which contains the novels). They deal prin- e. cipally with the moral of the novels (i. f the philosophic thesis, what the Germans call the Tendenz), or they are expressions of personal impressions. Moland's edition also reproduces INTRODUCTION 5 the footnotes of his predecessors, and offers some original ones. They give important indications of the purpose of Voltaire in writing his novels, but no general conclusions are drawn from them. ANALYSIS OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY The above resume of the Bibliography shows that the three points of view in literary criti- cism: the historical, the psychological, and the impressionistic, are all represented, but in very unequal proportions and by critics of widely different significance. I shall treat them suc- cessively under their proper headings. THE HISTORICAL CRITICISMS The historical criticisms deal, it will be noticed, exclusively with the literary sources. The problem that confronts us here is to deter- mine the significance of such investigations for the interpretation of Voltaire's novels. No attempt is made by me to belittle the im- portance of the investigation of sources per se; the point is, whether such investigations are im- portant for Voltaire's work. I shall attempt to show that they have little or no importance. In the first place, what have we accomplished 6 SYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIEE'S NOVELS when we have shown that every episode in Zadig is imitated from this or that literary source ? We have, at the most, confirmed Fre- ron's charge (M. 21, p. 86, note 1), that Vol- taire was a common plagiarist, lacking in in- vention and devoid of imagination. That would be a remarkable conclusion about the work of a man like Voltaire, whose imagination re- ceived such unstinted praise from his contem- poraries, and which, even to us, sparkles and effervesces through the printed words. In the second place, if Zadig is a literary patch-work, how are we to explain Candide, for which no literary sources have been discovered ? Is it likely that Voltaire's imagination, verve, originality, invention were less in 1747 than in 1759 ? On the contrary, the conclusion is absurd. I consider it demonstrated that, the greater and the better founded the charges of imitation in Zadig seem, the less the significance of such charges is for the interpretation of Voltaire's work. Now, if the significance of Voltaire's novels is not in the sources, wherein does it consist? I shall show that it consists in his symbolism. INTRODUCTION 7 In the first place, what has Voltaire to do with Oriental fiction? or with fiction? or with the Orient ? Is it not clear that the Orient is, for him, but a symbol for the Occident, just as / he speaks of the bonzes and the Magians as symbols of the priests of France ? We must never lose sight of the intensely practical char- acter of Voltaire's work; its very intimate con- nection with his own life and the life of his times. He was not the type of author who shut himself up in his study and thought out or sought out fine themes and situations for artistic remaniment. Even his dramas have an inti- mate connection with the thought, life, and social conditions in which he lived. He was probably inspired to compose (Edipe by the relations of the Kegent and his daughter, the famous Duchess of Berry. He tells us that the persecutions which he suffered during the period of the Voltairomanie turned to tragic sentiments and inspired the composition of Zulime and Mahomet (M. 35, pp. 226-227). If that is true of his dramas, how much more must it be true of his novels! There is an edition of Zadig of the year 1756 (cf. Bengesco, I, p. 438, note) entitled: La destinee ou le theatre de la 8 SYMBOLISM OF VOLTAIEE'S NOVELS vie humaine, ouvrage historique de M. de Vol- taire. The publisher of that edition took liber- ties with Voltaire's title, but the character of Voltaire's work justifies them. Destiny is but the linking of cause and effect in a given en- vironment. If, in Zadig, the Orient is a symbol for the Occident, the characters, the scenes, the incidents and episodes of the novel are also sym- bolic, and the literary sources can have nothing to do with the interpretation of the work. Vol- taire seems to wish to indicate that the sig- nificance of Zadig lies in its symbolism, when he says, in the Epitre dedicatoire (M. 21, p. 32), that I'histoire de Zadig (est un) ouvrage qui dit plus qu'il ne semble dire. The conclusion which we have reached by an analysis of the historical criticisms is fortified by Voltaire's opinions about the novel in gen- eral, and about particular novels.
