DOCSLIB.ORG

Tierra Data Inc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tierra Data Inc Tierra Data Inc. TIERRA DATA 10110 W. Lilac Road Escondido, California 92026 INCORPORATED www.tierradata.com Biological Resources and Wetland Report for The Villa at Mission San Luis Rey in Oceanside, California Prepared for: Bruce Russell Senior Partners West, LLC. 137 Fall River Road Idaho Springs, Colorado 80452 and Dan Niebaum, AICP Senior Planner The Lightfoot Planning Group 5750 Fleet Street, Suite 250 Carlsbad, CA 92008 P: (760) 692-1924 F: (760) 692-1935 March 31, 2009 1 Prepared M. Kellogg Certified Biologist Tierra Data Inc. 10110 W. Lilac Road Escondido, California 92026 [email protected] (760) 749-2247 phone (760) 751-9707 fax March 31, 2009 March 31, 2009 2 Table of Contents Summary of Findings..................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction and Project Description........................................................................................... 4 Methods and Limitations of Survey.............................................................................................. 4 Results.............................................................................................................................................. 9 Physical Characteristics .....................................................................................................................9 Vegetation...........................................................................................................................................9 Wetland Delineation.........................................................................................................................10 Plant and Wildlife Species ...............................................................................................................10 Habitat Assessment and Mitigation Measures........................................................................... 13 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix A: References Cited .................................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B: Site Photographs .................................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C: Wetland Delineation Field Forms ...................................................................... C-1 Appendix D: Species List ........................................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E: Certifications and Qualifications........................................................................ E-1 Appendix F: Agency Correspondence on Mitigation Requirements......................................F-1 This page intentionally blank. Summary of Findings The construction of an assisted living retirement center facility “The Villa at Mission San Luis Rey” is expected to have negligible biological impacts. The majority of the site is mapped as non-native grassland or disturbed vegetation. The vegetation classified as non-native grass- land is a weedy subtype that lacks significant biological value. Discontiguous pockets of alkali freshwater marsh vegetation appear to be a remnant of earlier use during the Mission era as a garden, and from before the construction of Highway 76. They will likely disappear over time without any intervention, due to drawdown of the water table at the site and lack of any other hydrologic input. While these wetland patches are not jurisdictional under Section 404 of the federal Clean Water Act, nor are they expected to fall under the jurisdiction of Section 1601 of the California Fish and Game Code as a streambed, they do fall within the City of Oceanside’s commitment to the North County Multiple Habitat Conservation Program (2003) and the Draft Oceanside Subarea Plan (2005). This site is located in “Offsite Mitigation Zone I” of the Draft Oceanside Subarea Plan. The dominance of weedy species, the small, fragmented condition of the alkali marsh patches, and their separation from significant wetland resources result in low wildlife and natural resource values supported at the site. In addition, over time the patches are expected to die out due to a lack of hydrologic input that formerly allowed them to be established. For these reasons, with concurrence from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish and Game, a 1:1 ratio will be applied to this project. About 0.83 acres of this alkali marsh vegetation can be fully mitigated within the Mission grounds adjacent to the project site through the planned development of a wetland in the area of the Lavanderia. Genetic material from alkali marsh species will be recovered and reintro- duced into the future wetland adjacent to the site. The enhanced wetland will be integrated into the Mission’s plan to enhance the Lavanderia as a remembrance to the former splendor of the