DOCSLIB.ORG

Water from the North

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water from the North WATER FROM THE NORTH NATURE, FRESHWATER, AND THE NORTH AMERICAN WATER AND POWER ALLIANCE By Andrew W. Reeves A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of Geography University o f Toronto © Copyright by Andrew W. Reeves 2009 WATER FROM THE NORTH: NATURE, FRESHWATER, AND THE NORTH AMERICAN WATER AND POWER ALLIANCE Master of Arts Andrew W. Reeves, 2009 Department of Geography University of Toronto Thesis Abstract The North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), a high modernist continental water diversion project drafted in Los Angeles in 1964, is examined for the impact it had upon social conceptions of nature, the scale of water diversion in North America, and the extent of American Southwestern efforts at sustaining unsustainable Northern lifestyles. Drafted to address the anxiety of perceived ecoscarcity regarding water shortages in the early 1960s, NAWAPA emerged after a century of increasingly large‐scale diversion projects, and seemed a logical continuation of such grandiose, “jet‐ age” type thinking. It proposed to re‐engineer the North American landscape to provide water from the North to the arid Southwest. Reasons for the plans failure (including the monumental shift in scale, and Canadian territorial and environmental opposition) are examined in relation to how nature was conceived – or forgotten – in the proposal. Keywords: freshwater; nature; resources; North America; high modernism; the “West.” ii Thesis Contents Thesis Abstract – pg. ii Thesis Contents – pg. iii List of Tables and Figures (Organized by Chapter) – pg. iv List of Abbreviations – pg. v Introduction ­ pg. 1 Chapter One ­ Theorizing NAWAPA – pg. 16 Section 1.1 ‐ Nature, ‘nature,’ nature(s) – pg. 17 Section 1.2 ‐ Motivations Behind Domination – pg. 21 Section 1.3 ‐ Capitalist Nature and Value – pg. 26 Section 1.4 ‐ Science and Technology in the Transformation of Nature – pg. 31 Chapter Two ­ Water in the American and Canadian Wests – pg. 36 Section 2.1 ‐ Frontier Thesis and Metropolitanism – pg. 38 Section 2.2 ‐ Early Water Development: Riparianism and Prior Appropriation – pg. 42 Section 2.3 ‐ Water as Resource in the American West – pg. 46 Section 2.4 ‐ Humans as Managers of Nature – pg. 49 Section 2.5 ‐ Failure and Rebirth: Elwood Mead, the Bureau, and the East/West divide – pg. 51 Section 2.6 ‐ Setting the Stage for NAWAPA: The Columbia River Treaty – pg. 56 Chapter Three ­ The State and Social Conceptions of Nature – pg. 63 Section 3.1 ‐ Problems with Unchecked Development, Growth, and Northern Lifestyles – pg. 65 Section 3.2 ‐ High Modernism and the Conservation Movement – pg. 72 Section 3.3 ‐ Canadian High Modernism – Diefenbaker’s Northern Vision – pg. 77 Section 3.4 ‐ NAWAPA and the Socio‐cultural Conceptualization of ‘nature’ – pg. 81 Chapter Four ­ NAWAPA: A Grandiose and Failed Proposal – pg. 90 Section 4.1 ‐ Parsons’ NAWAPA Plan – pg. 92 Section 4.2 ‐ Science and Technology in the Rise and Fall of NAWAPA – pg. 95 Section 4.3 ‐ Implications of NAWAPA for the Canadian nation‐state – pg. 101 Section 4.4 ‐ W ater as Resource II: The Context of Canadian Export – pg. 111 Conclusion – pg. 119 Bibliography – pg. 129 iii List of Tables and Figures (Organized by Chapter) Table 4.1 – NAWAPA: Benefits by Country – pg. 111 Figure 2.1 – River Discharge in Canada – pg. 52 Figure 2.2 – Columbia River Plan – pg. 57 Figure 3.1 – Breakdown of 1960 Water Withdrawal in the United States – pg. 71 Figure 3.2 – Total U.S. Withdrawal by State ‐ Irrigation ‐ 2000 – pg. 72 Figure 4.1 – North American Water and Power Alliance – pg. 94 iv List of Abbreviations CeNAWP – Central North American Water and Power Alliance CWRA – Canadian Water Resources Association EMR – Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Resources GRAND Canal – Great Replenishment and Northern Lakes Development Canal IJC – International Joint Commission MP – Member of Parliament MTS – Ministry of Mines and Technical Surveys NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement NANR – Ministry of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NAWAPA – North American Water and Power Alliance NWC – National Water Commission (United States) POWI – Program on Water Issues, Munk Centre at the University of Toronto UBC – University of British Columbia USGS – United States Geological Survey USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WWD – United States Special Subcommittee on Western Water Development v - 1 - Introduction "Don't spoil the party, but here's the truth: We have squandered our planet's resources, including air and water, as though there were no tomorrow, so now there isn't going to be one. So there goes the Junior Prom, but that's not the half of it." – Kurt Vonnegut, A Man Without a Country In September 1964, the Ralph M. Parsons Company, an engineering and planning firm from Los Angeles, published a pamphlet entitled “North American Water and Power Alliance” (NAWAPA). It was a proposal for the largest continental engineering project