Between Local and National: the Case of Eastern Belarus in 1917
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The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Lobach the Sacred Lakes of the Dvina Region (Northwest Belarus)
THE SACRED LAKES OF THE DVINA REGION (NORTHWEST BELARUS) ULADZIMER LOBACH BALTICA 15 BALTICA Abstract The subject of research is the sacral geography of the Dvina region (in northwest Belarus), the sacred lakes situated in this region, and place-legends about vanished churches relating to these lakes. The author bases his research on the analytical method, and interprets folkloric sources, historical facts and data collected during ethnographic field trips. The main con- clusion of the article attests to the fact that place-legends about a vanished church (they relate to the majority of the lakes) ARCHAEOLOGIA indicate the sacrality of these bodies of water. In the past, sacrality might have contained two closely interrelated planes: an archaic one, which originated from pre-Christian times, and that of the Early Middle Ages, related to the baptism of the people of the Duchy of Polotsk. Key words: Belarusian Dvina region, sacral geography, sacred lakes, ancient religion, Christianisation, folklore. During ethnographic field trips organised by research- been found (four in the Homiel, and three in the Mahil- I ers from Polotsk University between 1995 and 2008, iou region). It should also be pointed out that the con- NATURAL HOLY a large amount of folklore data about lakes that still centration of lakes in the Dvina region (no more than PLACES IN ARCHAEOLOGY occupy a special place in the traditional vision of the 35 per cent of all the lakes in Belarus) is not as high AND world of the rural population was recorded. This means as is commonly supposed. Due to popular belief, the FOLKLORE IN THE BALTIC objects of ‘sacral geography’, which for the purposes region is often referred to as ‘the land of blue lakes’. -
Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The -
Filologia Mapy. Badanie Dawnej Kartografii Metodą Krytyki Tekstu Na
TERMINUS t. 19 (2017), z. 1 (42), s. 193–252 doi: 10.4467/20843844TE.17.006.7895 www.ejournals.eu/Terminus Grzegorz Franczak Università degli Studi di Milano [email protected] Filologia mapy. Badanie dawnej kartografi i metodą krytyki tekstu na przykładzie toponimii mapy Księstwa Połockiego S. Pachołowieckiego z 1580 roku1 Abstract Th e Philology of a Map. Studying Old Cartography Using the Method of Textual Criticism: the Case of Toponymy of the Map of the Principality of Polotsk by S. Pachołowiecki from 1580 Th e aim of this paper is to make an experimental application of textual criticism (the stemma method or Lachmann’s method) in the analyses of early-modern maps. It is supposed to verify whether, and to what extent, the means developed by philologists to establish how texts were transmitted in medieval codices, can be applied to study the transmission of geographic knowledge on early-modern maps. Th e author postulates that well-tried procedures should be used in studies of textual parts of old maps. Th ey allow the formulation of fi liation hypotheses. Th ese procedures consist of collating extant texts and detecting mistakes that indicate, connect or divide individual branches of tradition. 1 Artykuł powstał w ramach projektu badawczego Narodowego Centrum Nauki Opus (nr 2014/15/B/HS2/01104) Związki literatury polskiej i kartografi i w XVI – I poł. XVII w. Terminus(1)2017-3-lam.indd 193 04.07.2019 11:49:41 194 Grzegorz Franczak Th e subject analysed is the toponymy appearing on the map Decriptio Duca- tus Polocensis (Th e Description of the Principality of Polotsk) by Stanisław Pachołowiecki, engraved in Rome by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri in 1580 and on maps stemming from the same archetype. -
The “Belarus Factor” from Balancing to Bridging Geopolitical Dividing Lines in Europe?
