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Caracterização Cariotípica Dos Gafanhotos Ommexecha Virens E Descampsacris Serrulatum (Orthoptera-Ommexechidae)
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO-UFPE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS – CCB PROGRAMA DE PÓS – GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS –PPGCB MESTRADO Caracterização cariotípica dos gafanhotos Ommexecha virens e Descampsacris serrulatum (Orthoptera-Ommexechidae) DANIELLE BRANDÃO DE CARVALHO Recife, 2008 DANIELLE BRANDÃO DE CARVALHO Caracterização cariotípica dos gafanhotos Ommexecha virens e Descampsacris serrulatum (Orthoptera-Ommexechidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas. Mestranda: Danielle Brandão de Carvalho Orientador(a): Drª Maria José de Souza Lopes Co-orientador(a): Drª Marília de França Rocha Recife, 2008 Carvalho, Danielle Brandão de Caracterização cariotípica dos gafanhotos Ommmexeche virens e Descampsacris serrulatum (Orthoptera ommexechidae). / Danielle Brandão de Carvalho. – Recife: A Autora, 2008. vi; 74 fls. .: il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas) – UFPE. CCB 1. Gafanhotos 2. Orthoptera 3. Taxonomia I.Título 595.727 CDU (2ª. Ed.) UFPE 595.726 CDD (22ª. Ed.) CCB – 2008 –077 Caracterização cariotípica dos gafanhotos Ommexecha virens e Descampsacris serrulatum (Orthoptera-Ommexechidae) Mestranda: Danielle Brandão de Carvalho Orientador(a): Drª Maria José de Souza Lopes Co-orientador(a): Drª Marília de França Rocha Comissão Examinadora • Membros Titulares Aos idosos mais lindos e amados, meus pais Josivaldo e Bernadete e minha avó materna Anizia (in memorian) As professoras Maria José de Souza Lopes e Marília de França Rocha. SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS i LISTA DE FIGURAS iii LISTA DE TABELAS iv LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS v RESUMO vi I. INTRODUÇÃO 12 II. OBJETIVO GERAL 13 II.1. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 13 III. REVISÃO DA LITERATURA 14 III.1. -
An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(2) 359
Junho, 1999 An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(2) 359 SCIENTIFIC NOTE Infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) Against the Grasshopper Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Laboratory SOLANGE XAVIER-SANTOS1,3, BONIFÁCIO P. M AGALHÃES1 AND ELZA A. LUNA-ALVES LIMA2 1EMBRAPA-CENARGEN, Caixa postal 02372, 70849-970, Brasília, DF. 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arthur de Sá, S/N, 50740, Recife, PE. 3Corresponding author. An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(2): 359-363 (1999) Infectividade de Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) ao Gafanhoto Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) em Laboratório RESUMO - O gafanhoto Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) tem causado prejuízos em diversas culturas no Brasil e seu controle tem sido à base de inseticidas químicos, o que, freqüentemente, resulta em efeitos indesejáveis, trazendo sérios prejuízos ambientais e econômicos. O fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium flavoviride (Gams & Rozsypal), candidato potencial ao controle de acridídeos em vários países, foi isolado de S. pallens no Nordeste do Brasil. Desde então, o patógeno tem sido estudado visando ao seu desenvolvimento como bioinseticida contra Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn), S. pallens e Stiphra robusta Mello-Leitão, que são os principais gafanhotos-praga do Brasil. Em testes realizados em condições de laboratório, aplicações tópicas de M. flavoviride (isolado CG 423), formulado em suspensão oleosa com diferentes concentrações de conídios (9.000 – 21.000 conídios/ inseto), causaram elevada mortalidade (≥ 86%) em adultos de S. pallens. Não houve mortalidade no grupo testemunha. Dentre as doses de conídios utilizadas, não houve diferença significativa quanto ao tempo médio de sobrevivência dos insetos (6,2 a 6,9 dias). Esses resultados evidenciaram que M. -
Schistocerca Piceifrons Piceifrons Walker Langosta Centroamericana
