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Schistocerca Piceifrons Piceifrons Walker Langosta Centroamericana FICHA TÉCNICA Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker Langosta centroamericana Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria SINAVEF, Dr. Carlos Contreras Servín Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí UASLP Sierra Leona No. 550 Lomas II Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí 01 (444) 825 60 45 [email protected] Profesor investigador IDENTIDAD Nombre: Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker (Barrientos, 1992) Sinonimia: Schistocerca americana americana (Astacio, 1981) Schistocerca vicaria (Astacio, 1981) Posición taxonómica: Phylum: Arthropoda (Astacio, 1981, 1987) Clase: Hexapoda (Insecta) Subclase: Pterigota Orden: Orthoptera Suborden: Caelífera Superfamilia: Acrididae Familia: Acrididae Subfamilia: Cyrtacanthacridinae Género: Schistocerca Especie: Sch. piceifrons Subespecie: Sch.piceifrons piceifrons Nombre común: Langosta centroamericana (español) Central american locust (inglés) Código Bayer o EPPO: SHICPI Categoría reglamentaria: Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada. Situación en México: Plaga de importancia económica, Presente, bajo control oficial. HOSPEDANTES Cuadro 1. Especies registradas como hospederas de Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (SAGAR, 1997). Nombre científico Nombre común Nombre científico Nombre común Agave tequilana Agave tequilero Citrus sinensis Naranja Oryza sativa Arroz Citrus paradisi Toronja Arachis hypogaea Cacahuate Sorghum bicolor Sorgo Saccharum officinarum Caña de azúcar Glycine max Soya Capsicum annuum Chile Citrus aurantifolia Lima Cocos nucifera Coco Musa paradisiaca Plátano Phaseolus vulgaris Frijol Lycopersicon esculentum Jitomate Citrus limon Limón Zea mays Maíz Citrus reticulata Mandarina 2 Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA La langosta ha sido como una plaga perjudicial para el ser humano desde tiempos antiguos en las antiguas dinastías faraónicas este organismo se utilizó como parte de las figuras grabadas que adornaban las paredes de algunas tumbas (Astacio, 1959, citado por Trujillo, 1975, p.1), Herrera hace referencia sobre las tropas de Carlos XII rey de Suecia durante el año 1709, cuando éstas se retiraban de Bessarabia tuvieron que detenerse al ser cegados por chaparrones de langostas; en 1835 el mismo autor menciona que China fue devastada por acrídidos, “los campos quedaron pelados”, la población huía hacia la montaña y en ciertas regiones la langosta entraba a las casas; las nubes de este organismo empezaron a darse en abril y continuaron hasta el otoño (Herrera, 1943, p.98). A nivel mundial, la lucha constante contra la langosta, es principalmente en el continente Africano (Sudán, Arabia Saudita, Yemen, Mauritania, Nigeria y Mali), cuyas actividades de control son principalmente apoyadas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación (FAO). Las especies de langostas más importantes a nivel mundial por parte de la FAO son: langosta del desierto, langosta roja, langosta migratoria, langosta sudamericana, langosta centroamericana, langosta marroquí, langosta italiana (FAO, 2001, p.15, ver cuadro 2). Cuadro 2. “Especies de langosta a nivel mundial y su distribución” Área Especies Autor Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thumberg) 1,4 y 6 Schistocerca gregaria (Foskal) Europa 1,4 y 6 Locusta danica o Locusta migratoria 1 y 4 Calliptamus italicus Linnaeus Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thumberg) Schistocerca gregaria (Foskal) 1,4 y 6 África Locusta danica o Locusta migratoria 1,4 y 6 Locusta pardalina Walker 1 y 4 Nomadacris septemfasciata Seville Schistocerca paranensis (Bürmeister) 1, 3, 4 Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker 5, 6 Tropidacris rex 1 Schistocerca americana americana (Drury) 1, 2, 3 Disosterira longipennis 2 Cammula pellucida 2 Informe 2009 Schistocerca vitticeps carinata (Scudder) 3 y 4 Schistocerca vitticeps vitticeps (Walker) 3 y 4 Schistocerca vitticeps lurindescens (Walker) 3 y 4 América Schistocerca camerata (Scudder) 3 y 4 Schisctocerca vaga vaga (Scudder) 3 y 4 Schistocerca pallens (Thumber) 3, 4 y 5 Schistocerca shoshone (Thomas) 3 y 4 Schistocerca obscura (Fabricius) 3 y 4 Schistocerca insignis (Herbar) 3 y 4 Schistocerca albolineata (Thomas) 3 y 4 Schistocerca venusta Scudder 4 Schistocerca nitens 5 Schistocerca gregaria (Foskal) 1,4 y 6 Asia Cyrtocanthacris suscinta Liennaeus 4 Calliptamus italicus Linnaeus 4 y 6 En el continente americano, además de la presencia de la langosta centroamericana Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (Walker) que es la especie que más daños ocasiona en nuestro país y Centro América (Figura 2), se presentan otras especies con las que generalmente se encuentra asociada: Producto 4 3 Schistocerca pallens Thunberg y Schistocerca nitens Thunberg (Barrientos, 2003, p.34); sin embargo, las diferentes especies que se presentan en nuestro continente son: langosta Centroamericana, langosta Sudamericana, langosta de las montañas rocallosas (plaga muy importante en los Estados Unidos), langosta Americana, langosta reina, langosta migratoria, langosta diferencias, y varias especies del género Schistocerca así como diferentes subespecies de Schistocerca vitticeps, las cuales se mencionan en el cuadro 2. Figura 2. Mapa de distribución de la langosta Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons según Barrientos 2003 y FAO 2009. Zona de la langosta Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Zona de la langosta Schistocerca Fuente: Barrientos, 2003 piceifrons piceifrons Fuente: FAO 2009. Actualmente, lo que se conoció como Schistocerca americana o bien Schistocerca afin paranensis, es clasificada como Schistocerca piceifrons. Esta, presenta dos subespecies: Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana, que aparece en Perú, el sur de Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panamá, Trinidad y Tobago y Guyana (OIRSA, 1991; y Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons, que se distribuye desde México hasta el norte de Costa Rica (OIRSA, 1991, citado por Retana, 2000, p.74). Distribución en México Desde el punto de vista histórico, existen referencias desde los aztecas y los mayas donde se hace mención de la presencia de langostas. El nombre que le daban dichas culturas a la langosta era “Zaak” (Trujillo, 1975, p.2), este organismo era muy temido por los problemas de falta de alimento que causaban. Por ejemplo, se considera que la destrucción y extinción de imperios como el tolteca y el maya se vio influida en gran medida por la langosta, posteriormente en la época colonial, se hace referencia a la presencia de este insecto en diferentes relatos de los cronistas. Tan severas fueron las infestaciones, de la langosta en nuestro país que en el año de 1738, el Virrey don Antonio de Bucareli y Ursua ordenó que ese año no se pagara tributo por parte los indios de Tabasco, Campeche y de otros lugares infestados, para 1805 invadió Córdoba (Veracruz). En México desde 1824 se declaró a la langosta como plaga nacional y es a partir de este año que se establecen disposiciones para combatir a esta plaga de manera gratuita (Trujillo, 1975, p.7), en 1830 y 1831 se vio invadido Tapachula (Chiapas) (Márquez, 1963, p.2). Para 1854, la langosta llegó a México proveniente de Centro América, entrando por el Istmo de Tehuantepec, la plaga se siguió extendiendo, por la Sierra Madre Oriental hasta Tamaulipas y San Luís Potosí, mientras que por el occidente llegó Ficha técnica-Langosta centroamericana a Jalisco y Sinaloa (Márquez, 1963, p.2). En 1880 invadió el estado de Oaxaca y en 1883, al estado de Guerrero, siguiendo el curso tanto del río Balsas como de sus afluentes, llegó la plaga a Michoacán, Estado de México y al estado de Morelos, Jalisco y Colima (Hoffmann y col., 1924 p.15). Distribución actual La langosta encuentra zonas o terrenos con condiciones ideales para su reproducción, lo que se conoce como “zonas gregarígenas” que presentan una temperatura promedio de 27ºC, con una precipitación pluvial promedio menor de 1,000 mm anuales, los terrenos están descubiertos o está presente solo una poca cobertura vegetal y cercanos a las zonas cultivadas (Garza, 2005, p.7). Además, las áreas de infestación llegan como máximo hasta el Trópico de Cáncer (23° 27’) y a una altura no superior de los 2000 m.s.n.m (Márquez, 1963 p.11, Garza, 2005, p.1, Barrientos, 2003, p.22). Anteriormente Márquez (1963, p.53), Mujica (1975, p.4), sólo se consideraba 4 zonas gregarígenas en nuestro país, siendo estas las primeras cuatro, sin embargo. Garza (2005, p.8) hace mención una quinta zona gregarígena, siendo ésta Tabasco. 4 Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria Garza (2005, p.7), considera la existencia de cinco zonas principales gregarígenas de ésta plaga en nuestro país: a) Yucatán. Se encuentra dentro de la zona henequenera de los estados de Yucatán y Campeche; es la más importante y de ella han provenido las mangas que han causado mayores daños en los cultivos agrícolas. b) Veracruz. Se ubica en los municipios de Medellín, Boca del Río, Alvarado, Tlalixcoyan y Tierra Blanca; esta zona es la segunda en importancia y ha ocasionado invasiones graves en el mismo estado. c) Chahuites - Tepanatepec. Se encuentra en los límites de Oaxaca y Chiapas, dentro del triángulo geográfico formado por los poblados de Salina Cruz, Chahuites y Tepanatepec; aquí se ha gregarizado este organismo causado invasiones en el Istmo de Tehuantepec y otros lugares del estado de Oaxaca. d) San Luis - Tamaulipas. Se encuentra en los límites de los estados de San Luís Potosí y Tamaulipas, en los Valles de la Sierra Nahola; considerada la más pequeña de las cuatro; sin embargo, actualmente ha dado lugar a las
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