1995 Number 19 Pachyderm S P E C I E S S U R V I V A L 1995 Number 19 C O M M I S S I O N Contents 1 Chairman’s Report: Asian Rhino Specialist Group Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan with Thomas J. Foose 2 Rapport du Président: Groupe de SpéciaIistes du Rhinocéros Asiatique Editor Greg Overton Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan avec Thomas J. Foose Editorial Board Holly Dublin Chryssee Martin 4 Chairman’s Report: African Rhino Specialist Group Mark Stanley Price Martin Brooks Nico Van Strien Lucy Vigne Clive Walker 5 Rapport du Président: Groupe de SpéciaIistes du All correspondence, including enquiries about subscription, Rhinocéros Africain should be sent to: Martin Brooks The Editor Pachyderm WWF Regional Office PO Box 62440 7 Chairman’s Report: African Elephant Specialist Group Nairobi, Kenya Holly T. Dublin Tel: 254-2-331543/332963 Fax: 254-2-332878 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 8 Rapport de la Présidente: Groupe de SpéciaIistes de I’EIéphant Africain Holly T. Dublin 10 African Elephant Specialist Group Meeting, Mombasa, Kenya, May 27th to June 1st, 1994: Presentations and Working Group Recommendations Publicationn costs for this issue have 11 Human-Elephant Conflict: the Challenge Ahead been provided by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Kadzo Kangwana Production supported by: United States Fish and Wildlife Services 15 The Current Status of Human-Elephant Conflict in Kenya Winnie Kiiru Cover photo: An Amboseli elephant with her calf IUCNThe World Conservation Union Photo credit: Kadzo Kangwana Pachyderm No. 19, 1995 20P People-Elephantach Conflicty Managementde in rTsavo,m Kenya Njoroge Ngure 1995 Number 19 26 The Problem Elephants of Kaélé: a Challenge for Elephant Conservation in Northern Cameroon Martin N. Tchamba 33 Timber, Cocoa, and Crop-Raiding Elephants: a Preliminary Study from Southern Ghana R.F. W Barnes, S. Azika and B. Asamoah-Boateng 39 Factors Affecting Elephant Distribution at Garamba National Park and Surrounding Reserves, Zaire, with a Focus on Human-Elephant Conflict A.K. Kes Hillman Smith, Emmanuel de Merode, Aaron Nicholas, B. Buls and A. Ndey 49 Conservation and Management of Elephants in Namibia Malan Linde que 54 Options for the Control of Elephants in Conflict with People Richard Hoare 64 African Elephant Specialist Group Meeting, 1994: Working Group Recommendations 73 Elephants in the Lobeke Forest, Cameroon Atanga Ekobo 81 Survey Experiments and Aerial Surveys of Elephants in the South Luangwa National Park and the Lupande Game Management Area, Zambia, 1993 Hugo Jachmann 87 Book Review 88 Notice to Contributors Pachyderm No. 19, 1995 CHAIRMAN’S REPORT: ASIAN RHINO SPECIALIST GROUP Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan1 with Thomas J. Foose2 1lbu Pejabatibatan Perhutanan Wisma Sumber Alam Jalan Stadium, Petra Jaya, 93600 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 2lnternational Rhino Foundation, 85 Gay Street, Suite 603, Colombus, Ohio 43215, U.S.A. After two years of development, the Global The project will provide technical training, operational Environment Fund (GEF) project on the conservation support, and a long-term funding plan. Basically, the strategy for rhinoceros in south-east Asia has been project has three major elements, each to be approved by the United Nations Development accomplished by specific outputs: Programme (UNDP) and the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia. The project will be activated 1. To enhance the capabilities of conservation in January 1995 and will continue for three years. agencies (governmental and non-governmental) The development of this GEF project was initiated at to arrest and reverse the decline of the rhinoceros the December 1992 “Preliminary UNEP Conference due to poacher activity and habitat disturbance. among Rhinoceros Range States, Consumer States, and Donors”. The Asian Rhino Specialist Group Outputs (AsRSG) has been facilitating development of the • Rhino protection units will be organised, for which project and will continue to provide technical co- personnel will be trained and deployed in both ordination and support for its implementation. Indonesia and Malaysia (ten in each country). These units will be effectively engaged in both anti- It is believed that this project represents the first GEF poaching and community outreach programmes. project which specifically concentrates on the Moreover, they will be able to train more units and rhinoceros, and, in fact, on a species as opposed to serve as models for other areas with rhinos. on more general ecosystems or biodiversity. This is in recognition of the “emergency” situation which • Improved management structures with dedicated exists for the Sumatran and Javan rhino in south-east national co-ordinators (Rhino Conservation Asia. However, the project will use the rhinoceros in Officers or RCOs) in both Indonesia and Malaysia these areas as both an “umbrella” and a “flagship” will be established. species for conservation of its ecosystem. • The rhino protection units will reduce poacher The GEF project will