FICHA TÉCNICA Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker Langosta centroamericana Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria SINAVEF, Dr. Carlos Contreras Servín Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí UASLP Sierra Leona No. 550 Lomas II Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí 01 (444) 825 60 45 [email protected] Profesor investigador IDENTIDAD Nombre: Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker (Barrientos, 1992) Sinonimia: Schistocerca americana americana (Astacio, 1981) Schistocerca vicaria (Astacio, 1981) Posición taxonómica: Phylum: Arthropoda (Astacio, 1981, 1987) Clase: Hexapoda (Insecta) Subclase: Pterigota Orden: Orthoptera Suborden: Caelífera Superfamilia: Acrididae Familia: Acrididae Subfamilia: Cyrtacanthacridinae Género: Schistocerca Especie: Sch. piceifrons Subespecie: Sch.piceifrons piceifrons Nombre común: Langosta centroamericana (español) Central american locust (inglés) Código Bayer o EPPO: SHICPI Categoría reglamentaria: Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada. Situación en México: Plaga de importancia económica, Presente, bajo control oficial. HOSPEDANTES Cuadro 1. Especies registradas como hospederas de Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (SAGAR, 1997). Nombre científico Nombre común Nombre científico Nombre común Agave tequilana Agave tequilero Citrus sinensis Naranja Oryza sativa Arroz Citrus paradisi Toronja Arachis hypogaea Cacahuate Sorghum bicolor Sorgo Saccharum officinarum Caña de azúcar Glycine max Soya Capsicum annuum Chile Citrus aurantifolia Lima Cocos nucifera -
Octubre, 2014. No. 7 Editores Celeste Mir Museo Nacional De Historia Natural “Prof
Octubre, 2014. No. 7 Editores Celeste Mir Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “Prof. Eugenio de Jesús Marcano” [email protected] Calle César Nicolás Penson, Plaza de la Cultura Juan Pablo Duarte, Carlos Suriel Santo Domingo, 10204, República Dominicana. [email protected] www.mnhn.gov.do Comité Editorial Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz BIOECO, Cuba. [email protected] Altagracia Espinosa Instituto de Investigaciones Botánicas y Zoológicas, UASD, República Dominicana. [email protected] Ángela Guerrero Escuela de Biología, UASD, República Dominicana Antonio R. Pérez-Asso MNHNSD, República Dominicana. Investigador Asociado, [email protected] Blair Hedges Dept. of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, EE.UU. [email protected] Carlos M. Rodríguez MESCyT, República Dominicana. [email protected] César M. Mateo Escuela de Biología, UASD, República Dominicana. [email protected] Christopher C. Rimmer Vermont Center for Ecostudies, EE.UU. [email protected] Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert USNM, EE.UU. Investigador Asociado, [email protected] Esteban Gutiérrez MNHNCu, Cuba. [email protected] Giraldo Alayón García MNHNCu, Cuba. [email protected] James Parham California State University, Fullerton, EE.UU. [email protected] José A. Ottenwalder Mahatma Gandhi 254, Gazcue, Sto. Dgo. República Dominicana. [email protected] José D. Hernández Martich Escuela de Biología, UASD, República Dominicana. [email protected] Julio A. Genaro MNHNSD, República Dominicana. Investigador Asociado, [email protected] Miguel Silva Fundación Naturaleza, Ambiente y Desarrollo, República Dominicana. [email protected] Nicasio Viña Dávila BIOECO, Cuba. [email protected] Ruth Bastardo Instituto de Investigaciones Botánicas y Zoológicas, UASD, República Dominicana. [email protected] Sixto J. Incháustegui Grupo Jaragua, Inc. -
Song Dissertation
SYSTEMATICS OF CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) WITH A FOCUS ON THE GENUS SCHISTOCERCA STÅL 1873: EVOLUTION OF LOCUST PHASE POLYPHENISM AND STUDY OF INSECT GENITALIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hojun Song, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. John W. Wenzel, Advisor Dr. Norman F. Johnson ______________________________ Dr. Johannes S. H. Klompen Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology Copyright by Hojun Song 2006 ABSTRACT The systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is investigated to study the evolution of locust phase polyphenism, biogeography, and the evolution of male genitalia. In Chapter Two, I present a comprehensive taxonomic synopsis of the genus Schistocerca Stål. I review the taxonomic history, include an identification key to species, revise the species concepts of six species and describe a new species. In Chapter Three, I present a morphological phylogeny of Schistocerca, focusing on the biogeography. The phylogeny places the desert locust S. gregaria deep within the New World clade, suggesting that the desert locust originated from the New World. In Chapter Four, I review the systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae and present a phylogeny based on morphology. Evolution of taxonomically important characters is investigated using a character optimization analysis. The biogeography of the subfamily is also addressed. In Chapter Five, I present a comprehensive review the recent advances in the study of locust phase polyphenism from various disciplines. The review reveals that locust phase polyphenism is a complex phenomenon consisting of numerous density-dependent phenotypically plastic traits. -