The “Belarus factor” From balancing to bridging geopolitical dividing lines in Europe? Clingendael Report Tony van der Togt The “Belarus factor” From balancing to bridging geopolitical dividing lines in Europe? Tony van der Togt Clingendael Report January 2017 January 2017 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: The leaders of Belarus, Russia, Germany, France and Ukraine after signing the Minsk II agreement, February 2015. © In Terris Online Newspaper Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the author Tony van der Togt is Senior Research Fellow at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ in The Hague. -
SITUATION of HUMAN RIGHTS in BELARUS in 2014
Human Rights Centre “Viasna” SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS in BELARUS in 2014 REVIEW-CHRONICLE Minsk, 2015 SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN BELARUS in 2014 REVIEW-CHRONICLE Author and compiler: Tatsiana Reviaka Editor and author of the foreword: Valiantsin Stefanovich The edition was prepared on the basis of reviews of human rights violations in Belarus published every month in 2014. Each of the monthly reviews includes an analysis of the most important events infl uencing the observance of human rights and outlines the most eloquent and characteristic facts of human rights abuses registered over the described period. The review was prepared on the basis of personal appeals of victims of human rights abuses and the facts which were either registered by human rights activists or reported by open informational sources. The book features photos from the archive of the Human Rights Center “Viasna”, as well as from publications on the websites of Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Belarus service, the Nasha Niva newspaper, tv.lrytas.lt, baj.by, gazetaby.com, and taken by Franak Viachorka and Siarhei Hudzilin. Human Rights Situation in 2014: Trends and Evaluation The situation of human rights during 2014 remained consistently poor with a tendency to deterioration at the end of the year. Human rights violations were of both systemic and systematic nature: basic civil and political rights were extremely restricted, there were no systemic changes in the fi eld of human rights (at the legislative level and (or) at the level of practices). The only positive development during the year was the early release of Ales Bialiatski, Chairman of the Human Rights Centre “Viasna” and Vice-President of the International Federation for Human Rights. -
INTERNATIONAL PRESSURES and REGIME EXPEDIENCY: SHIFTING the IDENTITY PATTERNS Identity Dynamics in Post-Soviet Belarus
INTERNATIONAL PRESSURES AND REGIME EXPEDIENCY: SHIFTING THE IDENTITY PATTERNS Identity Dynamics in post-Soviet Belarus By Monika Kubová Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisors: András L. Pap, Erin K. Jenne Budapest, Hungary 2017 CEU eTD Collection ABSTRACT This thesis tackles the question of a broader pattern of Belarusian identity shifts in the post- Soviet period and implications of international pressures which combine to produce different identity dynamics. The research explores Belarusian identity dynamics by embedding the question of national identity in the theoretical frameworks of competitive authoritarianism and situational nationalism. The example of Belarus illustrates the implications that forces on the international level can have on domestic ideational arrangements. Coalescence of distinct types of international pressures in a fluid and competitive identity setting can enhance and weaken particular types of national identity campaigns. A combination of different levels of democratizing pressure and alternative support from a hegemonic power providing the means of the authoritarian regime sustainment has two effects. Firstly, it affects how the national identity discourse is constructed, and secondly, it creates different patterns of self-identification among the society. The stronger the support of an alternative hegemonic power is, the stronger the appeal of particular identity campaign is for the population. -
Belarusian State Ideology: a Strategy of Flexible Adaptation
