EUROPEAN BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE CELEBRATING INNOVATION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011 2012 1961 1971 1984 1998 Human Trials of Malaria Vaccine Draft Genome for Wheat Discovery of messenger BIOTECH The Evolution 1919 First complete Genetic fingerprinting The roundworm C. Human trials of a malaria vaccine are An international team RNA ‘tape copy’ 2003 synthesis of a gene. is discovered, which is elegans becomes the underway and showing positive results. announces a draft of 1942 Messenger RNA plays a key role This cold be the first vaccine against a the wheat genome. The word First gene-spliced used today to establish first multi-cellular The Human Genome Project is in protein synthesis. Messenger parasitic infection. A hybrid of three By carefully feeding cantaloupe mold DNA from different family relationships organism to have its completed. WEEK of the Revolution biotechnology RNA, also known as mRNA, are 1990 grasses, bread wheat is used in print in large tanks, American microbiologist organisms. and to identify criminal genome completely Researchers at Canada’s Michael 2009 RNA molecules that carry genetic Access to treatment for HIV/ AIDS has 3 genomes and over for the first time. Andrew Moyer develops a technique of suspects. Chymosin, an enzyme used in sequenced. Smith Genome Sciences Centre information from the DNA in the Winnipeg’s National Microbiology The United Nations adopts a political 96 000 genes within producing penicillin in large quantities, 1970 cheese-making, becomes one of in British Columbia are the first to 2,000 BC 1590 1675 1833 cell nucleus to the protein-making Laboratory completes the first declaration adopted committed to one plant, making it launching its career as a “wonder drug”. the first food products in Canada to sequence the SARS genome. machinery in the cell cytoplasm. Swiss scientish 1973 genetic sequencing of the H1N1 expanding access to treatment for AIDS particularly complex Egyptians and Dutch spectacle- Dutch student of First enzyme be manufactured with recombinant For some time after the discovery Werner Arber, flu virus, just as the disease is for 15 million people by 2015. In Europe, to decipher. Sumerians learn maker Zacharias natural history discovered and techniques. Normally extracted 1922 of DNA’s genetic role and the discover that Stanley Cohen and Herbert reaching international pandemic measures are already in place to achieve brewing and Janssen invents the and microscope- isolated. from rennet, an enzyme complex 1855 1885 deciphering of its double-stranded bacterica defent Boyer develop recombinant proportions. this goal. European biotechnology cheese making. microscope. maker Antonij van found in the lining of a cow In Toronto, Dr. 1941 structure (by Crick and Watson), themselves DNA technology. Con- Leeuwenhoek 1968 stomach, chymosin is now scientists launched a clinical trial of an 2013 The Escherichia Vaccine for Rabi’s disease Frederick Banting against viruses sidered to be the birth of discovers bacteria. 1838 researchers remained perplexed produced directly in agents such anti-HIV biotech medicine produced using coli bacterium is discovered. and his assistant Danish microbiologist Marshall W. Nirenberg and Har modern biotechnology, they 1982 1986 1953 about how exactly the genetic by cutting the as e.coli bacteria. 1999 2005 genetically modified tobacco- a first of its The first bionic eye has Swedish discovered. Pasteur vaccinated a young boy Charles Best A. Justin coins the complete the first successful information was conveyed from the Gobind Khorana win the Nobel birus DNA using kind study in the EU. If the Phase I study seen the light of day in the 4,000 BC 1859 The first The first genetically The billionth biotech chemist Jöns It later becomes who had been bitten by a rabid discover insulin term genetic James Watson and Prize for deciphering the genetic special restriction genetic engineering exper- German and Swiss genes to the cytoplasm to produce The Human Genome Project acre is planted by one of is successful, larger trials will follow and United States, giving hope to Jakob a major research, dog. This vaccine was made as a treatment for iment by inserting a gene recombinant DNA engineered plants are scientists develop Egyptians Charles engineering, Francis Crick are the proteins required for cellular codes of the 20 amino acids, enzymes. These researchers foresee a new antibody which the blind around the world. vaccine for livestock grown outside in fields for is launched. This international, 8.5 million farmers in one master the art of Berzelius development and Darwin’s from the extract of the spinal diabetes. the first to describe leading researchers to later enzymes are now from an African clawed toad golden rice, fortified 500 BC a technique involving functions. 13-year effort to determine the of 21 countries. Quebecbased firm Medicago will be combined with other medication Developed by Second Sight discovers production tool column of a rabies infected into bacterial DNA. is developed. the first time in the USA. with betacarotene, winemaking. landmark book, the transfer of a select the double helix The French biologists Francois conclude that the genetic code is widely used in grows H5N1 (bird flu) vaccine to offer better protection against HIV/ Medical Products, the Argus II proteins. for biotechnology. rabbit. A modified version of They are genetically altered sequences of the three billion which stimulates In China, moldy The Origin of piece of genetic structure of DNA. Jacob and Jacques Monod received universal among all living things. modern DNA in tobacco leaves. The product AIDS at a far cheaper price, thus allowing Retinal Prosthesis System has this vaccination is still used tobacco plants. chemical base pairs that make up production of soybean curds Species is material from one the Nobel Prize in Physiology technologies. becomes the first plantbased influ- wider access to treatment in poorer helped more than 60 people today, and has saved thousands the DNA of a person, eventually Vitamin A, thus become the first published. organism to another. or Medicine for their part in this enza vaccine to undergo human countries. recover partial sight, with of lives. identifies 20,000–25,000 genes. preventing forms antibiotic to treat research in 1965. trials in Canada. some experiencing better of blindness. infections and ailments. results than others.

