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Expedition Report Transport Indonesian Seas, Upwelling, and Mixing Physics (TRIUMPH) 2019

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Expedition Report Transport Indonesian Seas, Upwelling, and Mixing Physics (TRIUMPH) 2019 Expedition Report Transport Indonesian seas, Upwelling, and Mixing Physics (TRIUMPH) 2019 Leg 1 & Leg 2 (37 Days) November 18th – December 24th 2019 Prepared by: Center of Deep-Sea Research, Indonesia Institute of Science LIPI (CDSR LIPI), Indonesia The First Institute of Oceanography, MNR (FIO MNR), China University of Maryland (UMD), USA Version 1, December, 24th 2019 EXPEDITION REPORT OF THE PROJECT: “TRansport Indonesian seas, Upwelling, and Mixing PHysics (TRIUMPH) 2019” Executive Summary The Indonesian seas provide a low-latitude pathway for the transfer of warm, relatively low salinity Pacific waters into the Indian Ocean, known as the Indonesia Through-flow (ITF) which has impacts on the basin budgets of the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. Indonesian seas host the strongest equatorial convective center that drives the global tropical circulation (Walker Circulation), which affects Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), Asian-Australian monsoon and interacts with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Indonesia Through-Flow (ITF), flow through several waters in Indonesia seas like Seram Sea, Banda Sea, Makassar Strait, Lombok Strait and Eastern Indian Ocean which classified as deep ocean. The Makassar Strait, Lifamatola Strait / Seram Sea, and Karimata Strait are three main inflow passages and Lombok, Alas, Sape Straits, and Timor passage are the exit pathways of the ITF which transmit water masses from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean and also transform the water mass by mixing and intensive internal-wave generation. The deep ocean is a dynamic, yet poorly explored system that provides critical climate regulation, host a wealth of hydrocarbon, mineral, and genetic resources, and represent a vast repository for biodiversity. Today human activities associated with the extraction of energy and living resources routinely extend into deep ocean, and new deep-sea industries such as seabed mining, gas hydrate extraction, and bio prospecting are on the horizon. In order to improve the understanding of the transport in the ITF input passages, the mixing along the exit passages, the upwelling in Eastern Indian Ocean, and contribute to improve understanding of the state of the deep ocean to characterize existing condition and quantify the response to climate variability and human disturbance as well as benefit the people living in this area, we conduct the Transport Indonesian Seas, Upwelling and Mixing Physics (TRIUMPH) Research Program. The data acquired in the Indonesian EEZ will be owned by the Indonesian Government and the partners will have the copy of data. The transfer of materials outside the Indonesian Territory will be done following a Material Transfer Agreement. Publication of the results in peer-reviewed international journal and other publications shall be done together between parties. The author list should be based on their scientific contributions. The TRIUMPH II Team is an international research collaboration of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and University of Maryland (UMD). We are welcome to collaborate with many scientists from various research Institutions both internal or external of LIPI and universities in Indonesia to participate and involved actively with this TRIUMPH research program. Keyword: Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), Mixing Physics, Upwelling, Deep Ocean Observation, Climate Change. Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Benefit of TRIUMPH Project .................................................................................................................... 9 2. TRIUMPH 2019 EXPEDITION ...................................................................................... 10 2.1 Time and Research Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Research Area ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Expedition Outline ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Expedition Member ..................................................................................................................................... 15 3. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT .................................................. 22 3.1 Time Series Physical Vertical Profile of Seawater....................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Surface Mooring (RAMA Mooring) ................................................................ 22 3.1.2 Sub-Surface Moorings ..................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Bottom Moorings ............................................................................................. 33 3.2 Physical Vertical Profile of Seawater ................................................................................................. 34 3.3 Chemical Vertical Profile of Seawater ............................................................................................... 35 3.4 Microorganism ............................................................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Plankton ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 3.6 Larvae Sampling ........................................................................................................................................... 39 3.7 Plankton Video Recorder (PVR) ........................................................................................................... 40 3.8 Gravity Core.................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.9 Turbulance Microstructur Profiler (TurboMAP) MSS 60 ........................................................ 42 3.10 Expendable Conductivity Temperature and Depth (XCTD) ................................................... 43 3.11 Pro Oceanus pCO2 ....................................................................................................................................... 43 3.12 Weather Station ............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.13 Underway Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) ............................................................. 44 3.14 Total Aerosol Measurement .................................................................................................................... 44 4. TRIUMPH 2019 DOCUMENTATION AND LOG ....................................................... 46 4.1 Preparation ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Mooring Deployment and Recovery Report ................................................................................... 47 4.3 CTD And Rosette Bottle Casting Report .......................................................................................... 62 4.4 Plankton Net Sampling Report ............................................................................................................ 103 4.5 Gravity Core Sampling Report ............................................................................................................ 110 4.6 Larvae Sampling Report ......................................................................................................................... 112 4.7 Plankton Video Recorder (PVR) Casting Report ........................................................................ 113 4.8 Microstructure Casting Report ............................................................................................................. 114 4.9 XCTD Casting Report .............................................................................................................................. 115 4.10 Underway pCO2 Recording Report .................................................................................................. 118 4.13 Onboard Classroom Activities ............................................................................................................. 120 5. PLAN For TRIUMPH 2019 - 2021 ................................................................................ 122 Page 2 TABLE OF FIGURE Figure 1. Multipurpose Research Vessel RV. Baruna Jaya VIII ................................................. 10 Figure 2. The Research Station Position of TRIUMPH 2019 Leg 1 Expedition. ................... 11 Figure 3. The Research Station Position of TRIUMPH 2019 Leg 2 Expedition. ................... 11 Figure 4.
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