LESSON The Riseand Fa}l of Dy*asties Thinking on Your Own *[:f:,^3:"T:ffi:ffi1"- createavenn diasram tohelp t: ffiiffi ff"'--:;;eQmanoitan:I.'::'::^liffTl-"i'11circle overrap"sim*arities." Label the lert ilil'ffll?ri," "..;", you-- studv^+,.ltr rhe+1^a lesson,laq.qon H:,';.;iln*nn circle,,Han.,,As comPletethe diagram'

ffh" Zhou had seizedPower bv I a hrge Part of "f chiefs Shihuangdi 1045s.c. Flowever' Iocal WhY was hated? known as warlords ruled were the long-term the emPire' BY What stateswithin ;ii;;i" of the ? the 400sB'c', thesewarlords the had seriouslYweakened The power of the Zhotrulers' it"rlo.d. fought one another As for power andterritory' and more time went on, more these wars broke out among local chiefs' as the to the 200s e'c' is known period' from the 400s The Confucius tried That is the reason that Warring States P"tiod' wanted to bring accept his ideas' He to get the warlori=; battle to the emPire' lA I p"I"" and stabiliqr lbetween I lChinese I lwarlords 1 in his effort to C,onfucius was unsuccessfirl warlords' The Qin change the ideas of the with their iron swords' were more successful of the n"U in ,rrB.c', thePeoPIe 9: Y" The Qin ruler' won control of mostof China' qt tltttttangdi (curN SHUR'trwoNc'DEE)' first ' d-""br"d himself Chinat

ChaPter5 o u For the first time, China t"r"_I had a single centralized goverrunent. Before Qin ,rrr/ Shihuangdi, local lords ruled a.q-a.p their own states.The new emperor removed the local lords. He divided China into provinces and counties. Bureaucrats were appointed to overseethe new regions. A bureaucrat is a government official who enforces the rules of the government. Under the Zhou DynasSr, government positions had been passed down from father to son. O_in Shihuangdi ended this practice. He also set up the . The members of this department were known as censors. Their job was to check up on the bureaucrats.

Qin Shihuangdi establishedan army to keep order and to protect China. A system of roads was built to make it easier to move troops quickly from c.40O-22Ie.c. place to place. One area that needed protection was Warring StatesPeriod the northern frontier. The (SveN.Noo) 221-206e.c. were threatening the region. They were nomadic Qin Dynasty herders who raised sheep, cattle, and goats. They 202s.c.-e.a.220 were also fierce fighters. To keep them out of China, HanDynasty Qin Shihuangdi had the Great Wall built across the northern resion.

The Great wall was one of the reasonsthat the peasantsturned against the Qin Dynasty. The wall was built with the forced labor of peasants. It was also an expensive project. Qin Shihuangdi placed heary taxes on his subjects to pay for the wall and for his armies.

Han Dynasty The leader of the peasant revolt against the Qin was Liu Bang (r,vou.noNc). He was a peasant himself. His victory over the Qin gave him great power. He took the name Han Gaozu the first Han emperor' (HaHN Gow'DZoo) and declared himself For more than 500 The Han I)lmas{y lasted for 400 years' under the Han' years, China was peaceful and ptotp"tots structure Chinese Han Gaozukept the government i China ryI that Qin Shihuangdihad setup' tr remained divided into provinces and { **" a list of the the counties. Han Gaozu also adopted Qin's f; tfrinOsthat Qin Over tim;' sninu*ngol1": useof appointedbureaucrats' fhe { H"n d".r"lopeda civil serviceexam to find 1 :iott::,T:ti:i::become FIan rulers tretnedChina the best qrr"lifi"d civil servants' { . strong(S) or harmed to train candidates1' r , - - forr^- { setup . ."hool *:ffi;;;';rL' vvrrlv ' -r-, , 1 ilr worK. Ther rre studentssLuus'Lo learnedrver - i --" government r 3 next" to each item on and law' 1 l-tft"i.rrism and Chinesehistory i Yow list' Shareand your with a harsh laws and oO1*t list Han Gaozu replaced the I a /-\' i ^artner. ofn,r the first emperor' 9rn '*=:- 'Shihrr".rrdipunishments ^ - . - -**-"- had forbidden the teaching of ' The Five Confucianism. Han Gaozu adopted peace and order in Chinese Constant Relationships supported position of the emperor' sociefr. They also strengthened the of China tripled' During the Han Dynas$r' the population 60 million' The empire also It went from 20 million p"opl" to extended the empire north' grew in land area' Han armies south, and west'