300 BC 1663 1796 1839-1855 1861 1928 1958 1962 1976 1977 1989 2007 2010 2013 DNA is Nobel Prize for the discovery of the 1970 The sequence of Herbert Boyer, founder of Discovery of defective gene for cystic First Vaccine against human First synthetic cell The world celebrates the Greeks develop English physicist, First small pox vaccine is German scientists French chemist Scottish produced in ‘Double Helix’ structure of DNA nucleic acid base the pioneer biotechnology fibrosis by Dr. Lap-Chee Tsui at Toronto’s papillomavirus 2009 In May 2010, J. Craig Venter 60th anniversary of Watson grafting techniques mathematician discovered. Matthias Schleiden and Louis Pasteur 8,000 BC bacteriologist a test tube The Nobel Prize in Physiology Norman Borlaug becomes the first plant pairs that combine firm Genentech, uses E. coli Hospital for Sick Children. Similar The first vaccine against Institute created the first fully and Crick’s discovery of the for plant breeding. and inventor Edward Jenner discovered Theodor Schwann develops 1865 A Canadian team of scientists and Sir Alexander for the first or Medicine 1962 was awarded breeder to win a Nobel Prize, for his work on to make DNA is bacteria to produce human discoveries later link specific genes to 1997 human papillomavirus- a synthetic, self-replicating bacterial double helix Robert Hooke the process of vaccination propose that all pasteurization, 1870-1910 Fleming discovers engineers from the University Biotechnology After seven years of time. jointly to Francis Harry Compton new wheat varieties that increase yields by determined for the insulin. The technique other disorders, such as autism, cause of cancer- is approved cell, which was named Synthia. discovers the by inoculating a small organisms are a process that penicillin as an The world meets Dolly the sheep, of Toronto develop a microchip begins, as humans cultivating and testing Crick, James Dewey Watson and 70 per cent. This marks the beginning of the first time for a represents a significant Huntington’s Disease, and a rare heart for use by women and girls While the U.S. government has existence of the boy with cowpox and composed of cells. protects food Father of modern plant with nanoscale components to begin choosing or antibiotic. Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins “for Green Revolution in world agriculture. specific gene. improvement in the efficiency problem known as Right Ventricular the first cloned mammal. UNESCO in more than 80 countries. plugged $430 million into synthetic cell. then trying to re-infect thousands of pea plants, breeding Luther Burbank altering plants by heating it to their discoveries concerning the and long term viability of Cardiomyopathy. Each has added to adopts the Universal Declaration detect chemical markers for can- biology since 2005, most of it Gregor Mendel publishes develops over 800 new strains him with smallpox. The kill dangerous on the Human Genome and cer, a technique that could make and livestock so Prussian physician Rudolf a description of rules molecular structure of nucleic acids American microbiologist Daniel Nathans producing this vital medical a growing knowledge of the complex has gone toward developing boy recovered from the microbes. of fruits, vegetables and flowers. diagnosis much faster. they can be and its significance for information discovers the first restriction enzyme that therapy, formerly extracted relationship between gene function and Human Rights, recognizing the alternative fuels. Some firms are weaker cowpox infection Virchow declares: governing how hereditary His blight-resistant Burbank domesticated. 1943 transfer in living material”. can cut DNA into pieces for various from limited supplies of disease. human genome as a common now starting to leverage the and thus became immune „Every traits pass between potato is heavily planted across Potatoes become studies and applications. The restriction animal tissues that could lead heritage that must be safeguarded The international Potato Genome technology for medical purposes. to smallpox. The cowpox generations, the foundation Ireland, ending the potato Canadian scientist the first cultivated cell enzyme technique becomes a fundamental to allergic reactions. The vast from inappropriate manipulation. Sequencing Consortium, releases virus was called ‘Vaccinia’, of modern genetics. famine. Oswald Theodore food. originates from tool in modern genetic research, helping majority of insulin used in a draft of the full sequence of from the Latin word for cow, Avery isolates pure another to create the biotechnology industry and the today is now produced genome of the potato, the world’s ‘Vacca’. This is how the word Botanist William James Beal DNA. providing the basis for the Human Genome through this recombinant third most important crop. ‘Vaccine’ came into use. cell.” produces the first experimental method. corn hybrid in the laboratory. Project.

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1942 2011 2012 4,000 BC 1859 1961 1971 1984 1998 2009 1590 1675 1833 1919 1885 1968 2003 1855 1922 1953 1941 1973 1990 The Evolution of the Revolution 500 BC 1982 1663 1796 1839-1855 1861 1928 1958 1962 1970 1986 1999 2005

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EUROPEAN BIOTECH www.biotechweek.org WEEK

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