Recommended publications
  • Aarp Recommended Online Games Free
    Aarp Recommended Online Games Free collectivizeSweatiest and her transhumantkyats vats or Garrett stay pokily. always literalising diminutively and wipe his paronyms. Patric freewheel synodically. Revived and bibliomaniacal Skell Speed past your opponents to make it first to the finish line. While the initial rates are lower at the time coverage is purchased, the rates will increase throughout the life of the policy. Parisian talent agents struggle to keep their famous clients happy and their business afloat. Each game starts with three timed rounds of trivia where you must guess the top answers for each question before time runs out. Exercise for mind anywhere anytime on our online brain health program exclusively from AARP Staying Sharp. Chance or Community Chest Get Out of Jail Free card, or attempt to roll doubles on the dice. Like Control Points, each point can be captured by either the RED or BLU teams. University of Exeter Medical School and Kings College London concluded that practitioners of word puzzles maintain brain function as they age, especially in the categories of attention, reasoning, and memory. You can find on your individual events organised by solving crossword is played by matching pairs of aarp recommended online games free! This is because each move you make has a key impact on the next one you take. To play with a friend select the icon next to the timer at the top of the puzzle. Sudoku puzzle each day! An expert crossword sets you an attacked once a free aarp organisation information. Each level of your hand of reachable positions of free app, and simple memory and free aarp online games including guaranteed.
    [Show full text]
  • Morgan Horses Bred at Uconn
    MORGAN HORSES BRED AT UCONN YOB NAME SIRE DAM 1942 MAC ARTHUR GOLDFIELD ROMANCE 1944 GOLDEN JOY GOLDFIELD JOYOUS 1946 QUADRILLE NILES JOYCE 1947 COLT MENTOR JOYCE 1948 COLT MENTOR JOYCE 1949 CANNONEER CANFIELD SCOTCH MELODY 1949 CANNIE CANFIELD PHILLIPA 1949 OH BE JOYFUL CANFIELD GOLDER JOY 1949 MANNA MENTOR DIANA 1949 MEG CANFIELD PEGGY 1949 TUNEFUL PANFIELD JOYCE 1950 SUNNFIELD CANFIELD PEGGY 1951 UCONN ESTELLITA STELLAR PENNSY 1951 UCONN HI-NOON MENTOR QUOTATION 1951 UCONN KNIGHT MENTOR PENNYROYAL 1951 UCONN PHOENIX SUREFOOT MEADOWLARK 1952 UC PANELLA PANFIELD MABLE MORGAN 1952 UC PANDORA PANFIELD MAY SENTNEY 1952 UC MENTION MENTOR QUOTATION 1952 UC PRINCESS BLAZE MENTOR PENNYROYAL 1952 UC PANYLN PANFIELD RAYMOND’S LYN 1953 UC HERMES MEADE HERMINA 1953 UC MEBBA MENTOR SHEBA 1953 UC PENTOR MENTOR PENNSY 1953 UC QUOTOR MENTOR QUOTATION 1954 UC CANTOR MENTOR CANNIE 1954 UC HERMIT MENTOR HERMINA 1954 UC PANDRA PANFIELD ADLYNDRA 1954 UC PENTORA MENTOR PENNSY 1954 UC QUOMEN MENTOR QUOTATION 1954 UC SENTORA MENTOR SENTANA 1954 UC TORSHA MENTOR SHEBA 1955 UC MANEZ US PANEZ MANNEQUIN 1955 UC TORIN MENTOR HERMINA 1955 UC PANQUOTA PANFIELD QUOTATION 1955 UC PANTANA PANFIELD SENTANA 1955 UC SANDRA PANFIELD ADLYNDRA 1956 UC SERENADE PANFIELD SHEBA 1956 UC STUDENT PRINCE MENTOR UC PANELLA 1957 UC COUNTRY BOY PANFIELD HERMINA 1957 UC HIGH LIFE MENTOR UC PANETTE 1957 UC MAIN EVENT PANFIELD UCONN ESTELLITA 1957 UC MELODIE PANFIELD SHEBA 1957 MENFIELD TOPFIELD QUAKERLADY 1957 UC PACEMAKER MENTOR CANNIE 1957 UC PANELLA P MENTOR UC PANELLA 1957 UC PENFIELD
    [Show full text]
  • How to Quote Voltaire: the Edition to Use1 February 2021