ever envisioned in North America. In response to a perceived shortage of freshwater in the American Southwest, the plan called for 100,000,000 kilowatts of power to be produced annually that would have generated over four billion dollars each year from the sale of hydropower. It would have cost one hundred billion dollars to complete based on 1964 pricing, rising to over two hundred billion by estimates from the early 1970s. The projected timeline was an estimated thirty years to secure the 250 million acre‐feet of irrigation water that would be divided (based on perceived shortages) between Canada, the United States, and Mexico. NAWAPA also called for all major river systems across the Canadian and American West to be canalled with the ultimate goal of generating shipping revenue from a trans‐Canada canal linking Lake Superior with the Pacific Ocean. Yet the most contentious aspect of the proposal was the construction of a 500 mile long storage dam in the Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia that would flood vast stretches of the mountainous B.C. interior. 1 For a plan of such magnitude to receive political, scientific, and scholarly attention indicates the extent of American perceptions of water scarcity by the 1960s. NAWAPA surfaced after a half‐century of increasingly grandiose water engineering plans formalized by the Bureau of Reclamation or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It was portrayed as the next logical step in water development in America, designed to increase the magnitude of water projects while making them more inclusive of water originating outside the political boundary of the United States. 1 Ralph M. Parsons Co. NAWAPA: North American Water and Power Alliance. Brochure No. 606‐ 2934‐19. Los Angeles, 1964. - 2 - Water originating in Canadian territory was conveniently relabelled “continental water” by those in the United States concerned with water’s over‐ consumption in the Southwest, and they set their minds to acquiring it. There was no alternative to Canadian participation in the plan: with such sizable portions of the necessary water emanating from within Canadian political boundaries, Canada became the irreplaceable cornerstone to the Alliance.2 It also generated intense debate as to the future of freshwater resources in Canada that spawned larger questions of the nation’s development. “Water is so important in life,” argued B.C. MP H.W. Herridge in 1964, “that its conservation and distribution must override the geographical boundaries of private property…[and] the political boundaries of federal and provincial jurisdictions.”3 Herridge was wise to omit the importance of water’s distribution flowing seamlessly across national borders given the demand for Canadian water south of the 49th parallel. Responses to the plan were extremely varied. In The Coming Water Famine, Democratic Congressman Jim Wright of Texas argued in 1966 that “the orderly transportation of water on a growing scale from areas where its overabundance is both a waste and a curse, to areas where it is desperately needed” was the “obvious” and “logical” next step in North American water development.4 NAWAPA’s failure to be dismissed as lunacy implied to James Laxer not only the American thirst for cheap water but the “imperial grandeur” of the scheme itself, which accounted for the “terrifying seriousness” with which the proposal was considered.5 Yet as quickly as the plan appeared in the public consciousness after 1964, by 1973 NAWAPA would be all but forgotten as a serious solution to any real or imagined water “crisis” in North America. The decade in which large‐scale water diversion seemed the logical solution to North America’s water scarcity and pollution problems ended with water being replaced by oil as the resource whose safeguarding was deemed 2 Marc Reisner. Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water, Viking Press , 1986, 14. 3 Herbert W. Herridge. “Criminal Code.” In Canada. Parliament. Debates. 26th Parliament. 2nd Session. Vol. X (December 11, 1964). Ottawa, 1964, 11066. 4 Jim Wright. The Coming Water Famine, Coward‐McCann Inc., 1963, 217. 5 James Laxer. The Energy Poker Game: The Politics of the Continental Resource Deal, New Press, 1970, 36. - 3 - necessary to both future development and national security. Critically, NAWAPA came to be seen in retrospect as “a bridge too far” in the commodification and re‐ engineering of nature in the 1960s, despite the preceding century and a half of large‐scale capitalist interventions. Somehow, after irrigation and damming projects had grown in size and scope over the course of the twentieth century, the Alliance was simply more than many North Americans were willing to accept. NAWAPA did find sporadic and often disjointed praise in North America: the Alliance was unsurprisingly welcomed in the United States moreso than in Canada, and nowhere more than in the arid Southwest. Champions of NAWAPA such as Democratic Senator Frank E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flooding the Border: Development, Politics, and Environmental Controversy in the Canadian-U.S
