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Türk Tarihine Giriş TÜRK TARİHİNE GİRİŞ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI PROF. DR. MUALLÂ UYDU YÜCEL İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ TARİH LİSANS PROGRAMI TÜRK TARİHİNE GİRİŞ Prof. Dr. Muallâ UYDU YÜCEL Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖNSÖZ Türk Tarihine Giriş adlı dersimiz, Türk milletinin tarih sahnesine çıktığı andan İslamiyetin kabul edildiği 10-11. Yüzyıla kadar ortaya koyduğu siyasi tarihin ve dayandığı kültürün temellerini ortaya koymak üzere hazırlanmıştır. Kitabımızı yazarken tarihi terimlerin Türkçe olmasına büyük ölçüde dikkat ettik. Bu noktada özellikle coğrafi adlar ilk sırada gelmektedir. Don yerine Tın, Dinyeper yerine Özi, Volga yerine İtil, Ural yerine Yayık kullandık. Ayrıca Türkler kurdukları devletlere hakanlık veya kağanlık dedikleri için bizde İslam öncesi kurulan siyasi oluşumlara hakanlık veya kağanlık demeyi tercih ettik. Yazdığımız bu kitabın İslam öncesi Türklerin tarihini ve kültürünü öğrenmek isteyenlere bir bakış açısı kazandırması en büyük dileği ile. Prof.Dr. Mualla UYDU YÜCEL I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................................. I İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................................... II KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................................... IX YAZAR NOTU ................................................................................................................................... X 1. İSLAM ÖNCESİ TÜRK TARİHİNİN ANA KAYNAKLARI.................................................... 1 1.1. Çin Yıllıkları ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1. Hanedan Tarihleri ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Rus Yıllıkları ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1. Povesti Vremennıh Let: Geçmiş Yılların Hikâyesi (Nestor Yıllığı) ........................................ 11 1.2.2. İpatyev Yıllığı .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3. Lavrentev Yıllığı ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.4. Türkler Hakkında Bilgi Veren Diğer Rus Yıllıklarından Bazıları ........................................... 12 1.3. Türk Tarihinin İslam Kaynakları ................................................................................................ 13 1.4. Türk Tarihinin Bizsans Kaynakları ............................................................................................. 15 1.4.1. Ammianus Marcellinus ............................................................................................................ 15 1.4.2. Jordanes .................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3. Prokopios ................................................................................................................................. 16 1.4.4. Agathias ................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.5. Menandros Protektor ................................................................................................................ 17 1.4.6. Maurice- Strategicon ................................................................................................................ 17 1.4.7. Theophylact Simocatta ............................................................................................................. 17 1.4.8. Theophanes .............................................................................................................................. 17 1.4.9. Nikephoros ............................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.10. Türkler Hakkında Bilgi Veren Diğer Bizans Kaynaklarından Bazıları ................................. 18 1.5. Seyahatnameler ........................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.1. Hsüan Tsang Seyahatnamesi .................................................................................................... 19 1.5.2. Wang Yen-te Seyahatnamesi ................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3. İbn Fazlan Seyahatnamesi ........................................................................................................ 19 2. TÜRK TARİHİNİN TÜRKÇE YAZILMIŞ ANA KAYNAKLARI VE ARKEOLOJİK BULUNTULAR................................................................................................................................. 27 2.1. Orhun (Kök-Türk) Yazıtları ........................................................................................................ 33 2.1.1. Orhun Yazıtlarının Türk Tarihi Açısından Yeri Ve Önemi ..................................................... 33 2.1.2. Köl Tigin Yazıtı ....................................................................................................................... 34 II 2.1.3. Bilge Kağan Yazıtı ................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.4. Bilge Tonyukuk Yazıtları......................................................................................................... 35 2.2. Karabalgasun Yazıtları ................................................................................................................ 35 2.3. Yenisey ve Talas Yazıtları .......................................................................................................... 36 2.4. Irk Bitig ....................................................................................................................................... 37 2.5. Altun Yaruk................................................................................................................................. 37 2.6. İtil- Bulgar Yazıtları .................................................................................................................... 37 2.7. Türk Tarihinin Ana Kaynaklarından Arkeolojik Buluntulara ..................................................... 38 2.7.1. Kurganlar ................................................................................................................................. 38 2.8. Eski Türk Paraları ....................................................................................................................... 40 2.9. Türk Tarihinin Sözlü Kaynakları: Destanlar ............................................................................... 41 2.9.1. Alp Er Tunga Destanı .............................................................................................................. 41 2.9.2. Oğuz Kağan Destanı ................................................................................................................ 42 2.9.3. Bozkurt Destanı........................................................................................................................ 42 2.9.4. Ergenekon Destanı ................................................................................................................... 42 2.9.5. Türeyiş Destanı ........................................................................................................................ 42 2.9.6. Göç Destanı .............................................................................................................................. 43 2.9.7. Manas Destanı .......................................................................................................................... 43 2.9.8. Dede Korkut Hikâyeleri ........................................................................................................... 43 2.10. Türk Tarihinin İslamiyetten Sonraki Ana Kaynakları .............................................................. 44 2.10.1. Kutadgu Bilig ......................................................................................................................... 44 2.10.2. Divan-ü Lügat-İt Türk ............................................................................................................ 46 2.10.3. Sözlükler: Codex Cumanicus: ................................................................................................ 48 3. TÜRK ADI, ANLAMI ve TÜRKLERİN ANA YURDU ............................................................. 56 3.1. Türk Adı ...................................................................................................................................... 62 3.1.1. Tarihte Türk Adının İlk Ortaya Çıkışı ve Anlamı.................................................................... 62 3.2. Türk Adının Anlamı .................................................................................................................... 63 3.3. Türk Kelimesinden Türk Milletine ............................................................................................
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