    How to quote Voltaire: the edition to use1 February 2021 A complete alphabetical list of Voltaire texts and in which edition and volume to find them. The Voltaire Foundation’s Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (OCV) edition includes most texts, but for those not yet published in OCV, the 1877-1885 Moland edition (M) is mostly given. Abbreviations used AP Ajouts posthumes Best., followed by a a letter printed in Voltaire’s correspondence, ed. Th. Besterman, number 107 vol. (Geneva, 1953-1965, 1st edition) BnC Bibliothèque nationale de France: Catalogue général des livres imprimés, 213-214 (1978) BnF, ms.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Manuscrits français BnF, n.a.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France: Nouvelles acquisitions françaises D, followed by a number a letter printed in Voltaire, Correspondence and related documents, ed. Th. Besterman, in OCV, vol.85-135 DP Dictionnaire philosophique Lizé Voltaire, Grimm et la Correspondence littéraire, SVEC 180 (1979) M Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, éd. Louis Moland, 52 vol. (Paris, Garnier, 1877-1885) NM Nouveaux Mélanges philosophiques, historiques, critiques ([Genève], 1768) OA Œuvres alphabétiques (Articles pour l’Encyclopédie, Articles pour le Dictionnaire de l’Académie) OCV Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1968- ) QE Questions sur l’Encyclopédie RC Romans et Contes, ed. Frédéric Deloffre et Jacques van den Heuvel (Paris, Gallimard [Pléiade], 1979) RHLF Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France (Presses universitaire de France) SVEC Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century (Voltaire Foundation) Vauger ‘Vauger’s lists of Voltaire’s writings, 1757-1785’ (D.app.161, OCV, vol.102, p.509-10) W72P Œuvres de M.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedar Grove Environmental Resource Inventory
    ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE INVENTORY TOWNSHIP OF CEDAR GROVE ESSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY Prepared by: Cedar Grove Environmental Commission 525 Pompton Avenue Cedar Grove, NJ 07009 December 2002 Revised and updated February 2017 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………......... 1 2.0 PURPOSE………………………………………………………………….. 2 3.0 BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………… 4 4.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF CEDAR GROVE…………………………………. 5 4.1 The Canfield-Morgan House…………………………………………….. 8 5.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES………………………………………………….. 10 5.1 Topography………………………………………………………………... 10 5.2 Geology……………………………………………………………………. 10 5.3 Soils………………………………………………………………………… 13 5.4 Wetlands…………………………………………………………………... 14 6.0 WATER RESOURCES…………………………………………………… 15 6.1 Ground Water……………………………………………………………... 15 6.1.1 Well-Head Protection Areas…………………………………………. 15 6.2 Surface Water…………………………………………………………….. 16 6.3 Drinking Water…………………………………………………………….. 17 7.0 CLIMATE…………………………………………………………………… 20 8.0 N ATURAL HAZARDS…………………………………………………… 22 8.1 Flooding……………………………………………………………………. 22 8.2 Radon………………………………………………………………………. 22 8.3 Landslides…………………………………………………………………. 23 8.4 Earthquakes………………………………………………………………. 24 9.0 WILDLIFE AND VEGETATION…………………………………………. 25 9.1 Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish……………………………. 26 9.2 Birds………………………………………………………………………… 27 9.3 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 28 10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY………………………………………...... 29 10.1 Non-Point Source Pollution……………………………………………... 29 10.1.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)……………………………… 32 10.2 Known Contaminated Sites…………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Voltaire Et Le Sauvage Civilisé
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 Voltaire et le sauvage civilisé Christopher J. Barros San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Barros, Christopher J., "Voltaire et le sauvage civilisé" (2010). Master's Theses. 