Mission gardens, and to establish a “best of San Diego County” native plant garden and inter- pretive trail. The wetland will be completed concurrently with The Villa retirement center project. In addition, 5.44 acres of non-native grassland will be mitigated at 0.5:1 consistent with the Oceanside Subarea Plan. After meetings between the City and U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (March 17, 2009), it was agreed that the City will explore a range of viable options including establishing an "in-lieu" mitigation fee for impacts to this habitat. Fees collected by the City could be used to acquire, manage, or restore critical open space parcels. In the meantime, this Villas at Mission San Luis Rey project may proceed by laying out a range of viable options for mitigating the grassland impacts, with the final mitigation plan in place prior to the issuance of grading or clearing permits (email Jerry Hittleman Oceanside City Planner, March 18, 2009). Based on a site visit by California Department of Fish and Game on July 1, 2008, no Stre- ambed Alteration Agreement will be required for this project. No sensitive species were located on the property, and all species identified were associated with a disturbed condition, with non-native forbs predominating. March 31, 2009 3 Introduction and Project Description The development plan(s) for an assisted-living retirement center “The Villa at Mission San Luis Rey” encompasses about eight acres at the Mission San Luis Rey in the City of Oceans- ide, California (Figures 1 and 2). The site is part of a 53.4-acre parcel at the intersection of Mission Avenue and Rancho del Oro Drive, located in Township 11 South, Range 4 West, Section 8. The development site is roughly the shape of a triangle, and is bounded to the south by Mission Avenue, to the west by a mobile home park, to the north by Peyri Road, and to the east by the Lavanderia archeological site (Figure 3), which is separated from the retirement center site by a constructed berm. The project site was formerly a garden during the Mission era, watered by its own drainage from adjacent hills, and via aqueducts from the Lavanderia. A Mission-era aqueduct leading from the San Luis Rey River, along with wells, served the mission needs including the Lavanderia, and perhaps 500 acres of garden during the Mission period (Brother James Lockman, pers. comm.). This development of “The Villa at Mission San Luis Rey” is part of a larger plan to restore and improve the Mission and its grounds as both a historic site and center for the work of the Order of Franciscan Friars. The development employs an envi- ronmental sustainability planning model. The purpose of this document is to report on the biological resources of the property that may be impacted by the project, and to propose measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate for any impacts in compliance with federal, state, and City of Oceanside regulations and ordinances. The site is mapped as “Disturbed” and located within “Offsite Mitigation Zone I” of the City’s Draft Subarea Plan under the North County Multiple Habitat Conservation Plan (MHCP). The Draft MHCP map shows a small inclusion of natural vegetation, apparently willows, which will be left intact by the project. Methods and Limitations of Survey The site was visited six times (March 30, March 31, April 9, April 11, 2007, and March 31 and April 3, 2008) by four biologists who have different species specialties: Elizabeth Kellogg, Scott Snover, Harry Smead, and Joulie Lambert. The biologists spent approximately 9 hours conducting wandering transects throughout the property and recording all plant and wildlife observations, as well as conducting the wetland delineation. The weather condition was usu- ally cool, 60-75 degrees Fahrenheit, with a dispersing marine layer allowing for warming tem- peratures as it cleared starting late mornings. In order to focus the survey effort with regard to species searches, the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) (California Department of Fish and Game 2005) was consulted for previous records of sensitive species in the area. The results of that search are depicted in Figure 4. The nomenclature used for species in this document is consistent with that of Hickman (1993) for plants. For wildlife it is according to American Ornithologists Union (DeBenedictis 1989), Jameson and Peeters (1988), and Stebbens (1985). Plant community classification is that of Holland (1986). March 31, 2009 4 Figure 1. Project site and vicinity. March 31, 2009 5 Figure 2. Facility
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Natural Resources Science Plan Draft
    PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCE PLAN DRAFT Draft Monument Science Plan Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview of the Monument............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Purpose and Scope of the Plan........................................................................................ 3 1.3 Stakeholders.................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 SUMMARY OF PLANNING PROCESS.......................................................................... 5 2.1 Development of a Research and Monitoring Framework for the Monument................. 5 2.2 Public Review and Comment.......................................................................................... 6 2.3 Profiling Ongoing and Potential New Research and Monitoring Projects ..................... 7 2.4 Identification of Research and Monitoring Gaps and Needs.......................................... 8 2.5 Prioritization of Research and Monitoring Activities..................................................... 8 3.0 RESEARCH THEMES AND FOCUS AREAS............................................................... 12 3.1 Habitats and Biodiversity.............................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 Habitats ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Staging of Embryonic Development of the Grasshopper, Schistocerca Nitens
    J. Embryol. exp. Morph. Vol. 54, pp. 47-74, 1979 47 Printed in Great Britain © Company of Biologists Limited 1979 Quantitative staging of embryonic development of the grasshopper, Schistocerca nitens By DAVID BENTLEY,1 HAIG KESHISHIAN, MARTIN SHANKLAND AND ALMA TOROIAN-RAYMOND From the Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley SUMMARY During development of the grasshopper embryo, it is feasible to examine the structure, pharmacology, and physiology of uniquely identified cells. These experiments require a fast, accurate staging system suitable for live embryos. We present a system comprising (1) subdivision of embryogenesis into equal periods, (2) expression of stage in percent of complete embryogenesis time, (3) characterization of stages by light micrographs (and descriptive text), and (4) illustration of stages at the egg, embryo, and limb levels of resolution. Advantages of a percent-system include communicability, flexibility in temporal resolution, accurate assignment of elapsed time in developmental processes, and uniform coverage of the period of embryogenesis. The stages described are at 5 % intervals with an estimated error of ± 1 %. INTRODUCTION Recently it has become possible to investigate the physiology, pharmacology, and morphology of single, identified neurons, neuroblasts and other cell types during embryogenesis in grasshoppers (Bate, 197'6 a, b; Spitzer, 1979; Goodman & Spitzer, 1979; Goodman, O'Shea, McCaman & Spitzer, 1979; Bentley & Toroian-Raymond, 1979). The paucity of preparations in which these approaches are feasible has made grasshopper embryogenesis particularly attractive for analysing many problems in developmental neurobiology and developmental biology in general. To accurately characterize the time course of developmental events, it is necessary to have a precise, rapid staging system, applicable to unstained, living material and covering the entire period of embryogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • President's Message
    ISSN 2372-2517 (Online), ISSN 2372-2479 (Print) METALEPTEAMETALEPTEA THE NEWSLETTER OF THE ORTHOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY TABLE OF CONTENTS President’s Message (Clicking on an article’s title will take you By DAVID HUNTER to the desired page) President [email protected] [1] PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE [2] SOCIETY NEWS ear Fellow Orthopterists! [2] Call for the 2020 Theodore J. Cohn Research Fund by M. LECOQ [2] Grants supporting the Orthoptera Species As I am writing this File by M.M. CIGLIANO from Canberra, the sky is [3] A call for manuscripts Special Issue “Locusts and Grasshoppers: Biology, Ecology and Man- filled with dense smoke agement” by A.V. LATCHININSKY D from the catastrophic [3] A call for DNA-grade specimens to recon- D sruct a comprehensive phylogeny of Ensifera fires we have had in Australia this by H. SONG fire season. Continuing drought and [4] Updates from the GLI by R. OVERSON [5] Reminder: Seeking Speakers for the 2020 weeks of unusually high temperatures ICE Symposium: “Polyneoptera for our Planet” have led to widespread fires covering by D.A. WOLLER ET AL. [5] REGIONAL REPORTS millions of hectares: as of the first [5] East Europe - North and Central Asia by week in January, 6.3 million ha have M.G. SERGEEV [6] Central & Southern Africa burnt which is just under half the area by V. COULDRIDGE of England! A catastrophic situation [8] T.J. COHN GRANT REPORTS indeed! [8] On the study of gregarine parasites in Orthoptera by J.H. MEDINA DURÁN Our society continues our support [10] Genetic diversity in populations of for research through OSF grants and Anonconotus italoaustriacus Nadig, 1987 (Insecta, Orthoptera) in North-East Italy by F.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring Within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘I: Synthesis Report
    Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Prepared by Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Hawaii Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817 USA Prepared for EKNA Services Inc. 615 Pi‘ikoi Street, Suite 300 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96814 and State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division Bishop Museum Technical Report 58 Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i Copyright 2012 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1085-455X Contribution No. 2012 001 to the Hawaii Biological Survey COVER Adult male Hawaiian long-horned wood-borer, Plagithmysus kahului, on its host plant Chenopodium oahuense. This species is endemic to lowland Maui and was discovered during the arthropod surveys. Photograph by Forest and Kim Starr, Makawao, Maui. Used with permission. Hawaii Biological Report on Monitoring Arthropods within Kahului Airport Environs, Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents …………….......................................................……………...........……………..…..….i. Executive Summary …….....................................................…………………...........……………..…..….1 Introduction ..................................................................………………………...........……………..…..….4
    [Show full text]
  • Schistocerca Piceifrons Piceifrons Walker Langosta Centroamericana
    FICHA TÉCNICA Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker Langosta centroamericana Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria SINAVEF, Dr. Carlos Contreras Servín Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí UASLP Sierra Leona No. 550 Lomas II Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí 01 (444) 825 60 45 [email protected] Profesor investigador IDENTIDAD Nombre: Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker (Barrientos, 1992) Sinonimia: Schistocerca americana americana (Astacio, 1981) Schistocerca vicaria (Astacio, 1981) Posición taxonómica: Phylum: Arthropoda (Astacio, 1981, 1987) Clase: Hexapoda (Insecta) Subclase: Pterigota Orden: Orthoptera Suborden: Caelífera Superfamilia: Acrididae Familia: Acrididae Subfamilia: Cyrtacanthacridinae Género: Schistocerca Especie: Sch. piceifrons Subespecie: Sch.piceifrons piceifrons Nombre común: Langosta centroamericana (español) Central american locust (inglés) Código Bayer o EPPO: SHICPI Categoría reglamentaria: Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada. Situación en México: Plaga de importancia económica, Presente, bajo control oficial. HOSPEDANTES Cuadro 1. Especies registradas como hospederas de Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (SAGAR, 1997). Nombre científico Nombre común Nombre científico Nombre común Agave tequilana Agave tequilero Citrus sinensis Naranja Oryza sativa Arroz Citrus paradisi Toronja Arachis hypogaea Cacahuate Sorghum bicolor Sorgo Saccharum officinarum Caña de azúcar Glycine max Soya Capsicum annuum Chile Citrus aurantifolia Lima Cocos nucifera
    [Show full text]
  • Our Mark Was an Invasive Pest That Had Made a Remote Tropical Island Its Home
    • Our mark was an invasive pest that had made a remote tropical island its home. But good and evil are not so easily discerned in ecological systems, even when a place looks like Eden. 14 Conservation Magazine • Vol. 9 No. 3 | July-September 2008 FEATURE By Jeffrey A. Lockwood & Alexandre V. Latchininsky CONFESSIONS HITOF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL MAN Most assassins work alone. But we’re a pair of hired guns. Between us, we have 50 years of experience making hits in dozens of coun- tries on five continents. Our partnership began 13 years ago, and since then our views of the world have slowly converged. Compared to most people, our thoughts are a bit twisted. But killing will do that. For us to take a contract, we demand two things. The mark should have it coming, and the hit has to be made without unnecessary harm to innocent bystanders. So, we want to know as much as possible about our target—things like patterns of behavior, comings and goings, favorite foods, close associates, sexual habits, number and ages of kids. We’re known for being very good at our job—fast and clean. So, when the government was looking to exter- minate a problem on the remote Hawaiian island of Nihoa, they called us. We were happy to get out of Wyoming during an April snowstorm and join some of the best in our line of work at a Honolulu beachfront hotel to plan the hit. The setup seemed rather cut and dry. Our mark was Schistocerca nitens, the gray bird grasshopper.