    FLOODING THE BORDER: DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSY IN THE CANADIAN-U.S. SKAGIT VALLEY by Philip Van Huizen A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2013 © Philip Van Huizen, 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a case study of the 1926 to 1984 High Ross Dam Controversy, one of the longest cross-border disputes between Canada and the United States. The controversy can be divided into two parts. The first, which lasted until the early 1960s, revolved around Seattle’s attempts to build the High Ross Dam and flood nearly twenty kilometres into British Columbia’s Skagit River Valley. British Columbia favoured Seattle’s plan but competing priorities repeatedly delayed the province’s agreement. The city was forced to build a lower, 540-foot version of the Ross Dam instead, to the immense frustration of Seattle officials. British Columbia eventually agreed to let Seattle raise the Ross Dam by 122.5 feet in 1967. Following the agreement, however, activists from Vancouver and Seattle, joined later by the Upper Skagit, Sauk-Suiattle, and Swinomish Tribal Communities in Washington, organized a massive environmental protest against the plan, causing a second phase of controversy that lasted into the 1980s. Canadian and U.S. diplomats and politicians finally resolved the dispute with the 1984 Skagit River Treaty. British Columbia agreed to sell Seattle power produced in other areas of the province, which, ironically, required raising a different dam on the Pend d’Oreille River in exchange for not raising the Ross Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951
    Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951 by Peter Kikkert A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts In History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Peter Kikkert 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract During the early Cold War, as the Soviet menace placed Canada in between two hostile superpowers, the Canadian government decided to take steps to ensure that its sovereignty and national interests were not threatened by the Americans in the new strategic environment. This study examines the extent to which the Canadian government actually defended its sovereignty and rights against American intrusions in the early Cold War. At its core is an examination of the government’s policy of gradual acquisition in the Arctic between 1945 and 1951. This thesis explores the relationships that existed at the time, the essence of the negotiations, the state of international law and the potential costs and benefits of certain Canadian courses of action. It also explains how Canada’s quiet diplomacy allowed it to avoid alienating its chief ally, contribute to continental defence, and strengthen its sovereignty during this period. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Whitney Lackenbauer, for his insight, constant encouragement and advice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aboriginal Justice Inquiry-Child Welfare Initiative in Manitoba
    The Aboriginal Justice Inquiry-Child Welfare Initiative in Manitoba: A study of the process and outcomes for Indigenous families and communities from a front line perspective by Gwendolyn M Gosek MSW, University of Manitoba, 2002 BA, University of Manitoba, 2002 BSW, University of Manitoba, 1991 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of Social Work © Gwendolyn M Gosek, 2017 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The Aboriginal Justice Inquiry-Child Welfare Initiative in Manitoba: A study of the process and outcomes for Indigenous families and communities from a front line perspective By Gwendolyn M Gosek MSW, University of Manitoba, 2002 BA, University of Manitoba, 2002 BSW, University of Manitoba, 1991 Supervisory Committee Dr. Leslie Brown, School of Social Work Supervisor Dr. Jeannine Carrière, School of Social Work Departmental Member Dr. Susan Strega, School of Social Work Departmental Member Dr. Sandrina de Finney, School of Child and Youth Care Outside Member iii Abstract As the number of Indigenous children and youth in the care of Manitoba child welfare steadily increases, so do the questions and public debates. The loss of children from Indigenous communities due to residential schools and later on, to child welfare, has been occurring for well over a century and Indigenous people have been continuously grieving and protesting this forced removal of their children. In 1999, when the Manitoba government announced their intention to work with Indigenous peoples to expand off-reserve child welfare jurisdiction for First Nations, establish a provincial Métis mandate and restructure the existing child care system through legislative and other changes, Indigenous people across the province celebrated it as an opportunity for meaningful change for families and communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook
    Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook BA Hons (Trent), War Studies (RMC) This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA 2005 Acknowledgements Sir Winston Churchill described the act of writing a book as to surviving a long and debilitating illness. As with all illnesses, the afflicted are forced to rely heavily on many to see them through their suffering. Thanks must go to my joint supervisors, Dr. Jeffrey Grey and Dr. Steve Harris. Dr. Grey agreed to supervise the thesis having only met me briefly at a conference. With the unenviable task of working with a student more than 10,000 kilometres away, he was harassed by far too many lengthy emails emanating from Canada. He allowed me to carve out the thesis topic and research with little constraints, but eventually reined me in and helped tighten and cut down the thesis to an acceptable length. Closer to home, Dr. Harris has offered significant support over several years, leading back to my first book, to which he provided careful editorial and historical advice. He has supported a host of other historians over the last two decades, and is the finest public historian working in Canada. His expertise at balancing the trials of writing official history and managing ongoing crises at the Directorate of History and Heritage are a model for other historians in public institutions, and he took this dissertation on as one more burden. I am a far better historian for having known him.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Infantry Combat Training During the Second World War
    SHARPENING THE SABRE: CANADIAN INFANTRY COMBAT TRAINING DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR By R. DANIEL PELLERIN BBA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2007 BA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2008 MA, University of Waterloo, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in History University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada © Raymond Daniel Ryan Pellerin, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii ABSTRACT “Sharpening the Sabre: Canadian Infantry Combat Training during the Second World War” Author: R. Daniel Pellerin Supervisor: Serge Marc Durflinger 2016 During the Second World War, training was the Canadian Army’s longest sustained activity. Aside from isolated engagements at Hong Kong and Dieppe, the Canadians did not fight in a protracted campaign until the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The years that Canadian infantry units spent training in the United Kingdom were formative in the history of the Canadian Army. Despite what much of the historical literature has suggested, training succeeded in making the Canadian infantry capable of succeeding in battle against German forces. Canadian infantry training showed a definite progression towards professionalism and away from a pervasive prewar mentality that the infantry was a largely unskilled arm and that training infantrymen did not require special expertise. From 1939 to 1941, Canadian infantry training suffered from problems ranging from equipment shortages to poor senior leadership. In late 1941, the Canadians were introduced to a new method of training called “battle drill,” which broke tactical manoeuvres into simple movements, encouraged initiative among junior leaders, and greatly boosted the men’s morale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for Continental Security
    THE SEARCH FOR CONTINENTAL SECURITY: The Development of the North American Air Defence System, 1949 to 1956 By MATTHEW PAUL TRUDGEN A thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September 12, 2011 Copyright © Matthew Paul Trudgen, 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the development of the North American air defence system from the beginning of the Cold War until 1956. It focuses on the political and diplomatic dynamics behind the emergence of these defences, which included several radar lines such as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line as well as a number of initiatives to enhance co-operation between the United States Air Force (USAF) and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). This thesis argues that these measures were shaped by two historical factors. The first was several different conceptions of what policy on air defence best served the Canadian national interest held by the Cabinet, the Department of External Affairs, the RCAF and the Other Government Departments (OGDs), namely Transport, Defence Production and Northern Affairs. For the Cabinet and External Affairs, their approach to air defence was motivated by the need to balance working with the Americans to defend the continent with the avoidance of any political fallout that would endanger the government‘s chance of reelection. Nationalist sentiments and the desire to ensure that Canada both benefited from these projects and that its sovereignty in the Arctic was protected further influenced these two groups. On the other hand, the RCAF was driven by a more functional approach to this issue, as they sought to work with the USAF to develop the best air defence system possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canadian Militia in the Interwar Years, 1919-39