3747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.883s-xa8q https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3747 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VOLTAIRE ET LE « SAUVAGE CIVILISÉ » A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of World Languages and Literatures San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Arts by Christopher J. Barros May 2010 © 2010 Christopher J. Barros ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled VOLTAIRE ET LE « SAUVAGE CIVILISÉ » by Christopher Joseph Barros APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF WORLD LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Danielle Trudeau Department of World Languages and Literatures Jean-Luc Desalvo Department of World Languages and Literatures Dominique van Hooff Department of World Languages and Literatures ABSTRACT VOLTAIRE ET LE « SAUVAGE CIVILISÉ » by Christopher J. Barros This thesis explores Voltaire’s interpretation of human nature, society, and progress vis-à-vis the myth of the “noble savage,” an image that was widespread in the literature, imagination, and theater of the 17th and 18th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Klondike Solitaire Solvability
    Klondike Solitaire Solvability Mikko Voima BACHELOR’S THESIS April 2021 Degree Programme in Business Information Systems Option of Game Development ABSTRACT Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Tampere University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in Business Information Systems Option of Game Development VOIMA, MIKKO: Klondike Solitaire Solvability Bachelor's thesis 32 pages, of which appendices 1 page June 2021 Klondike solitaire remains one of the most popular single-player card games, but the exact odds of winning were discovered as late as 2019. The objective of this thesis was to study Klondike solitaire solvability from the game design point of view. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a solitaire prototype and use it as a testbed to study the solvability of Klondike. The theoretical section explores the card game literature and the academic studies on the solvability of Klondike solitaire. Furthermore, Klondike solitaire rule variations and the game mechanics are analysed. In the practical section a Klondike game prototype was developed using Unity game engine. A new fast recursive method was developed which can detect 2.24% of random card configurations as unsolvable without simulating any moves. The study indicates that determining the solvability of Klondike is a computationally complex NP-complete problem. Earlier studies proved empirically that approximately 82% of the card configurations are solvable. The method developed in this thesis could detect over 12% of the unsolvable card configurations without making any moves. The method can be used to narrow the search space of brute-force searches and applied to other problems. Analytical research on Klondike solvability is called for because the optimal strategy is still not known.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian Girl in Algiers
    Opera Box Teacher’s Guide table of contents Welcome Letter . .1 Lesson Plan Unit Overview and Academic Standards . .2 Opera Box Content Checklist . .8 Reference/Tracking Guide . .9 Lesson Plans . .11 Synopsis and Musical Excerpts . .32 Flow Charts . .38 Gioachino Rossini – a biography .............................45 Catalogue of Rossini’s Operas . .47 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8 S E A S O N Background Notes . .50 World Events in 1813 ....................................55 History of Opera ........................................56 History of Minnesota Opera, Repertoire . .67 GIUSEPPE VERDI SEPTEMBER 22 – 30, 2007 The Standard Repertory ...................................71 Elements of Opera .......................................72 Glossary of Opera Terms ..................................76 GIOACHINO ROSSINI Glossary of Musical Terms .................................82 NOVEMBER 10 – 18, 2007 Bibliography, Discography, Videography . .85 Word Search, Crossword Puzzle . .88 Evaluation . .91 Acknowledgements . .92 CHARLES GOUNOD JANUARY 26 –FEBRUARY 2, 2008 REINHARD KEISER MARCH 1 – 9, 2008 mnopera.org ANTONÍN DVOˇRÁK APRIL 12 – 20, 2008 FOR SEASON TICKETS, CALL 612.333.6669 The Italian Girl in Algiers Opera Box Lesson Plan Title Page with Related Academic Standards lesson title minnesota academic national standards standards: arts k–12 for music education 1 – Rossini – “I was born for opera buffa.” Music 9.1.1.3.1 8, 9 Music 9.1.1.3.2 Theater 9.1.1.4.2 Music 9.4.1.3.1 Music 9.4.1.3.2 Theater 9.4.1.4.1 Theater 9.4.1.4.2 2 – Rossini Opera Terms Music