    [Show full text]
  • Song Dissertation
    SYSTEMATICS OF CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) WITH A FOCUS ON THE GENUS SCHISTOCERCA STÅL 1873: EVOLUTION OF LOCUST PHASE POLYPHENISM AND STUDY OF INSECT GENITALIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hojun Song, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. John W. Wenzel, Advisor Dr. Norman F. Johnson ______________________________ Dr. Johannes S. H. Klompen Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology Copyright by Hojun Song 2006 ABSTRACT The systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is investigated to study the evolution of locust phase polyphenism, biogeography, and the evolution of male genitalia. In Chapter Two, I present a comprehensive taxonomic synopsis of the genus Schistocerca Stål. I review the taxonomic history, include an identification key to species, revise the species concepts of six species and describe a new species. In Chapter Three, I present a morphological phylogeny of Schistocerca, focusing on the biogeography. The phylogeny places the desert locust S. gregaria deep within the New World clade, suggesting that the desert locust originated from the New World. In Chapter Four, I review the systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae and present a phylogeny based on morphology. Evolution of taxonomically important characters is investigated using a character optimization analysis. The biogeography of the subfamily is also addressed. In Chapter Five, I present a comprehensive review the recent advances in the study of locust phase polyphenism from various disciplines. The review reveals that locust phase polyphenism is a complex phenomenon consisting of numerous density-dependent phenotypically plastic traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Seabird Management in Hawai'i: from Exploitation Through
    Changing Seabird Management in Hawai‘i: From Exploitation through Management to Restoration DAVID CAMERON DUFFY 1Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Fossil evidence indicates that diverse and abundant seabird communities were once found in the main Hawaiian Islands. However, these seabird populations have severely decreased, or even disappeared, as a result of human disturbance, habitat loss and predation from introduced mammals. Today, the vast majority of Hawai‘i’s seabirds nest on low-lying and uninhabited atolls in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands, some of which will not be able to withstand projected sea-level rises. As a result, populations of many seabird species will be further reduced unless suitable nesting habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands can be restored against predators. The history of seabird management in the Hawaiian Islands is examined, tracing three overlapping stages. The first emphasized exploitation, the second recognized the damage done by humans and developed methods to re- move the causes. The third and current stage focuses on restoration, initially of seabirds, and most recently of eco- systems. Restoration will require a scientific approach and documentation of successes and failures, improving the chances of success for future interventions. Received 17 September 2009, accepted 23 December 2009. Key words.—climate change, Hawai‘i, invasive species, islands, management, Papahanaumokuakea, predation, restoration. Waterbirds 33(2): 193-207, 2010 The seabird populations of Hawai‘i and its northern islands are among the largest and best protected in the North Pacific, with 22 species, approximately six million breed- ing individuals and a total population of 15 million (Harrison 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Eiben Jesse R.Pdf
    APPLIED CONSERVATION RESEARCH OF THE WĒKIU BUG IN HAWAI΄I: LIFE TABLE ANALYSIS, POPULATION GENETICS, AND PHYLOGENETICS CREATE A HOLISTIC VIEW OF A RARE AND UNIQUE SPECIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI΄I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) MAY 2012 By Jesse Alan Eiben Dissertation Committee: Daniel Rubinoff, Chairperson Mark Wright Daniel Polhemus Brenden Holland Andrew Taylor © 2012, Jesse Alan Eiben ii DEDICATION To my family for the curiosity they nurtured in me throughout my life, and to my wife, Melissa, for her constant support, love, and editing skills. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The mentoring, guidance and advice provided by my committee members, Dan Rubinoff, Brenden Holland, Andy Taylor, Mark Wright, and Dan Polhemus was insightful, greatly appreciated, and helped me progress through this incredible academic journey. I gratefully acknowledge the logistical support of the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, permit numbers FHM07-135, FHM08-135, FHM09-181, FHM10-222, FHM11- 253 (B. Gagné, C. King). I was funded for my dissertation research by the Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM) (S. Nagata), the Mauna Kea Observatories, the Institute for Astronomy (R. McLaren), and the University of Hawaii at Manoa EECB (Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation Biology) program for research and travel grants (K. Kaneshiro- NSF #DGE05-38550). I also want to thank the Wekiu Bug Working Group for constant support and advice. Finally, I thank Ron Englund, Adam Vorsino, Dan Polhemus, Greg Brenner, Abigail Mason, Oska Lawrence, Celeste Yee, Dan Nitta, Luc Leblanc, William Haines, Melissa Dean, Greg Broussard, and the many OMKM Rangers for assistance in the field and other research tasks, as well as for their wonderful friendships.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Embryo Desiccation Tolerance, Seed Dormancy
