„Undur Yfir Dundu“

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„Undur Yfir Dundu“ HÁSKÓLI ÍSLANDS Raunvísindadeild Jarð-og Landfræðiskor „Undur yfir dundu“ Áhrif Kötlugossins 1918 á byggð og samfélag í Vestur- Skaftafellssýslu Eftir Önnu Lilju Oddsdóttur M.S. ritgerð Reykjavík Umsjón: Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir Október 2008 Leiðbeinandi: Ragnheiður Kristjánsdóttir YFIRLÝSING Hér með lýsi ég því yfir að ritgerð þessi er byggð á mínum eigin athugunum, er samin af mér og hefur hvorki að hluta til né í heild verið lögð fram áður til hærri prófgráðu. Virðingarfyllst Anna Lilja Oddsdóttir ÁGRIP Gosin í Kötlu hafa í gegnum tíðina eytt gróðri og byggð í nágrenni Kötlu. Hættulegustu fylgifiskar gossins eru öskufall, jökulhlaup og eldingar í gosmekki. Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar er að fá innsýn inn í þær aðstæður sem urðu hjá íbúum í Vestur-Skaftafellssýslu í kjölfar Kötlugossins 1918. Byggist nálgunin á því að skoða samtímaheimildir frá þessum tíma. Annars vegar eru það töluleg gögn sem finna má í manntölum, prestþjónustubókum og búnaðarskýrslum og hins vegar eru þetta frásagnir sjónarvotta er upplifðu Kötlugosið 1918. Hugtakið varnarleysi skiptist upp í náttúrulegt varnarleysi sem ræðst af þeirri ógn sem náttúruvá veldur og mannlegt varnarleysi sem ræðst af félagslegum, efnahagslegum, stjórnmálalegum og menningarlegum þáttum innan hvers samfélags. Þessir tveir þættir voru notaðir sem einskonar mælieining á það hversu gífurlegar hamfarirnar voru innan hvers hrepps í sýslunni. Mannlegt varnarleysi réðst fyrst og fremst á því hversu einhæft bændasamfélagið var á þessum tíma þar sem tæknivæðing var lítil sem engin og afkoma bænda réðst af því hversu góðar jarðirnar voru fyrir búfénaðinn og hversu vel landið gaf af sér. Heyöflun var búin að vera lítil um sumarið 1918 vegna frosthörkunnar í janúar sama ár. Því voru bændur mun viðkvæmari fyrir hvers kyns áföllum í náttúrunni sem drógu enn meira úr afkomumöguleikum þeirra. Náttúrulegt varnarleysi var aðallega háð a) staðsetningu jarðanna, það er hversu berskjaldaðar þær voru gagnvart áhrifum frá gosinu, b) hver ríkjandi vindátt var á gostímabilinu sem réð því hvar öskufall deyfðist mest og c) hvar Kötluhlaupið kom undan jöklinum. Skaftártunga, Álftaver og Meðalland komu verst út úr gosinu. Í Skaftártungu var það aðallega öskufallið sem olli mestum usla og tók það sumar jarðir mörg ár að ná sér aftur. Sveitin lá ekki aðeins nálægt eldstöðinni því ríkjandi vindátt var vestan og suðvestan átt sem leiddi til þess að gosmökkurinn var mest megnis yfir Skaftártungu út allt gostímabilið. Í Álftaveri og Meðallandi var það jökulhlaupið sem olli mestum skemmdum á jörðunum. Ekkert manntjón varð í gosinu en um nokkur hundruð sauðfjár ásamt 37 hestum féllu. Nokkuð var um brottflutning á fólki í kjölfar gossins þó aðallega úr Skaftártungu eða 32 manneskjur og úr Álftaveri 46 manneskjur. Í Kirkjubæjarhreppi fækkaði um eitt býli á jörðinni Skaftárdal til ársins 1923. Í Skaftártunguhreppi fóru fjórar jarðir í eyði; jörðin Snæbýli var óbyggileg til ársins 1926, jörðin Ljótarstaðir til ársins 1920, jörðin Búlandssel var óbyggileg til ársins 1923 og jörðin Svartinúpur fór alveg í eyði. Í Álftavershreppi fóru tvær jarðir algjörlega í eyði; jörðin Skálmarbæjarhraun og Sauðhúsnes. Einnig fækkaði um eitt býli á jörðinni Holti. Í Leiðvallarhreppi fór jörðin Sandar í eyði þegar gosið var nýafstaðið enda gjöreyðilagðist hún í hlaupinu. Um vorið 1919 var fjölskylda úr Skaftártungu búin að setjast þar að. Í Hvammshreppi fara tvær jarðir algjörlega í eyði; jörðin Breiðahlíð og jörðin Engigarður. Í heildina má segja að Kötlugosið 1918 hafi valdið miklu fjárhagslegu og tilfinningarlegu tjóni fyrir íbúa í Vestur-Skaftafellssýslu. Tjónið var þó mismikið eftir því hvar fólk var niðurkomið í sýslunni. Verst kom það niður hjá bændum í Skaftártungu, Álftaveri og Meðallandi þar sem túnin voru sum hver alveg eyðilögð af ösku, sandi og jökuleðju. Þetta leiddi til þess að margir sáu sér ekki fært að búa lengur á jörðum sínum og leituðu sér hælis í þorpum við sjávarsíðuna. Liðin eru 90 ár frá því að Katla gaus seinast og er þetta því með lengstu goshléum ef miðað er við undanfarin gos. Vísindamenn hafa verið að velta fyrir sér þeim afleiðingum sem Kötlugos geta valdið þó aðallega hvar hlaupið mun fara og hvaða svæði í nágrenni við eldstöðina munu verða í mestri hættu. Íslenskar jarðvísindastofnanir hafa tekið höndum saman og fylgst með framvindu ýmissa þátta sem geta gefið ákveðnar upplýsingar um fyrirvara fyrir yfirvofandi gos. Einnig má nefna að Almannavarnir ríkisins hafa gert áhættugreiningu vegna hugsanlegs Kötlugoss og jökulhlaups samfara því. Mikilvægt er að skoða afleiðingar fyrri gosa í Kötlu svo og afleiðingar nýlegra eldgosa í tæknivæddum samfélögum til að hægt sé að gefa sér einhverjar hugmyndir um hverjar afleiðingarnar munu verða í dag. Líklegt er að gosið muni hafa