    [Show full text]
  • 5.5 X 10 Long Title.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-49782-4 - Sophocles: Oedipus Tyrannus Fiona Macintosh Index More information INDEX Accius 65 Aristotle 49, 50, 161 Phoenissae 65 Poetics 1–2, 14, 29–31, 46, 73, 86, Aeschylus 4, 32 133, 181 Laius 5 anagnorisis (recognition), 30, 43, 74 Libation Bearers 4, 21 peripeteia (reversal) 30, 43, 74 Oedipus 5 Politics 15, 70 Oresteia 161 Ars Poetica, see Horace Prometheus Bound 55, 154 Artaud, Antonin 173–5, 176, 180 Seven against Thebes 5, 17–20 The Spurt of Blood 174 ending of 34 Sphinx 5 Balinese gamelan 184 Agathon 39 Ballets Russes 109, 134 Agrippina Bakathir, Ali Ahmad 189 mother of Nero 37, 42, 66 Barbaro, Daniele 72, 96 Al-Hakin, Tawfiq 189 Barber, Samuel 191 Allan, Maud 123–4, 129 Barker, Granville 112, 118, 122, 123, Altertumswissenschaft 134 127, 128 Anderson, Judith 192 Barrault, Jean-Louis 173–4, 175 Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea dell’ As I Lay Dying 176 Edippo 95 Beckett, Samuel 151 Annunzio, Gabriele d’ Bérard, Christian 141 La Città Morta 128 Berkoff, Steven Anouilh, Jean Greek 162, 173–81, 184, figure 15 Médée 183, 192 Oedipus 191 Antigone, see Sophocles, Mendelssohn, Bernhardt, Sarah 91 Meurice, and Vacquerie Betterton, Thomas Antiphanes 1–2, 3–4, 7, 31 as Oedipus 62 fragment of 29 Biancolelli, Pierre François (called Apolline 102, 106, 161, 185 Dominique) Appia, Adolphe 111 Oedipe travesti 78, 97 Aristophanes 25 Bizet, Georges Acharnians 32 Carmen 139 Frogs 25, 28 Blanchar, Pierre Lysistrata 109, 127–8, 146 Oedipe-Roi 145–54, 158, 181, figure 11 Aristotelian blind[ing of] Oedipus catharsis 73
    [Show full text]
  • A General History of the Burr Family, 1902
    historyAoftheBurrfamily general Todd BurrCharles A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BURR FAMILY WITH A GENEALOGICAL RECORD FROM 1193 TO 1902 BY CHARLES BURR TODD AUTHOB OF "LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOBL BARLOW," " STORY OF THB CITY OF NEW YORK," "STORY OF WASHINGTON,'' ETC. "tyc mis deserves to be remembered by posterity, vebo treasures up and preserves tbe bistort of bis ancestors."— Edmund Burkb. FOURTH EDITION PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY <f(jt Jtnuhtrboclur $«88 NEW YORK 1902 COPYRIGHT, 1878 BY CHARLES BURR TODD COPYRIGHT, 190a »Y CHARLES BURR TODD JUN 19 1941 89. / - CONTENTS Preface . ...... Preface to the Fourth Edition The Name . ...... Introduction ...... The Burres of England ..... The Author's Researches in England . PART I HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL Jehue Burr ....... Jehue Burr, Jr. ...... Major John Burr ...... Judge Peter Burr ...... Col. John Burr ...... Col. Andrew Burr ...... Rev. Aaron Burr ...... Thaddeus Burr ...... Col. Aaron Burr ...... Theodosia Burr Alston ..... PART II GENEALOGY Fairfield Branch . ..... The Gould Family ...... Hartford Branch ...... Dorchester Branch ..... New Jersey Branch ..... Appendices ....... Index ........ iii PART I. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL PREFACE. HERE are people in our time who treat the inquiries of the genealogist with indifference, and even with contempt. His researches seem to them a waste of time and energy. Interest in ancestors, love of family and kindred, those subtle questions of race, origin, even of life itself, which they involve, are quite beyond their com prehension. They live only in the present, care nothing for the past and little for the future; for " he who cares not whence he cometh, cares not whither he goeth." When such persons are approached with questions of ancestry, they retire to their stronghold of apathy; and the querist learns, without diffi culty, that whether their ancestors were vile or illustrious, virtuous or vicious, or whether, indeed, they ever had any, is to them a matter of supreme indifference.