    THE POLICY OF NEGLECT: THE CANADIAN MILITIA IN THE INTERWAR YEARS, 1919-39 ___________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ___________________________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY __________________________________________________________ by Britton Wade MacDonald January, 2009 iii © Copyright 2008 by Britton W. MacDonald iv ABSTRACT The Policy of Neglect: The Canadian Militia in the Interwar Years, 1919-1939 Britton W. MacDonald Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2008 Dr. Gregory J. W. Urwin The Canadian Militia, since its beginning, has been underfunded and under-supported by the government, no matter which political party was in power. This trend continued throughout the interwar years of 1919 to 1939. During these years, the Militia’s members had to improvise a great deal of the time in their efforts to attain military effectiveness. This included much of their training, which they often funded with their own pay. They created their own training apparatuses, such as mock tanks, so that their preparations had a hint of realism. Officers designed interesting and unique exercises to challenge their personnel. All these actions helped create esprit de corps in the Militia, particularly the half composed of citizen soldiers, the Non- Permanent Active Militia. The regulars, the Permanent Active Militia (or Permanent Force), also relied on their own efforts to improve themselves as soldiers. They found intellectual nourishment in an excellent service journal, the Canadian Defence Quarterly, and British schools. The Militia learned to endure in these years because of all the trials its members faced. The interwar years are important for their impact on how the Canadian Army (as it was known after 1940) would fight the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2017 The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada Matthew Shane Wiseman Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Wiseman, Matthew Shane, "The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada" (2017). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1924. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1924 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada by Matthew Shane Wiseman B.A. (Hons) and B.Ed., Lakehead University, 2009 and 2010 M.A., Lakehead University, 2011 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree in Doctor of Philosophy in History Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada © Matthew Shane Wiseman 2017 Abstract This dissertation examines the development and implementation of federally funded scientific defence research in Canada during the earliest decades of the Cold War. With a particular focus on the creation and subsequent activities of the Defence Research Board (DRB), Canada’s first peacetime military science organization, the history covered here crosses political, social, and environmental themes pertinent to a detailed analysis of defence-related government activity in the Canadian North.
    [Show full text]
  • 1866 (C) Circa 1510 (A) 1863
    BONUS : Paintings together with their year of completion. (A) 1863 (B) 1866 (C) circa 1510 Vancouver Estival Trivia Open, 2012, FARSIDE team BONUS : Federal cabinet ministers, 1940 to 1990 (A) (B) (C) (D) Norman Rogers James Ralston Ernest Lapointe Joseph-Enoil Michaud James Ralston Mackenzie King James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent 1940s Andrew McNaughton 1940s Douglas Abbott Louis St. Laurent James Ilsley Louis St. Laurent Brooke Claxton Douglas Abbott Lester Pearson Stuart Garson 1950s 1950s Ralph Campney Walter Harris John Diefenbaker George Pearkes Sidney Smith Davie Fulton Donald Fleming Douglas Harkness Howard Green Donald Fleming George Nowlan Gordon Churchill Lionel Chevrier Guy Favreau Walter Gordon 1960s Paul Hellyer 1960s Paul Martin Lucien Cardin Mitchell Sharp Pierre Trudeau Leo Cadieux John Turner Edgar Benson Donald Macdonald Mitchell Sharp Edgar Benson Otto Lang John Turner James Richardson 1970s Allan MacEachen 1970s Ron Basford Donald Macdonald Don Jamieson Barney Danson Otto Lang Jean Chretien Allan McKinnon Flora MacDonald JacquesMarc Lalonde Flynn John Crosbie Gilles Lamontagne Mark MacGuigan Jean Chretien Allan MacEachen JeanJacques Blais Allan MacEachen Mark MacGuigan Marc Lalonde Robert Coates Jean Chretien Donald Johnston 1980s Erik Nielsen John Crosbie 1980s Perrin Beatty Joe Clark Ray Hnatyshyn Michael Wilson Bill McKnight Doug Lewis BONUS : Name these plays by Oscar Wilde, for 10 points each. You have 30 seconds. (A) THE PAGE OF HERODIAS: Look at the moon! How strange the moon seems! She is like a woman rising from a tomb. She is like a dead woman. You would fancy she was looking for dead things. THE YOUNG SYRIAN: She has a strange look.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute
    8/6/2009 Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs In… Hom e CDFAI Publications Archive Polls Conferences CDFAI DISPATCH: SPRING 2009 (VOLUME VII, ISSUE I) Media Dow nload this edition July 2009 Ros s M unr o Aw ar d Afghanistan: Journalism Courses Promoting new understanding and improvement of Canadian foreign and defence policy. Going…Going…Gone ? Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute by Jack Granatstein Speaker Series Phone: (403) 231-7624 Links Fax: (403) 231-7647 E- mail: [email protected] Contact IN THIS ISSUE Message from the President - Robert S. Millar Message from the Editor in Chief - David Bercuson Announcements Article: The End of British Influence on the Canadian Army - J.L. Granatstein Article: Re-thinking Emergency Management and Citizen Engagement - David Pratt Article: Recession, Rust-Out and Rearmament - John Ferris Article: 2008/2009 Country Indicators for Foreign Policy Fragile States Index - David Carment Now Available: Article: A Question of Drift - Jim Fergusson Summer 2009 Edition of Article: Whither U.S. foreign Policy under an Obama Administration? - Stephen Randall "The Dispatch" Article: Letter to the Prime Minister Regarding Cuba - Mark Entw istle Article: Afghan Bleeding Leads Have One Redeeming Value - Bob Bergen About our organization Subscribe MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT - ROBERT S. MILLAR Happy New Year and w elcome to the first edition of 2009 “The Dispatch.” We hope you all had an excellent holiday and are rested and ready for the new year. We w ill be continuing to improve “The Dispatch” over the coming months and w e appreciate your feedback so please don’t hesitate to send us your comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Saskatchewan Elections: a History December 13Th, 1905 the Liberal Party Formed Saskatchewan’S First Elected Government
    SaSkatcheWan EleCtIonS: A History DecemBer 13th, 1905 The Liberal Party formed Saskatchewan’s first elected government. The Liberals were led by Walter Scott, an MP representing the area of Saskatchewan in Wilfred Laurier’s federal government. Frederick Haultain, the former premier of the Northwest Territories, led the Provincial Rights Party. Haultain was linked to the Conservative Party and had advocated for Alberta and Saskatchewan to be one province named Buffalo. He begrudged Laurier for creating two provinces, and fought Saskatchewan’s first election by opposing federal interference in provincial areas of jurisdiction. RESultS: Party Leader Candidates elected Popular vote Liberal Walter Scott 25 16 52.25% Provincial Rights Frederick Haultain 24 9 47.47% Independent 1 - 0.28% Total Seats 25 AuguST 14th, 1908 The number of MLAs expanded to 41, reflecting the rapidly growing population. The Liberals ran 40 candidates in 41 constituencies: William Turgeon ran in both Prince Albert City and Duck Lake. He won Duck Lake but lost Prince Albert. At the time it was common for candidates to run in multiple constituencies to help ensure their election. If the candidate won in two or more constituencies, they would resign from all but one. By-elections would then be held to find representatives for the vacated constituencies. This practice is no longer allowed. RESultS: Party Leader Candidates elected Popular vote Liberal Walter Scott 41 27 50.79% Provincial Rights Frederick Haultain 40 14 47.88% Independent-Liberal 1 - 0.67% Independent 2 - 0.66% Total Seats 41 July 11th, 1912 The Provincial Rights Party morphed into the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, and continued to campaign for expanding provincial jurisdiction.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Policy Towards Communist China, 1949-1971
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2014-01-22 Canada's policy towards Communist China, 1949-1971 Holomego, Kyle http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/494 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons CANADA’S POLICY TOWARDS COMMUNIST CHINA, 1949-1971 by Kyle Holomego A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History Lakehead University December 2012 1 Abstract The decision of the Canadian government in 1970 to recognize the People’s Republic of China, which controlled Mainland China, as the official government of China, as opposed to the Republic of China, which only controlled Taiwan, was the end result of a process lasting more than two decades. In that time frame, Canada’s China policy would undergo many different shifts. A close examination shows that these shifts were closely linked to the shifting attitudes of successive Canadian leaders. Four different prime ministers would serve in office during Canada’s recognition process, and the inauguration of each prime minister signaled a shift in Canada’s China policy. The issue of recognizing the People’s Republic of China was intertwined with several other issues that were important to Canada. Among these were the economic potential of China, Canada’s need for collective agreements to ensure its security, the desire of the United States to influence Canadian policy, and the desire of Canadian officials to demonstrate the independence of Canadian policy. Of the four prime ministers, three – Louis St.
    [Show full text]