Multiple Patterns of Scaling of Sexual Size Dimorphism with Body Size in Orthopteroid Insects Revista De La Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, Vol
Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina ISSN: 0373-5680 [email protected] Sociedad Entomológica Argentina Argentina Bidau, Claudio J.; Taffarel, Alberto; Castillo, Elio R. Breaking the rule: multiple patterns of scaling of sexual size dimorphism with body size in orthopteroid insects Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, vol. 75, núm. 1-2, 2016, pp. 11-36 Sociedad Entomológica Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=322046181002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Trabajo Científico Article ISSN 0373-5680 (impresa), ISSN 1851-7471 (en línea) Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 75 (1-2): 11-36, 2016 Breaking the rule: multiple patterns of scaling of sexual size dimorphism with body size in orthopteroid insects BIDAU, Claudio J. 1, Alberto TAFFAREL2,3 & Elio R. CASTILLO2,3 1Paraná y Los Claveles, 3304 Garupá, Misiones, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] 2,3Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva. Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) CONICET-Universi- dad Nacional de Misiones. Félix de Azara 1552, Piso 6°. CP3300. Posadas, Misiones Argentina. 2,3Comité Ejecutivo de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (CEDIT) Felix de Azara 1890, Piso 5º, Posadas, Misiones 3300, Argentina. Quebrando la regla: multiples patrones alométricos de dimorfismo sexual de tama- ño en insectos ortopteroides RESUMEN. El dimorfismo sexual de tamaño (SSD por sus siglas en inglés) es un fenómeno ampliamente distribuido en los animales y sin embargo, enigmático en cuanto a sus causas últimas y próximas y a las relaciones alométricas entre el SSD y el tamaño corporal (regla de Rensch). -
U1 Sndna Clusters in Grasshoppers: Chromosomal Dynamics and Genomic Organization
Heredity (2015) 114, 207–219 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/15 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE U1 snDNA clusters in grasshoppers: chromosomal dynamics and genomic organization A Anjos1, FJ Ruiz-Ruano2, JPM Camacho2, V Loreto3, J Cabrero2, MJ de Souza3 and DC Cabral-de-Mello1 The spliceosome, constituted by a protein set associated with small nuclear RNA (snRNA), is responsible for mRNA maturation through intron removal. Among snRNA genes, U1 is generally a conserved repetitive sequence. To unveil the chromosomal/ genomic dynamics of this multigene family in grasshoppers, we mapped U1 genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 70 species belonging to the families Proscopiidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Ommexechidae, Romaleidae and Acrididae. Evident clusters were observed in all species, indicating that, at least, some U1 repeats are tandemly arrayed. High conservation was observed in the first four families, with most species carrying a single U1 cluster, frequently located in the third or fourth longest autosome. By contrast, extensive variation was observed among Acrididae, from a single chromosome pair carrying U1 to all chromosome pairs carrying it, with occasional occurrence of two or more clusters in the same chromosome. DNA sequence analysis in Eyprepocnemis plorans (species carrying U1 clusters on seven different chromosome pairs) and Locusta migratoria (carrying U1 in a single chromosome pair) supported the coexistence of functional and pseudogenic lineages. One of these pseudogenic lineages was truncated in the same nucleotide position in both species, suggesting that it was present in a common ancestor to both species. At least in E. plorans, this U1 snDNA pseudogenic lineage was associated with 5S rDNA and short interspersed elements (SINE)-like mobile elements. -
Langosta Voladora 19
2 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana 3 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana 4 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana Marzo de 2019 5 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana 6 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana ORGANISMO INTERNACIONAL REGIONAL DE SANIDAD AGROPECUARIA DIRECTORIO M.SC. EFRAÍN MEDINA GUERRA Director Ejecutivo MVZ. OCTAVIO JAVIER CARRANZA DE MENDOZA Director Técnico M.SC. NOEL BERMÚDEZ CRUZ Director de Administración y Finanzas DR. CARLOS URÍAS Director Regional de Sanidad Vegetal M.SC. ABELARDO DE GRACIA SCANAPIECO Director Regional de Salud Animal ING. RAÚL RODAS SUAZO Director Regional de Servicios Cuarentenarios LIC. RAÚL PERALTA GIRÓN Director Regional de Inocuidad de Alimentos OIRSA Calle Ramón Belloso, final pasaje Isolde, Edificio OIRSA, colonia Escalón, San Salvador, El Salvador PBX: +(503) 2263-1123/ +(503) 2209-9200 www.oirsa.org [email protected] COMUNICACIÓN INSTITUCIONAL Y RELACIONES PÚBLICAS M.SC. JUAN PABLO GUZMÁN [email protected] Tel: + (503) 2209-9200 7 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana Esta es una publicación del Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA). Todos los Derechos Reservados©. Se prohíbe la reproducción del material contenido en este documento sin previa autorización escrita del OIRSA. Como citar este documento: Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. “Plan de acción de manejo de la langosta centroamericana”. Primera edición, marzo 2019. No. de páginas: 80 www.oirsa.org 8 Plan de acción para el manejo de langosta centroamericana Contenido Prefacio 11 Introducción 13 Glosario de términos 15 I. -
Review Article Density-Dependent Phase Polyphenism in Nonmodel Locusts: a Minireview
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2011, Article ID 741769, 16 pages doi:10.1155/2011/741769 Review Article Density-Dependent Phase Polyphenism in Nonmodel Locusts: A Minireview Hojun Song Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816-2368, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Hojun Song, [email protected] Received 1 June 2010; Accepted 19 September 2010 Academic Editor: Gregory A. Sword Copyright © 2011 Hojun Song. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Although the specific mechanisms of locust phase transformation are wellunderstood for model locust species such as the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, the expressions of density-dependent phase polyphenism in other nonmodel locust species are not wellknown. The present paper is an attempt to review and synthesize what we know about these nonmodel locusts. Based on all available data, I find that locust phase polyphenism is expressed in many different ways in different locust species and identify a pattern that locust species often belong to large taxonomic groups which contain mostly nonswarming grasshopper species. Although locust phase polyphenism has evolved multiple times within Acrididae, I argue that its evolution should be studied from a phylogenetic perspective because I find similar density-dependent phenotypic plasticity among closely related species. Finally, I emphasize the importance of comparative analyses in understanding the evolution of locust phase and propose a phylogeny-based research framework. 1. Introduction damage but do not express visible phase polyphenism are often referred to as locusts, but whether they strictly fit the The contemporary definition of locusts is fairly strict and definition of “locusts” remains rather ambiguous. -
Phylogeny of Locusts and Grasshoppers Reveals Complex
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Phylogeny of locusts and grasshoppers reveals complex evolution of density-dependent Received: 5 May 2017 Accepted: 22 June 2017 phenotypic plasticity Published online: 26 July 2017 Hojun Song , Bert Foquet, Ricardo Mariño-Pérez & Derek A. Woller Locusts are grasshoppers that can form dense migrating swarms through an extreme form of density- dependent phenotypic plasticity, known as locust phase polyphenism. We present a comprehensive phylogeny of the genus Schistocerca, which contains both non-swarming grasshoppers and swarming locusts. We fnd that the desert locust, S. gregaria, which is the only Old World representative of the genus, is the earliest diverging lineage. This suggests that the common ancestor of Schistocerca must have been a swarming locust that crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to America approximately 6 million years ago, giving rise to the current diversity in the New World. This also implies that density- dependent phenotypic