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Patrimoine Et Patrimonialisation Au Cameroun Les Diy-Gid-Biy Des Monts Mandara Septentrionaux Pour Une Étude De Cas

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Patrimoine Et Patrimonialisation Au Cameroun Les Diy-Gid-Biy Des Monts Mandara Septentrionaux Pour Une Étude De Cas Patrimoine et patrimonialisation au Cameroun Les Diy-gid-biy des monts Mandara septentrionaux pour une étude de cas Thèse Jean-Marie Datouand Djoussou Doctorat en ethnologie et patrimoine Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Jean-Marie Datouang Djoussou, 2014 RÉSUMÉ Portant le titre Patrimoine et patrimonialisation au Cameroun: les Diy-gid-biy des monts Mandara septentrionaux pour une étude de cas, notre thèse est un chainon d'éléments argumentatifs orientés vers l'élucidation du statut de bien patrimonial. Elle s'inscrit dans le champ des recherches considérant le patrimoine et la patrimonialisation comme un ensemble de codes discursifs dont l'intérêt pour l'anthropologue est la compréhension du sens et non de la caractéristique ontique. Il s'agit de l'intelligibilité des rapports aux éléments patrimoniaux qui passe par une mise en évidence de la patrimonialité, l'expression des changements et des conséquences sociaux patrimogènes. De ce fait, le travail met en discours les mises en patrimoine et les rapports sous-tendant le statut d'élément patrimonial. D'une manière générale, c'est un exposé sur le grand paysage patrimonial du Cameroun à travers un regard à la fois vertical et horizontal qui souligne les différentes formes de constructions patrimoniales ayant eu cours dans ledit pays. Il est donc question d‘une mise en relief de l'alchimie de la construction patrimoniale, et donc, du comment les choses deviennent patrimoniales. Pour ce faire, notre thèse se penche sur l'analyse des processus de mise en patrimoine en les considérant dans deux échelles de temps focalisées respectivement sur leur genèse historique et leur construction procédurale actuelle. Ces deux niveaux de considération ont induit à constater que la patrimonialisation est un processus scellant l'alliance de divers acteurs et de contextes sociaux aussi bien sur le plan idéologique, politique que sur les plans social et religieux. Et avec l'exemple des Diy-gid- biy, notre thèse met en exergue certaines des caractéristiques qui permettent la détermination de l'appartenance d'une propriété à la sphère de biens portant des charges d'un attachement symbolique. iii ABSTRACT Entitled Patrimony and patrimonialization in Cameroon: the DGB sites of the northern Mandara Mountains as a case study, my thesis presents a linked series of arguments designed to clarify the concept of ―patrimonial good‖. It falls within a field of research that considers patrimony and patrimonialization as an ensemble of discursive codes, of which the interest to anthropologists lies in the understanding of meaning rather than in ontological characteristics. The thesis is concerned with the intelligibility of relationships to elements of patrimony arrived at by a process involving the identification of patrimoniality, the expression of changes and patrimogenic social consequences. Thus this work discusses the identification of patrimony and the relationships that underlie the concept of patrimonial element. In a general way, it is a presentation on the overall state of patrimony in Cameroon from a viewpoint that is both vertical and horizontal and which focuses on the different forms of construction of patrimony existing in that country. Identification of the alchemy of patrimonial construction is thus a subject of enquiry, as is the how of things becoming patrimonial. To achieve its results, the thesis relies on analysis of the processes of identification of patrimony, considering them in terms of two timescales, one focused on their historical genesis, the other on the construction procedures taking place in the present. These two levels of analysis lead to the finding that patrimonialization is a process embedded in the linkage of various actors and social contexts in the domains of ideology and politics as well as the social and religious. With the example of the DGB sites, the thesis brings out certain of the characteristics that allow determination of the attribution of a property to the sphere of goods laden with symbolic charges. v TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .............................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ v Table des tableaux ................................................................................................................. xi Table des figures ................................................................................................................. xiii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ET SIGLES ........................................................................ xv REMERCIEMENTS .......................................................................................................... xvii INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE 1 : CONTEXTE SCIENTIFIQUE ET CADRE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE .......... 9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Le contexte scientifique ................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Problématique ............................................................................................................. 25 1.3 Le cadre méthodologique de la recherche .................................................................. 32 1.3.1 Les clefs des sources ............................................................................................ 33 1.3.2 Sources, justification et collecte .......................................................................... 39 1.3.2.1 Les données écrites ....................................................................................... 39 1.3.2.2 Les données orales ........................................................................................ 41 1.3.3 Analyse et interprétation des données ................................................................. 52 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 62 CHAPITRE 2 : LE CADRE THÉORIQUE ......................................................................... 65 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 65 2.1 Du patrimoine à la patrimonialisation : orientation théorique .................................... 66 2.1.1 Orientation conceptuelle ...................................................................................... 67 2.1.2 De la Patrimonialisation ....................................................................................... 73 2.2.1 La question des concepts ou expressions dans les discours patrimoniaux .......... 79 2.2.1.1 Le binôme patrimoine-héritage ..................................................................... 80 2.2.1.2 Le binôme patrimoine culturel-ressources culturelles .................................. 82 vii 2.2.3 Gestion des éléments culturels et patrimoniaux .................................................. 84 2.3 Les sens donnés au patrimoine ................................................................................... 92 2.3.1 Le patrimoine entendu comme mémoire/souvenir .............................................. 95 2.3.2 Le patrimoine vecteur d‘identité ......................................................................... 99 2.3.3 Le patrimoine perçu comme place .................................................................... 102 2.3.4 La performativité dans les actes de patrimonialisation ..................................... 105 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPITRE 3 : POLITIQUE ET RHÉTORIQUE PATRIMONIALES AU CAMEROUN ............................................................................................................................................ 111 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 111 3.1 Présentation générale du Cameroun ......................................................................... 112 3.1.1 Situation géographique ...................................................................................... 112 3.1.2 Le cadre humain ................................................................................................ 114 Composition socio-ethnique ................................................................................... 115 3.2 La patrimonialisation au Cameroun ......................................................................... 116 3.2.1 Les modèles de patrimonialisation endogènes .................................................. 118 3.2.2 Les Patterns de patrimonialisation exogènes .................................................... 126 3.2.2.1 Le début des modèles de patrimonialisation exogènes au Cameroun ........ 126 3.2.2.2 Le schéma postcolonial de la politique patrimoniale ................................. 132 3.3 De la rhétorique patrimoniale au Cameroun ............................................................ 144 3.3.1 Le patrimoine dominant .................................................................................... 145 3.3.2 Le patrimoine dominé ......................................................................................
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