help to catalyse full activity to the point of elimination within the areas implementation of the conservation strategy and covered. Reduction will be measured by numbers action plans for the rhino in both Indonesia and of traps and poachers detected, and numbers of Malaysia, the only significant range states for the rhinos known to be lost. Sumatran rhino. The project will concentrate on the Sumatran rhino, but benefits will accrue to the Javan • A number of rhinos, particularly in Malaysia, will rhino. The Sumatran rhino is considered the more be translocated from isolated situations into critically endangered of the two species. Although intensive protection zones, represented by the fewer in total number than the Javan rhino, the operating areas of the rhino units. Sumatran rhino population has declined by perhaps 50% over the last decade, during which Javan rhino • Monitoring of rhinos by radio-telemetry will populations have remained relatively stable. It is provide improved information on rhino status and considered that the Javan rhino, at least the Indonesian biology, which will benefit the conservation population in Ujung Kulon, is less exposed at the programmes. moment than the Sumatran rhino. Pachyderm No. 19, 1995 1 2. To develop more involvement by, as well as comprehensive, sustainable funding plan for benefits and incentives for, local human rhino strategy. communities in rhino conservation. Outputs Outputs • A strategic funding plan will be formulated to link • Persons from local communities will be employed target donors with specific modules of the in the rhino protection units; income generating conservation programme. activities (e.g. eco-tourism) will be delineated and initiated; local communities will develop • Proposals to these donors (government and appreciation of, and pride in, the rhino, its nongovernmental, within and beyond Indonesia ecosystem and its conservation. and Malaysia) will be prepared and presented. • In conjunction with the World Bank Kerinci Seblat • At least one major long-term income generating programme and possibly another project to be eco-tourism project will be facilitated in proposed, baseline data, which is required for the conjunction with the development of a Sumatran development of an effective community Rhino Sanctuary where rhinos, currently in involvement programme, will be collected. captivity, will be placed. It is hoped that the more 3. To formulate, catalyse and initiate a natural conditions of the sanctuary will stimulate propagation. RAPPORT DU PRESIDENT: GROUPE DE SPECIALISTES DU RHINOCEROS ASIATIQUE Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan1 avec Thomas J. Foose2 1lbu Pejabatjbatan Perhutanan Wisma Sumber Alam Jalan Stadium, Petra Jaya, 93600 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaisie 2 International Rhino Foundation, 85 Gay Street, Suite 603, Colombus, Ohio 43215, U.S.A. Après deux ans de mise au point, le projet du Fonds opposition à des écosystèmes plus généraux ou à la Global pour l’Environnement (Global Environmen- biodiversité. Cet événement souligne l’urgence de la tal Fund - GEF) pour la stratégie de conservation des situation qui affecte aujourd’hui le Rhinocéros de rhinocéros de l’Asie du Sud-Est a été approuvé par le Sumatra et le Rhinocéros de Java en Asie due Sud- Programme des Nations Unies pour le Est. Cependant, le projet se servira du rhinocéros dans Développement (PNUD) et par les gouvernements ces régions à la fois comme une justification et d’Indonésie et de Malaisie. Le projet sera mis en route comme une pièce maîtresse pour la conservation de en janvier 1995 et durera trois ans. La mise au point son écosystème. de ce projet GEF a démarré lors de la “Conférence Préliminaire du PNUE pour les Etats de distribution Le projet GEF aidera à catalyser la pleine réalisation des Rhinocéros, les Etats Consommateurs et les de la stratégie et des plans d’application de la Donateurs”, en décembre 1992. Le GSRAs a facilité conservation des rhinos tant en Indonésie qu’en la mise au point du projet et continuera à fournir une Malaisie, les seuls pays de distribution significatifs coordination technique et son soutien pour la pour le Rhinocéros de Sumatra. Le projet se réalisation. concentrera sur le Rhinocéros de Sumatra mais le Rhinocéros de Java en retirera des avantages accrus. On croit que ce projet est en fait le premier projet On considère que le Rhinocéros de Sumatra est GEF qui se concentre spécifiquement sur les l’espèce la plus menacée des deux. Bien que leur rhinocéros, et même réellement sur une espèce, par nombre total ait été inférieur à celui des Rhinocéros 2 Pachyderm No. 19, 1995 de Java, les populations de Rhinocéros de Sumatra • La surveillance des rhinos par radiotélémétrie ont décliné de peut-être 50% au cours de la dernière apportera de meilleures informations sur le statut décennie, alors que les populations de Rhinocéros de et la biologie des rhinos, qui aideront les Java restaient relativement stables. On considère que programmes de conservation. le rhinocéros de Java, en tout cas la population indonésienne d’Ujung Kulon, est moins exposée pour 2.