Qin Shihuangdi name w1s ZhaS Beforehe becameeniperor, Qin Shihuangdi's He declared himself Zheng. ShihuangdimeansFirst Emperor' is how the name the First Emperorof the Qin' or Chin' This "CNna"began. just of Qin Caliinghimself ernperoris one example that his dynasty Sf"flt""gOi's boasting'He atso claimed lastfort0,o00generations_about250'000years. He based his Qin Shihuangdiwa ts a ruthless emperor' punishment..T" He goirerneowithharsh laws and severe . on Lesalism. rr11nuifoino ;ffiil;;;i;- topay hish taxes and to work on f::fTtj a hepunished n ;;#ffi;;;";*n'*" h"L' ora tiserand y:]i wouldnever get aroundto them as thoughutuuvrr helrE werevvvr\: afraid he i\-ii::,T: next empen death,the peasantsrebelled againstthe Qin only l L years' was supposedto last 250,000years lasted o a o By A.D. 770,Han control over China was slipping. There were peasant revolts over living conditions. Rival military leaders fought for power. In220, a rebel general seizedpower. However, his rule did not last. For the next 400 years, China was the scene of civil wars and invasions by nomadic people from the north.

The Road and Sea Routes Beginning around 200 s.c., China becamepart of the international trade network. Chinese merchants traded along land routes and searoutes. Their ships sailedthroughout Southeast Asia and into the lndian Ocean. The land route became known as the . This was becauseChina's most important trade good on this route was silk. The

Silk Road stretched $ ' 4,000 miles from Aussta eastern China to tne Ur, :' Roman Empire. j ii,,; ;',lr"-"" Besides silk, {-,

Chinese merchants ' i:3 traded spices, tea, Hangzshoui and porcelain.-a type of fine pottery. I

Ivory, cotton cloth, South:i Arabian Chinaff pepper, and gems ,. Sea '. Sea ]o ts:_1 flowed east and west tr if from lndian Oc Eo merchants. Roman INDIAN merchants sent OCEAN woolen and linen ruld cloth, glass, and gems to the east. ile Putting It All Together .He yr;rli nen ll.er"r.lowll:rl Vnnn il:agi-*.rt'1r*iiliii*ij ill n* ]'i:i:il thiit lsssnn. irvlri+ i-'{v*sr t}'Lle* Fa;:;*firal-:i:sr* pxpiaill iiilti\,,tlr.* Q:tt ar'd }{nn at h\ruiii:it+s w*r* {i^is $i,iiiLoi}n{i. i:*lAi tlt€it 1'vr:,;3iiiff*relli,.

Early Chinese Clvllizations [67 € ..urro*1- o a rd (D PP New Dyoasries "--'-il in Chin-a

Thinking on your Own As you readthis lesson,create a timelinein your notebook.Include datesand facts for the five dynastiesdiscussed in this lesson.

n.o. 58l, the Sui Jn IDynasgr brought order to China. With the collapse of Explainwhy the Tangand the Han Dynasfr in 220, the SongDynasties are called Chinese people had endured GoldenAges. more than 500 years of civil How was the Dynasty similar to earlier war. The Sui rulers reunified dynasties? the Empire. Among their Summarizehow yong Le lasting contributions was the attemptedto restore Chinasgreatness. building of the Grand Canal, which made it easier to ship rice from the south of China to the north.

The 581-618 Tang and Sui (swnv)Dynasty Song Dynasties The 618-907 Tang and Song Qrnasties Tang(rnrwc) Dynasty ruled during what are called 960-1279 Golden Ages in Chinese Song(somrrc) Dynasty history. China was prosperous 1279-t368 during these periods and Yuan(voo.nnn) Dynasty extended its influence into 1368-1644 new lands. These periods Ming (mwc)Dynasty were also times of great cultural achievements.