Belarusian State Ideology: A Strategy of Flexible Adaptation Katsiaryna Yakouchyk∗ Jean Monnet Chair for European Politics, University of Passau, Germany Abstract While in some Eastern European countries a wave of colored revolutions challenged existing political orders, Belarus has remained largely untouched by mass protests. In Minsk, the diffusion of democratic ideas leading to the mobilization of population meets a stable authoritarian regime. Nevertheless, the stagnating democratization process cannot be only attributed to the strong authoritarian rule and abuse of power. Indeed, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko still enjoys popularity by a large part of the population. Although international observers report that elections in Belarus have never been free and fair, few commentators doubt that Lukashenko would not have won in democratic elections. This evidence suggests that the regime succeeded in building a strong legitimizing basis, which has not been seriously challenged during the last two decades. This paper explores the authoritarian stability in Belarus by looking at the patterns of state ideology. The government effectively spreads state ideology since the early 2000s. Ideology de- partments have been created in almost all state institutions. The education sector has been affected by the introduction of the compulsory course “The Fundamentals of Belarusian State Ideology” at all universities, and increasing attention to the patriotic education at schools. Based on document analysis, I trace the creation of “ideological vertical” in Belarus and focuse on the issue of ideology in education and youth policy sectors. 1 Introduction Authoritarian stability has attracted growing scholarly attention in the recent years, not less because of evident failures of Western democracy promotion initiatives (e.g., Grimm, 2015). -
Belarusian Yearbook 2016
WEBSITE OF THE EXPERT COMMUNITY OF BELARUS NASHE MNENIE 1 (‘OUR OPINION’) AGENCY FOR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EXPERT APPRAISAL BELARUSIAN YEARBOOK 2016 A survey and analysis of developments in the Republic of Belarus in 2015 Lohvinaŭ Vilnius 2016 2 BELARUSIAN YEARBOOK 2016 3 CONTENTS EDITORIAL FOREWORD 7 Compiled and edited by: Anatoly Pankovsky and Valeria Kostyugova STATE AUTHORITIES Nikolai Burov English version translated by Mark Bence, Volha Hapeyeva, Andrey Kuznetsov, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Taciana Tuluš Presidential Administration: English version edited by Max Nuijens Guarding the bankrupt ‘Belarusian way’ 13 Scientific reviewers and consultants: Ina Ramasheuskaya Oleg Manaev, Doctor of Sociology (Independent Institute of Socio- Economic and Political Studies); Andrei Vardomatski, Doctor of Sociology The Kobyakov Cabinet: Circular firing squad 20 (Laboratory of Axiometrical Research NOVAK); Alexei Pikulik, Doctor of Political Sciences (Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies — BISS), Irina Andrei Porotnikov Dounaeva, Ph. D. (independent expert); Olga Shparaga, Ph. D., Associate National defense in the context of regional threats 26 Professor (European College of Liberal Arts in Belarus (ECLAB)); Andrey Kazakevich, Doctor of Political Sciences (Institute of Political Studies Dzmitry Kukhlei Political Sphere); Pavel Daneiko (Belarusian Economic Research and Outreach Center — BEROC); Miroslav Kollar (Institute for Public Affairs, Representative bodies: The parliament Program Director of the Slovak annual Global Report). of foreign affairs -
8-13 Belarus and Belarusians
Belarus and its Neighbors: Historical Perceptions and Political Constructs BelarusBelarus andand itsits Neighbors:Neighbors: HistoricalHistorical PerceptionsPerceptions andand PoliticalPolitical ConstructsConstructs InternationalInternational ConferenceConference PapersPapers EDITED BY ALEŚ Ł AHVINIEC TACIANA Č ULICKAJA WARSAW 2013 Editors: Aleś Łahviniec, Taciana Čulickaja Project manager: Anna Grudzińska Papers of the conference “Belarus and its Neighbors: Historical Perceptions and Political Constructs”. The conference was held on 9–11 of December 2011 in Warsaw, Poland. The conference was sponsored by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Belarus