    IMPLICATIONS OF EMBRYO DESICCATION TOLERANCE, SEED DORMANCY, AND SEED DAMAGE FOR CONSERVATION OF PRITCHARDIA PALMS ENDEMIC TO HA WAIT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HA WAIT IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN TROPICAL PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES (ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) MAY 2006 By: Hector E. Perez Dissertation Committee: Richard Criley, Chairperson Kent Kobayahsi Carol Baskin Mike Maunder Christina Walters Donald Drake DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Amparo Claramunt. Her blessings allowed me to pursue my ambitions. Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the National Science Foundation Grades K-12 Teaching Fellowship Program; the Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation interdisciplinary specialization; the ARCS Foundation; and the Haruyuki Kamemoto Scholarship for funding for my research and academic endeavors, I am thankful to all my committee members for their mentoring and support during my studies. I am grateful for the invaluable technical and logistical support provided by Lisa Hill, Jennifer Crane, and John Waddell of the National Center for Germplasm Preservation Research (USDA- ARS, Ft. Collins, CO). I thank Drs. Nancy Chen, Sung-Eun Lee, Qingxiao Li, Loren Gautz, Robert Pauli, Yoneo Sagawa, and David Webb, and Tina Carvalho for their technical assistance, use of lab space, and equipment. The Army Natural Resources, Environmental Division, Conservation and Restoration Branch also provided logistical support for preliminary studies. 1 express my gratitude to Mr. Alvin Yoshinaga for all his help and hospitality. 1 thank my family and friends for all the love and support they provided, whether local or long-distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Emergence Development of Male Genitalia in Schistocerca Americana
    Copyright by Hojun Song 2002 ABSTRACT Post-emergence development of male genitalia in Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae) was studied. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the internal skeletal structures in the male genitalia continue to develop after the adult emergence. Also, the taxonomic use of the genitalic characters is reevaluated. An experiment was set up to examine the developmental patterns in the male genitalia and female ovipositor. The mechanism of the genitalic apodeme development is explained by the resilin deposition possibly affected by bursicon secretion. Overall, the structures affected by the cuticle deposition are the apodemes providing muscle attachment sites that enable the necessary movement during copulation. Non-changing structures in the genitalia may be directly involved in the internal courtship during copulation. Therefore, sexually immature individuals can be considered functionally incapable of copulation because the necessary structures have not been fully matured. In order to test if the post-emergence development is widespread, the different aged specimens of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) and Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) were studied. Although the morphology was different between Schistocerca and Locusta, the overall developmental patterns were similar. The sexual maturation period of Schistocerca takes at least 30 days after the emergence. The life history theory predicts that the age at maturity is shaped by the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In Schistocerca, the structures associated with the flight mature earlier in adult development whereas the genitalia continue to develop for about thirty days after emergence. Delayed maturation is well explained by the life history theory when considering that the flight may be the most important trait for survival and that the reproduction is usually costly.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
    Wednesday, December 10, 2008 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 14:55 Dec 09, 2008 Jkt 217001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\10DEP2.SGM 10DEP2 dwashington3 on PROD1PC60 with PROPOSALS2 75176 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 238 / Wednesday, December 10, 2008 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR September 30, 2007, through September Species-specific information and 30, 2008. materials we receive will be available Fish and Wildlife Service We request additional status for public inspection by appointment, information that may be available for during normal business hours, at the 50 CFR Part 17 the 251 candidate species identified in appropriate Regional Office listed below [FWS-R9-ES-2008-0115; MO-9221050083 – this CNOR. in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General B2] DATES: We will accept information on information we receive will be available this Candidate Notice of Review at any at the Branch of Candidate Endangered and Threatened Wildlife time. Conservation, Arlington, VA (see and Plants; Review of Native Species ADDRESSES: This notice is available on address above). That Are Candidates for Listing as the Internet at http:// Candidate Notice of Review Endangered or Threatened; Annual www.regulations.gov, and http:// Notice of Findings on Resubmitted endangered.fws.gov/candidates/ Background Petitions; Annual Description of index.html. Species assessment forms The Endangered Species Act of 1973, Progress on Listing Actions with information and references on a as amended (16 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]