plasticity is an ancestral trait for the genus. Through ancestral character reconstruction of reaction norms, we show that colour plasticity has been largely retained in most species in the genus, but behavioural plasticity was lost and regained at least twice. Furthermore, we show that swarming species do not form a monophyletic group and non-swarming species that are closely related to locusts often express locust-like plastic reaction norms. Thus, we conclude that individual reaction norms have followed diferent evolutionary trajectories, which have led to the evolutionary transition between grasshoppers and locusts - and vice versa. Locusts are grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae (Insecta: Orthoptera) that can form dense migrat- ing swarms through an extreme form of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity, in which cryptically coloured, shy individuals can transform into conspicuously coloured, gregarious individuals in response to increases in population density1–3. -
A Total Assessment of Insect Diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a Checklist and Bibliography
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 8-28-2020 Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography François Meurgey Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Nantes, [email protected] Thibault Ramage Paris, France, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Meurgey, François and Ramage, Thibault, "Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography" (2020). Insecta Mundi. 1281. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1281 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. August 28 2020 INSECTA 183 urn:lsid:zoobank. A Journal of World Insect Systematics org:pub:FBA700C6-87CE- UNDI M 4969-8899-FDA057D6B8DA 0786 Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography François Meurgey Entomology Department, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 12 rue Voltaire 44000 Nantes, France Thibault Ramage UMS 2006 PatriNat, AFB-CNRS-MNHN 36 rue Geoffroy St Hilaire 75005 Paris, France Date of issue: August 28, 2020 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL François Meurgey and Thibault Ramage Challenging the Wallacean shortfall: A total assessment of insect diversity on Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a checklist and bibliography Insecta Mundi 0786: 1–183 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBA700C6-87CE-4969-8899-FDA057D6B8DA Published in 2020 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. -
Locusts and Grasshoppers: Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography
Psyche Locusts and Grasshoppers: Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography Guest Editors: Alexandre Latchininsky, Gregory Sword, Michael Sergeev, Maria Marta Cigliano, and Michel Lecoq Locusts and Grasshoppers: Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography Psyche Locusts and Grasshoppers: Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography Guest Editors: Alexandre Latchininsky, Gregory Sword, Michael Sergeev, Maria Marta Cigliano, and Michel Lecoq Copyright © 2011 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in volume 2011 of “Psyche.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Psyche Editorial Board Arthur G. Appel, USA John Heraty, USA David Roubik, USA Guy Bloch, Israel DavidG.James,USA Michael Rust, USA D. Bruce Conn, USA Russell Jurenka, USA Coby Schal, USA G. B. Dunphy, Canada Bethia King, USA James Traniello, USA JayD.Evans,USA Ai-Ping Liang, China Martin H. Villet, South Africa Brian Forschler, USA Robert Matthews, USA William (Bill) Wcislo, Panama Howard S. Ginsberg, USA Donald Mullins, USA DianaE.Wheeler,USA Lawrence M. Hanks, USA Subba Reddy Palli, USA Abraham Hefetz, Israel Mary Rankin, USA Contents Locusts and Grasshoppers: Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography, Alexandre Latchininsky, Gregory Sword, Michael Sergeev, Maria Marta Cigliano, and Michel Lecoq Volume 2011, Article ID 578327, 4 pages Distribution Patterns of Grasshoppers and Their Kin in the Boreal Zone, Michael G. Sergeev Volume 2011, Article ID 324130, 9 pages Relationships between Plant Diversity and Grasshopper Diversity and Abundance in the Little Missouri National Grassland, David H. Branson Volume 2011, Article ID 748635, 7 pages The Ontology of Biological Groups: Do Grasshoppers Form Assemblages, Communities, Guilds, Populations, or Something Else?,Jeffrey A.