Office, National Endowment for Democracy and Open Society Institute. Translation: Vieranika Mazurkievič Proof-reading: Nadzieja Šakun (Belarusian), Katie Morris (English), Adrianna Stansbury (English) Cover design: Małgorzata Butkiewicz Publication of this volume was made possible by National Endowment for Democracy. © Copyright by Uczelnia Łazarskiego, Warsaw 2013 Oficyna Wydawnicza Uczelni Łazarskiego 02-662 Warszawa ul. Świeradowska 43 tel. 22 54-35-450, 22 54-35-410 [email protected] www.lazarski.pl ISBN: 978-83-60694-49-7 OPEN SOCIETY FOUNDATIONS Implementation of publishing: Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA ul. Infl ancka 15/198, 00-189 Warszawa tel./fax 22 635 03 01, 22 635 17 85 e-mail: [email protected], www.elipsa.pl Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................... 7 Andrzej Sulima-Kamiński – Quo Vadis, Belarus? Instead of an -
In This Issue WINTER 2012 Volume 24, No. 4
WINTER 2012 Volume 24, No. 4 In this issue MEDIA WATCH Press Review EDITORIAL Women in Politics - p. 15 Vicious Circle of Radicalism — p. 2 Concept of this Issue — p. 3 Book Reviews Andrew Savchenko: FEATURES Belarus - a Perpetual Borderland - p. 16 Concluding Memorandum — p. 4 A book by Dr. Smilovitsky - p. 19 Ivonka Survilla on Memorandum — p. 6 U. Baradač about Memorandum — p. 6 ECONOMY Comments by A. Milinkievič — p. 8 Economic Turnaround - Is It Sustainable? - p. 19 BELARUS’ FORUM Deteriorating Foreign Trade - p. 21 Targetting the Intellectual Reduced Potash Production - p. 21 Community— p. 7 Valer Bulhakaŭ: ARCHE is a place.. p. 8. THOUGHTS & OBSERVATIONS A. Smaliančuk: Popularity of Parliamentary Elections in ”Hrodnaznaŭstva” —p. 9 Belarus - p. 22 Belarusian Minority in Poland —p. 10 Prison Abuse Reported - p. 23 Planning Return to Serfdom? - p. 24 BELARUS ABROAD Second International Congress NEWS BRIEFS - p. 25 of Belarusian Studies - p. 11 A Nascent Tradition - p. 13 M. Jankowiak - interview - p. 13 D. Staliunas - interview - p. 14 ASEEES Annual Convention - p. 15 Winter 2012 BELARUSIAN REVIEW 1 larusian cultural activists were able to preserve only a few academic publications, less accessible to the EDITORIAL wider readership. Yet, is it possible that this may also happen with the European trend in the Republic of Belarus, if it’s re- The Vicious Circle of Radicalism duced to academia? I don’t think so. The ideals of Eu- On persecution of historical publications in Belarus ropean Belarus are increasingly spreading throughout the society. Western markets and investment sources By Zachar Šybieka are increasingly needed for the entrepreneurs. -
Belarus U . S . S . RR Ussia
A B C D E D Madona a u g Karsava Loknya ga a Vol v a Varaklani Ghettos in Belarus and Russia Opochka 1939 - 1944 Jekabpils Ludza Toropets Major Ghettos Birzai 1 Other Ghettos Latvia Major Cities Vabalninkas Rzhev Rokiskis 0 60 120 Kupiskis Kamajai Daugavpils Kilometers Nevel Subacius Ilyino Dusetai Rossony Troskunai Uzpaliai Drissa Druja Volyntsy Vyzuonos Salakas Braslaw Soly Miory Dukszty Lithuania Opsa Dzisna Borovukha Trudy Usvyaty Daugieliszki Widze Hermanowicze Velizh Ignalinko Polotsk Yezerishche Vetrino r Szarkowszczyzna Luzki Sirotino Gorodok e Worniany p Voronichi e Sirvintos Nowo Swieciany Ulla Shumilino Yanovichi i Hoduciszki n Glebokie Plissa Ushachi D Lyntupy Vitebsk 2 Kublichi Podbrodzie Dunilowicze Mejszagola Ostrovno N Kiemieliszki Kobylnik Liozno e Mikulino r Swir i Lepel s Michaliszki Zakharino Vilna Parafjanowo Dokszyce Bystrzyca Troki Miadziol Krzywicze Senno Rudnya Studio Gideon Dan,Jerusalem Ostrowiec Dolhinow Smolensk Rudamina Gusino lja Smorgonie Wi Oboltsy Rossasna Oszmiana Smolyany Lyady Krasny Kaluga Orsha Ilja Dubrovno Zaskiewicze Pleshchenitsy Kokhanovo Krewo Zembin Lebiedziew Tolochin Baran Woronow Sloveni U . S . S . R Krasne Radoszkowice Borisov Monastyrshchina Wiszniew Slavnoye Krugloye Kopys Grodek Wolozyn Gorki Tatarsk E as Lida Iwje Shklov Khislavichi te Rakow Smolevichi r Lubavichi n Minsk F Iwieniec Zaslavl Belynichi Mstislavl ron tlin 3 Petrovichi Roslavl e 1 Berezino Mogilev 942 Nowogrodek Rubiezewicze Chausy Korelicze Dukora Cherven Shumyachi O k Jeremicze Krichev a Zdzieciol Krasnopolye Mir Stolpce