The leaders of the T"tg Dynasty expanded the area of chinese rule and influence in Asia. The T.rg Empire extended from the pacific ocean ro

The Spread of Culturesin Asia the Tibetan people' Through Tibet. Tang armies conquered spread east into Korea' Japan' trade, China's i"fl""tt"Jlater and Southeast Asia' in st tried to end corruption the 6r""d Tang and Song civil servi:"^:I"t"* t" They t"Jot"d the ancient ,o.r".n"rn.nt' service seekers had to pass a civil fill government pott"' Office teachings' That kept powerful exam based on Confucian their relatives to offices' officials from appointing brought prospentJz The Tang and Song DJrnasties power of the wealthy to China. TL"y [mitel the I give to the taking land from them to The Tang and Song landowners, trade with other Dynastieswere peasants. The growing for 1GoldenAges. nations also created business As a result' 1 What do You think merchants and craftspeople' means? cities grew this Phrase the population of China's a definition for i Write rapidly. GoldenAge. Share I were your definition with The Tang and Song DYnasties Among a partner.Combine periods of cultural advances' write invention your ideas and ih" mo.t important was the definitionfor woodblock one of printing. It b"gt" with the Phrase. China' in printing on PaPer in Tang *s f *u*

ertl Cflina Sea

Chinese arusts us PACIFIC painted scenes of, OCEAN if peopte were in: they were usuallY, What was rmPo: q-o- the grandeur of .South Howe-ver, PeoPle, ahina Sea carnels, qnd o! Bay of. tlte st Bengal were often /ffi statues bY Tane artists. Brightly ,NDIAN statues ofler a OCEAN how PeoPIe lo< what:they did Tang and Song

Chapter 12 H o €a o P+

o first used in fireworks . used in guns and cannons by the 1200s

woodblock printing invented printing 200 years before the European printing press

o improved the production method . became valuable trade good under the Ming

. developed process 900years befbre Europeans . used for swords and farm tools

o improved woodblock printing the ear\r 200s. Each page was carved in wood. By about the year 1000, printers of Song China had created moveable t;rpe. This allowed a printer to use the same t;rpe to print many different books.

As in earlier d;masties, peasant unrest over taxes helped to weaken T.rg power. In907, rebels ovefthrew the emperor. A series of civil wars followed. By 960, a general of the Song

.-, ,,

Fli; ,-' 't Seg-of'. ,lapai

rneiFp OCEAN of the

of the Golden Horde

ofthe Creat Khan

of Chagatai ",F*b

of Persia a ign of the Yuan Dymasf

-.: .:E.. f to clan was strong enough declare himself emPeror'

The Song were unable to ff hold the Tang EmPire together' bY rebel grouPs within Attacks in battle loss the Empire resuhed in the begantheir conquest or china' :ff'.*il;;;;;;, theMonsors

Mongol Invaders: The *"i?^"]t roared Khan (;nHN'cuHs xauN)','h" Under Genghis the the northern section of China itt 1215 atj into "o"O""ted was Khan died in 1227' his empire country. When Genghis dividedamonghitfo"rsonsintoterritoriesknownaskhanates' overthrew the Khan' one of his grandsons' ln1279, then support of his army' Kublai Song Dynast;r' Witi rhe China' d""ln himself ruler of "d Chinese name for his (roo'eluu) Khan took a Kublai to H" followed a policy similar dynasry Yuan 1-o'ot^)' il*J;?:,"ff1#?ffiJ;"y\ toBeiiins Poro spent ?:,T:T,^T:P:#:,r-na1t1r I HH-W::il:=*"Jl."l*ffJl;' *uun* workedfor Kublai YTt I ii::^",: exasserate( returnedto Italyhe " *g:" PoIosometimes il] ffi":ffi;;; I he saw,especially numbers' rn The Travelsn-^trate I what wrote about what he had seen I HtLT,in this excerptmight be of Marco Polo. I exaggerated? withfurthe city ten wry_oovouthinkPolomishthav 66Thereare I what he saw't squaresl^'or rnarkett-""f.et places'rrlaceg. I exaggerated irJt"ip"r the besidesirurtrmerable shops along #;;: iilh sirleor theig.t'qg:: l': thernain street' fo't]'p: # tnu*is to th i5?"1'Jff1"'i:il;,Tft"ti'ffi#tin" from enrt of the city wirlth arul mruiing in a straigrrt -one Thesgt"'"0: in fo* tJ-convenient brirtges' other. It is crossedfiy Tany to the rnain street' are fgtu miles from otr the neI squares squ#"'"*t-itirJi'it"tu"r canal' on the opposre sine or tne 5t;tt11-lEarre for mercha*ts wl sto'e warehouseslrrovidei 'a'k of this stan* large goods and effects' They fnaia ana-otfrer-pii*iift their arrive from martet-squares' ftr ea'chof tht tt'" come thus situat"a "f6r""io io fiftv. thousan. persons .ays i' "orio"t[rrtfyuoud';1j;{: fro:n ilJt ";";; lre desired rhree ;# tttat cotrl* the markers and *i rrply them "Ji"r" os Q o 's. Both lD allowed the conquered Chinese ? o- bureaucrats to remain in place at the local level. Higher revel jobs, however, were filled -'-il by Mongols. Separat" 1..i. governed chinese and Mongors in the Ernpire. The chinese were also required to pay to their Morgol rulers. No Chinese could serve in the army. Kublai Khan re-established law and order in china. He had roads built and revived trade along the silk Road. Arabs, Russians, Italians, and other traders made their way to chinese cities. China prospered under his rule.