meiri áhrif á bændasamfélagið í sýslunni þar sem afkoma þeirra er að miklu leyti háð landinu og hvað það gefur af sér. Þó er líklegt að bændur getir snúið til annarra starfa þar sem það er mun aðgengilegra nú en áður. Lykilorð: Kötlugos, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla, náttúruvá, náttúruhamfarir, varnarleysi, búseta ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to gain insight to the circumstances that people endure in West Skaftafellssýsla after the Katla eruption in 1918 in Mýrdalsjökull. It is based on data gathered in the time of the eruption. Numeric data gathered from census, minster documents and agriculture documents used along with written documents from witnesses which lived the eruption in 1918. The term vulnerability can be split into natural vulnerability which depends on the terror which natural hazard causes and human vulnerability which depends on social, economical, political and cultural status of each society. These two terms were used to measure the significance of the disaster within each shire. The eruption had the most impact on Skaftártunga, Álftaver and Meðalland areas. Most damage in Skaftártunga was caused by ash fall and in that area it took many farms years to fully recover. The reason for that was not only because how close the area is to the volcano, but also the fact that the dominant wind direction was unfavorable which lead to more ash fall in that area over the eruption period. In Álftaver and Meðalland the damages to the farmlands were mainly caused by the jokulhlaup. No casualties of people were reported that could be linked to the eruption. However a few hundred sheep along with 37 horses died. People moved a lot after the eruption but mainly from Skaftártunga, where 32 people left, and Álftaver, where 46 people left. In Kirkjubæjarhreppi one farm was abandoned until the year 1923. In Skaftártunguhreppur four farms were abandoned; the farm Snæbýli was abandoned until the year 1926, the farm Ljótarstaðir until the year 1920, the farm Býlandssel until 1923 and the farm Svartinúpur was abandoned permanently. In Álftavershreppur two farms were permanently abandoned, Skálmabæjarhraun and Sauðhúsnes. In Leiðvallarhreppur the farm Sandar was so damaged after the floods that it was deserted. In the spring of 1919 a family from Skaftártunga had started farming there. In Hvammshreppur two farms were permanently abandoned, the farm Breiðahlíð and the farm Engigarður. In whole it can be said that the eruption in Katla in 1918 caused an immense financial and emotional damage to the inhabitants of West-Skaftafellssýsla. The damage was iii different for each farm. The most damage came down on farmers in Skaftártunga, Álftaver and Meðalland where vegetation was severely damaged, by the result of ashes, sand and mud carried with the flood from the glacier. This fact was the reason why people could not live on their farms and had to search for shelter in towns along the shore. Now it has been 90 years since the last eruption in Katla and it is one of the longest recorded periods without an eruption in the volcano. Scientists have been wondering about what the impact of an eruption in Katla could cause. The main focus has been put on where the jokulhlaup will come down from the glacier and what areas will therefore be in danger. Icelandic geological research institutes are focusing on finding ways to get an indication of an upcoming eruption and therefore issue warnings in time for people to take precautions. It is important to look at previous eruptions in Katla and the impact they had on societies and also the impact recent eruptions have had on technologically advanced communities to better understand what the possible consequences could be today. It is likely that an eruption today would have more effect on the daily lives of farmers in that area since they rely heavily on vegetation and the land itself. Keywords: Eruption in Katla, West-Skaftafellssýsla, natural hazard, natural disaster, vulnerability, settlement EFNISYFIRLIT TÖFLUSKRÁ ..................................................................................................................... ii MYNDASKRÁ .................................................................................................................. iv KORTASKRÁ .................................................................................................................... v 1. INNGANGUR ................................................................................................................ 1 2. STAÐHÆTTIR ............................................................................................................... 5 3. ÁHRIFIN ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Náttúruvá og náttúruhamfarir................................................................................
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