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Democracy, Trade, and the Kurdish Question in Turkey-EU Relations

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Democracy, Trade, and the Kurdish Question in Turkey-EU Relations Global Turkey in Europe III Democracy, Trade, and the Kurdish Question in Turkey-EU Relations Edited by Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Daniela Huber, Meltem Müftüler-Baç, E. Fuat Keyman, Michael Schwarz and Nathalie Tocci In cooperation with Edizioni Nuova Cultura Acknowledgments This publication has been generously supported by the Mercator Stiftung. Special thanks to Alessandra Bertino, Sinan Ekim, and Ipek Velioglu for their inva- luable assistance in copy-editing. Series Editor Natalino Ronzitti First published 2015 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma www.iai.it Copyright © 2014 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788868125110 Cover: Chiara Mastrantonio Graphic Composition: Chiara Mastrantonio The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of Contents List of Contributors .....................................................................................................................9 List of Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................11 Foreword Michael Schwarz .........................................................................................................................15 Introduction Daniela Huber, Nathalie Tocci and Ipek Velioglu ........................................................... 17 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 19 PART I – FOREIGN RELATIONS 1. Dances with the Bear: Turkey and Russia After Crimea Adam Balcer ..................................................................................................................27 2. Dealing with Turkey After Ukraine: Why the EU Should Let the Enlargement Approach Go Antoaneta L. Dimitrova ..........................................................................................43 3. Between Appeasement and Rivalry: Turkey and Russia and their Neighborhoods Adam Balcer ...................................................................................................................49 4. Making (Non)Sense of Turkey’s Policy on Kobane Nathalie Tocci ............................................................................................................55 5. Turkish Boots Will Remain on Turkish Ground. Why is Turkey Reluctant to “Do What it Takes” at Kobane? Sinan Ekim ......................................................................................................................59 PART II – DEMOCRACY 6. Can the EU Clean Politics in Enlargement Countries? Turkey in Comparison Dimitar Bechev .......................................................................................................... 65 5 7. Turkey’s Fight Against Corruption: A Critical Assessment Kıvanç Ulusoy ................................................................................................................ 69 8. Internet Freedom and Freedom of Expression in Turkey Ben Wagner ....................................................................................................................79 9. Electoral Constellations Towards the August 2014 Presidential Elections in Turkey Ali Çarkoğlu ....................................................................................................................85 10. The 2014 Presidential Elections in Turkey: A Post-election Analysis Ergun Özbudun .............................................................................................................99 11. The Challenge of à la Turca Presidentialism in Turkey Ersin Kalaycioğlu ....................................................................................................107 Ömer Taşpınar ........................................................................................................ 115 12. The Conflict within Turkey’s Islamic Camp 13. Turkey’s Unconsolidated Democracy: The Nexus between Democratisation and Majoritarianism in Turkey Meltem Müftüler-Baç and E. Fuat Keyman ....................................................121 14. Pending Challenges in Turkey’s Judiciary Ergun Özbudun ..........................................................................................................131 PART III – THE KURDISH QUESTION Piotr Zalewski ......................................................................................................... 145 15. Erdoğan, the Kurds, and Turkey’s Presidential Elections 16. Turkey, Syria and Saving the PKK Peace Process Hugh Pope ....................................................................................................................149 17. The Kurdish Peace Process in Turkey: Genesis, Evolution and Prospects Mesut Yeğen .................................................................................................................157 PART IV – TRADE AND ECONOMY 18. TTIP and EU-Turkish Economic Relations: Deepening the Customs Union Kamil Yılmaz ............................................................................................................ 185 6 19. Turkey’s Trade in Search of an External Anchor: The Neighbourhood, the Customs Union or TTIP? Kemal Kirişci and Sinan Ekim ..............................................................................199 20. The Turkish Economy at a Crossroads: Unpacking Turkey’s Current Account Challenge Mustafa Kutlay ...........................................................................................................219 21. Reverting Structural Reforms in Turkey: Towards an Illiberal Economic Governance? Işık Özel .........................................................................................................................241 Conclusions Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Sinan Ekim, Meltem Müftüler-Baç, E. Fuat Keyman ........251 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................261 7 List of Contributors is Assistant Professor at Istanbul Bilgi University Senem Aydın-Düzgıt and Senior Research is the ProgrammeAffiliate of the Director Istanbul at Policythe Annual Centre Conference (IPC). “Po- - sternAdam Europe, Balcer Wroclaw. lish Eastern Policy”, hosted by the Jan Nowak-Jeziorański College of Ea is visiting Senior Fellow at the London School of Econo- mics and Political Science (LSE). Dımıtar Bechev is Professor of International Relations at Koç University, Istanbul. Al ı Çarkoğlu is Associate Professor at the Institute of Public Administration, Leiden University. Antoaneta L. Dımıtrova is Research Assistant at the Istanbul Policy Center (IPC). Sınan Ekım is Senior Fellow in the Mediterranean and Middle East Programme at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) in Rome. Danıela Huber and Social Sciences, Istanbul. Ers ın Kalaycıoğlu is Professor at Sabancı University’s Faculty of Arts is Director of the Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) and Pro- Em ın Fuat Keyman fessor at Sabancı University. United States and Europe’s Turkey Project at Brookings Institution, Wa- shington.Kemal Kırışcı is TÜSİAD Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on the is Assistant Professor of International Political Economy at TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Department of Interna- tionalMustafa Relations, Kutlay Ankara. 9 GLOBAL TURKEY IN EUROPE III is Professor of International Relations and Jean Meltem Müftüler-Baç Monnet Chair at Sabancı is Professor University, of Political Istanbul. Science and Constitutional Law Ergun Özbudun at Istanbul Şehir University. Işık Özel is isAssociate the Crisis Professor Group’s Europeat the Sabancı and Central University, Asia Deputy Istanbul. Director. Hugh Pope is Executive Director of Stiftung Mercator and heads the International Affairs Division. Mıchael Schwarz is non-resident Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution, professor at the National War College, and Adjunct Professor at Johns HopkinsÖmer Taşpınar University’s School of Advanced International Studies. is Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Rome and Special Advisor to the EU High Representative. Nathalıe Toccı is Associate Professor of Political Science at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Istanbul University. Kıvanç Ulusoy is Research Assistant at the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Rome. Ipek Velıoglu is Director of the Centre for Internet & Human Rights (CIHR) at European University Viadrina. Ben Wagner is a faculty member at the Department of Sociology, Istan- Mesut Yeğen bul Şehir University. is Professor of Economics at Koç University, Istanbul. Kamıl Yılmaz is an Istanbul-based freelance writer for Time, Foreign Policy and The Financial Times, amongst others. P ıotr Zalewskı 10 List of Abbreviations AKP APEC Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) BDP Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation BRIC Brasil, Russia, India and China Peace and Democracy Party (Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi) BRICS Brasil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CB Central Bank CEE Central and Eastern European CHP CIA Central Intelligence Agency Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) CPI Corruption Perceptions Index CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists CU Customs Union CVM DP Cooperation and Verification Mechanism DTP Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti) EC European Commission Democratic Society Party (Demokratik Toplum Partisi) ECHR European Court of Human Rights ECJ European Court of Justice
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