    [Show full text]
  • Canfield Township Zoning Resolution
    Canfield Township Zoning Resolution Mahoning County, Ohio Original Effective Date: October 13, 2015 Canfield Township Zoning Resolution | Table of Contents Table of Contents Article I – General Provisions Section 100 - Title Section 105 - Authorization and Purpose Section 110 – Application of Resolution Section 115 - Severability Section 120 - Interpretation Section 125 - Effect of Other Resolutions Section 130 - Repeal of Prior Resolutions Article II – Definitions Section 200 - Definitions Article III – Administration and Enforcement Section 300 - Zoning Inspector Section 305 - Zoning Commission Section 310 - Amendments to the Resolution / Changes of Zoning Section 315 - Board of Zoning Appeals Section 320 - Conditional Use Permits Section 322 - Variances Section 325 - Zoning Permits Section 330 - Temporary Permits Section 335 - Non-Conforming Lots of Record Section 340 - Non-Conforming Uses of Land Section 345 - Non-Conforming Structures Section 350 - Reversion of Non-Conforming Buildings and Uses Section 355 - Fees Section 360 - Complaints Section 365 - Violations and Penalties Section 370 - Actions Preventing Violation Article IV – Zoning Districts Section 400 - Districts Created Section 405 - District Boundaries Section 410 - Uses Permitted Section 415 – (AC) - Agricultural Conservation District Section 420 - (A) - Agricultural Residential District Section 425 - (R-1) – Single-Family Residential District Section 430 - (R-2) - Multi-Family Residential District Section 435 - (B-1) – Neighborhood Business District Section 440 – (B-2)
    [Show full text]
  • Candide and Other Stories (Oxford World's Classics)
    oxford world’ s classics CANDIDE and other stories Voltaire was the assumed name of François-Marie Arouet (1694– 1778). Born into a well-to-do Parisian family, he was educated at the leading Jesuit college in Paris. Having refused to follow his father and elder brother into the legal profession he soon won widespread acclaim for Œdipe (1718), the first of some twenty-seven tragedies which he continued to write until the end of his life. His national epic La Henriade (1723) confirmed his reputation as the leading French literary figure of his generation. Following a quarrel with the worthless but influential aristocrat, the Chevalier de Rohan, he was forced into exile in England. This period (1726–8) was particularly formative, and his Letters concern- ing the English Nation (1733) constitute the first major expression of Voltaire’s deism and his subsequent lifelong opposition to religious and political oppression. Following the happy years (1734–43) spent at Cirey with his mistress Mme du Châtelet in the shared pursuit of several intellectual enthusiasms, notably the work of Isaac Newton, he enjoyed a brief interval of favour at court during which he was appointed Historiographer to the King. After the death of Mme du Châtelet in 1749 he finally accepted an invitation to the court of Frederick of Prussia, but left in 1753 when life with this particular enlightened despot became intolerable. In 1755, after temporary sojourn in Colmar, he settled at Les Délices on the outskirts of Geneva. He then moved to nearby Ferney in 1759, the year Candide was published.
    [Show full text]
  • Symphony Hall. Boston Huntington and Massachusetts Avenues
    SYMPHONY HALL. BOSTON HUNTINGTON AND MASSACHUSETTS AVENUES Telephones Ticket Office ) j g^^j^ ^ j^gj Branch Exchange I Administration Offices ) THIRTY-THIRD SEASON. 1913 AND 1914 Dr. KARL MUCK, Conductor ilk ^BlFSSyii WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE NOTES BY PHILIP HALE FRIDAY AFTERNOON. MARCH 13 AT 2.30 O'CLOCK SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 14 AT 8.00 O'CLOCK COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY C. A. ELLIS PUBLISHED BY C. A. ELLIS. MANAGER 11.57 ^ii^lafta a prolonging of musical pleasure by home-firelight awaits " the owner of a "Baldwin. The strongest impressions of the concert season are linked with Baldwintone, exquisitely exploited by pianists eminent in their art. Schnitzer, Pugno, Scharwenka, Bachaus — De Pachmann! More than chance attracts the finely-gifted amateur to this keyboard. Among people who love good music, w^ho have a culti- vated know^ledge of it, and who seek the best medium for producing it, the Baldwin is chief. In such an atmosphere it is as happily "at home" as are the Preludes of Chopin, the Liszt Rhapsodies upon a virtuoso's programme. THE BOOK OF THE BALDWIN free upon request. 366 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY 1158 4 Boston Symplioey Orcliestr^ Thirty-third Season. 191 3-191 Dr. KARL MUCK. Conductor aL^ Violins. Witek, A. Roth, 0. Concert-master. Kuntz, D. Noack, S. : ' ' ' ' M ." 'i ! . .v. .'.!ui.:rr-?r':'.rJ^^^^^^^^Sft YSAYE THE WORLD FAMOUS VIOLINIST AND THE CHICKERING PIANO New York City, February 5, 1913. Messrs. Chickering & Sons, Boston, Mass. Gentlemen It is a pleasure to speak of the lovely tone of the Chickering & Sons' Piano, which with its round, rich, pliable quality blends with that of my violins i'; to perfection.
    [Show full text]