However, Kublai Khan was not satisfied with the size of his empire' He sent troops into southeast Asia and Japan. They were successful only in conquering \4etnam. Later Yuan emperors could not keep peace and order. Like earlier emperors, later emperors were corrupt themselves, or allowed others to take bribes and misuse their power. peasants were angered by hearSr taxes that were used for military campaigns. In 1568, zhuyuanzhang, a Buddhist monk, or hol;z man, led an army of peasants against the Mongols. The peasants succeeded in toppling the yuan Dynasty.hhu changed his name to Ming H*g Wu and took the Emperor of China. The Ming Dynast;r was born.

The Mirg Hong Wu was succeeded as emperor by his son yong in 1598. Yong Le !e set about restoring China,s greatness. Since the days of Kublai Khan, China had lost control of vietnam' Yong Le sent an army to retake it. He had the Great wall strengthened. He also built the Imperial city. This is a walled city-which still stands_within ih. of . Beautiful ".p;tJl "if gardens, great courqrards, and flowing waterways fill the Imperial City. The emperor,s palace and government offices yong were there. Le built th^" I-p".i.l City to send a message about the wealth and power of the emperor.

During Yong Le's rule, fleets of Chinese ships made

The Spread of Culturesin Asia Asia' India' and the Arabian seven trips to explore Southeast the HUH)' a trusted official' led Peninsula. ZhengHe ('luxc and soldiers sailed About 28'000 sailors' merchants' expeditions. 440 or trip' The largest ship was o\ on 62ships for the first voyage' TheIpr"uo l'500 tons' One hundred long. The averag" thip *"lgh"a feet to of the first Portuguese ships years later, the tt'"'[" l""gth ships averaged about 500 Asia was ot'ty ZO f""i' Tho"" reach that was far more advanced than tons. Chinese naval technologr The voyages ended after Yong of European nations at the time' sure why but offer some theories' I-e's death. Historians are not influence on the Chinese' Confucianism was a strong and the way that things had Confucianism honored tradition of exploration brought new always been done' The voyages These new ideas might upset goods and ideas back to China' officials may have tradition. As a result, government voyages' It is also the new emperor to end the convinced the voyages was a factor' In time' possible that the cost of the ships could travel bevond Ming limited how far Chinese China' The Chinese had decided that their waYSwere the best and everyone else's were inferior.

Like other Chinese d;masties' ' the Ming Qmas{Y slowlY ,o",r," ocEAN The final blow came rF weakened. dhir" i":n 1644 from a revolt sea-'?. tn Peasant lrI that overthrew it' The Manchus' who lived north of the Great /NDIAN an oPPortunifr' TheY OCEAN Wall, saw it' swept into China, conquered and set up the Qitg (cHrNc)

nile3 at Equator DlmasQY'

Putting It All Together dynasties.wrlte downthe fue of chinese factsabout each dynasty' With names,d.ates' and' three important ones that introduce partner create a visual timeiine like the a to figure out book' Youwiil needto plan ahead eachunit in this paper' will take on your sheetof how rnuchspace each dynasty

12 168 ChaPter