FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS T: 202/546-3300 1717 K Street NW #209 Washington, DC 20036 www.fas.org F: 202/675-1010 [email protected] Board of Sponsors (Partial List) November 12, 2001

*Sidney Altman *Philip W. Anderson Hon Tom Daschle Hon J. Dennis Hastert *Kenneth J. Arrow *Julius Axelrod Senate Majority Leader Speaker of the House *David Baltimore *Baruj Benacerraf *Hans A. Bethe *J. Michael Bishop Hon Trent Lott Hon Richard Gephardt *Nicolaas Bloembergen *Norman Borlaug Senate Minority Leader House Minority Leader *Paul Boyer Ann Pitts Carter *Owen Chamberlain In the interest of national security we urge you to deny funding for any program, project, or Morris Cohen *Stanley Cohen activity that is inconsistent with the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. The tragic events Mildred Cohn *Leon N. Cooper of September 11 eliminated any doubt that America faces security needs far more substantial *E. J. Corey *James Cronin than a technically improbable defense against a strategically improbable Third World *Johann Deisenhofer ballistic missile attack. Ann Druyan *Renato Dulbecco John T. Edsall Paul R. Ehrlich Regarding the probable threat, the September 11 attacks have dramatized what has been George Field obvious for years: A primitive ICBM, with its dubious accuracy and reliability and bearing *Val L. Fitch *Jerome I. Friedman a clear return address, is unattractive to a terrorist and a most improbable delivery system for John Kenneth Galbraith *Walter Gilbert a terrorist weapon. Devoting massive effort and expense to countering the least probable *Donald Glaser and least effective threat would be unwise. *Sheldon L. Glashow Marvin L. Goldberger *Joseph L. Goldstein *Roger C. L. Guillemin Regarding the technology, while “hitting a bullet with a bullet” under laboratory conditions *Herbert A. Hauptman is feasible, it is far more difficult to design a system that can survive and provide effective *Dudley R. Herschbach *Roald Hoffmann protection against a surprise attack that employs varying countermeasures, some of which John P. Holdren *David H. Hubel may surprise the defense. The inherent advantages of the offense exceed the inherent *Jerome Karle *H. Gobind Khorana advantages of superior American technology, particularly if the offense is a rogue state that *Arthur Kornberg needs only to succeed with one among many weapons to accomplish its purpose. *Edwin G. Krebs *Willis E. Lamb *Leon Lederman *Edward Lewis Previous attempts at a national missile defense have collapsed as it became evident that *William N. Lipscomb performance was much lower and cost much higher than advertised. We see no evidence Jessica T. Mathews Roy Menninger systems currently being put forward will meet or merit a different fate. Matthew S. Meselson *Franco Modigliani *Mario Molina Philip Morrison Our nation can gain more effective protection against a weapon of mass destruction on a Stephen S. Morse ballistic missile by keeping such weapons from proliferating into the hands of hostile *Joseph E. Murray Franklin A. Neva entities. Abrogation of the ABM Treaty, added to recent expressions of hostility toward *Marshall Nirenberg *Douglas D. Osheroff other arms control agreements, would also undermine nonproliferation. It would also *Arno A. Penzias undermine as well cooperation with Russia and China on reducing nuclear dangers. We *Martin L. Perl George Rathjens therefore urge that the ABM Treaty remain in force. *Burton Richter *Richard J. Roberts *J. Robert Schrieffer Andrew Sessler *Phillip A. Sharp Hans Bethe Steven Weinberg George A. Silver *Richard E. Smalley Cornell University University of Texas at Austin *Robert M. Solow *Jack Steinberger 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics *Henry Taube *James Tobin *Charles H. Townes Frank von Hippel Robert A. Weinberg *Steven Weinberg Board of Directors Victor Weisskopf *Torsten N. Wiesel Frank von Hippel Steve Fetter Harold Feiveson Henry Kelly Alfred Yankauer Chair Vice Chair Secretary-Treasurer President Herbert F. York Ruth S. Adams Richard Garwin Michael Mann William Revelle Gregory Simon * Nobel Laureate David Albright Marvin Goldberger Hazel O’Leary Shankar Sastry Lynn Sykes Bruce Blair Kenneth Luongo Jane Owen Jonathan Silver Gregory van der Vink

Ex officio: Carl Kaysen, Robert Solow

Sidney Altman Philip Anderson Kenneth Arrow Yale University Princeton University Stanford University 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics

Julius Axelrod David Baltimore Baruj Benacerraf National Institutes of Health The Baltimore Family Fund Harvard Medical School 1970 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1975 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1980 Nobel Prize in Medicine

J. Michael Bishop Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Boyer University of California Medical Cente r Harvard University University of California 1989 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Owen Chamberlain E. J. Corey James Cronin Lawrence Berkeley Lab Harvard University Enrico Fermi Institute 1959 Nobel Prize Physics 1990 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 Noble Prize in Physics

Johann Deisenhofer Val Fitch Jerome Friedman Southwestern Medical Center Princeton University MIT 1988 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics

Walter Gilbert Donald Glaser Sheldon Glashow Biological Laboratories, University of California Harvard University 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics

Paul Greengard Roger Guillemin Dudley Herschbach The Rockefeller University The Salk Institute Harvard University 2000 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Roald Hoffmann Jerome Karle Walter Kohn Cornell University Department of the Navy University of California 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Arthur Kornberg Edwin Krebs Herbert Kroemer Stanford University University of Washington University of California 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1992 Nobel Prize in Medicine 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics

Leon Lederman Edward Lewis Rudolph Marcus Fermi National Accelerator Laborator y CalTech Cal Tech 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1992 Nobel Prize Chemistry

Franco Modigliani Mario Molina Joseph Murray MIT MIT Brigham and Women's Hospital 1985 Nobel Prize in Economics 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990 Nobel Prize in Medicine

Marshall Nirenberg Douglass Osheroff Arno Penzias National Institutes of Health Stanford University Bell Laboratories 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics

Martin Perl William Phillips Norman Ramsey Stanford University NIST Harvard University 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics

Richard Roberts Robert Solow Jack Steinberger New England Bio Labs MIT CERN 1993 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1987 Nobel Prize in Economics 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics

Joseph Taylor James Tobin Charles Townes Princeton University Yale University University of California 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 Nobel Prize in Economics 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics

Daniel Tsui Eric Wieschaus Robert Wilson Princeton University Princeton University Harvard University 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics