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General Issue Journal of the British Interplanetary Society VOLUME 72 NO.3 MARCH 2019 General issue OPTICAL QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES for Compact Rubidium Vapor-cell Frequency Standards in Space Using Small Satellites Aline Dinkelaker et al. MAGNETIC SHIELDING for Interplanetary Travel M.W. Sailer & H.M. Doss ASPIRE – AN INNOVATIVE HYPERSONIC PROPULSION PARADIGM Christopher MacLeod, Matthew Murray A REAL-TIME SPACE DEBRIS DETECTION SYSTEM for BIRALES Denis Cutajar et al. www.bis-space.com ISSN 0007-084X PUBLICATION DATE: 16 MAY 2019 Submitting papers International Advisory Board to JBIS JBIS welcomes the submission of technical Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University, UK papers for publication dealing with technical Peter Bainum, Howard University, USA reviews, research, technology and engineering in astronautics and related fields. Stephen Baxter, Science & Science Fiction Writer, UK James Benford, Microwave Sciences, California, USA Text should be: James Biggs, The University of Strathclyde, UK ■ As concise as the content allows – typically 5,000 to 6,000 words. Shorter papers (Technical Notes) Anu Bowman, Foundation for Enterprise Development, California, USA will also be considered; longer papers will only Gerald Cleaver, Baylor University, USA be considered in exceptional circumstances – for Charles Cockell, University of Edinburgh, UK example, in the case of a major subject review. Ian A. Crawford, Birkbeck College London, UK ■ Source references should be inserted in the text in square brackets – [1] – and then listed at the Adam Crowl, Icarus Interstellar, Australia end of the paper. Eric W. Davis, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, USA ■ Illustration references should be cited in Kathryn Denning, York University, Toronto, Canada numerical order in the text; those not cited in the Martyn Fogg, Probability Research Group, UK text risk omission. Raghavan Gopalaswami, Aerospace Researcher, India ■ Captions must be labelled with their Fig. number and should be as short as possible. Lamartine Guimarães, Institute for Advanced Studies, Brazil Mark Hempsell, Hempsell Astronautics Ltd, UK Illustrations should be: Takuto Ishimatsu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA ■ Colour or mono, but should be as close to print Les Johnson, Marshall Space Flight Center, USA resolution (300 dpi) as possible. Poor-quality illustrations may compromise the acceptance of Terry Kammash, University of Michigan, USA paper for publication. Images embedded in Word Kelvin F. Long, Initiative for Interstellar Studies documents may be acceptable, but JBIS reserves Inoue Makoto, Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics Academia Sinica, Taiwan the right to request separate higher-resolution Gregory L. Matloff, City University New York, USA image files from the author prior to publication. Koichi Mori, Nagoya University, Japan ■ Responsibility for copyright clearance of images rests entirely with the author. Richard Obousy, Richard Obousy Consulting LLC, USA Robert Parkinson, BIS, Aylesbury, UK Submission of papers George Schmidt, NASA John H Glenn Research Center, Ohio, USA ■ Papers for consideration should be sent by Paul Schuch, The SETI League Inc, USA email to [email protected] as both a Word document and as a Word PDF file (in order to Tabitha Smith, Bifrost, USA check for font anomalies), together with any Andreas Tziolas, Variance Dynamical Corporation, USA separate image files. Chris Welch, The International Space University, Strasbourg, France ■ If a paper is accepted for publication, the Friedwardt Winterberg, University of Nevada, Reno, USA author will be asked to sign a License to Publish form. This can be downloaded at www.bis- space.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ WebsiteLicense.pdf. ■ Authors will receive a complimentary copy of the issue in which their paper appears. Editor Roger Longstaff Deputy Editor Duncan Law-Green Associate Editors Stephen Ashworth, We respectfully ask authors to adhere to these Keith Cooper, Stephen Gamble, Paul Gilster, Rob Swinney, Production MP3 Media guidelines. Failure to do so will result in the Promotion Gill Norman JBIS Office British Interplanetary Society, Arthur C. Clarke House, delay of acceptable papers for publication. 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London, SW8 1SZ, United Kingdom tel +44 (0)20 7735 3160 email [email protected] www.bis-space.com Our full Guidelines for Authors can be downloaded DISTRIBUTION from www.bis-space.com JBIS is distributed worldwide by mail and may be received by annual subscription or purchase of single copies. It is available through membership of the British Interplanetary Society at much reduced rates. Subscription details for members, non-members and libraries are available from the above address. JBIS is a publication that promotes the mission of the British Interplanetary Society. Opinions expressed in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Security clearance, where necessary, is the responsibility of the author. Published by the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered Charity No: 250556. Printed by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Estover Road, Plymouth, PL6 7PY, England. © 2019 British Interplanetary Society. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from the Publishers. CONTENTS VOLUME 72 NO.3 MARCH 2019 74 OPTICAL QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES for Compact Rubidium Vapor-cell Frequency Standards in Space Using Small Satellites Aline Dinkelaker et al. 83 MAGNETIC SHIELDING for Interplanetary Travel M.W. Sailer & H.M. Doss 90 ASPIRE – AN INNOVATIVE HYPERSONIC PROPULSION PARADIGM Christopher MacLeod, Matthew Murray 102 A REAL-TIME SPACE DEBRIS DETECTION SYSTEM for BIRALES Denis Cutajar et al. OUR MISSION STATEMENT The British Interplanetary Society promotes the exploration and use of space for the benefit of humanity, connecting people to create, educate and inspire, and advance knowledge in all aspects of astronautics. JBIS Vol 72 No.3 March 2019 73 JBIS VOLUME 72 2019 PAGES 74-82 OPTICAL QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES for Compact Rubidium Vapor-cell Frequency Standards in Space Using Small Satellites ALINE N. DINKELAKER, AKASH KAPARTHY, SVEN E. REHER, MARKUS KRUTZIK, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany Email [email protected] AHMAD BAWAMIA, CHRISTIAN KÜRBIS, ROBERT SMOL, HEIKE CHRISTOPHER, ANDREAS WICHT, Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff Straße 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany Email [email protected] PHILIPP WERNER, JULIAN BARTHOLOMÄUS, SVEN ROTTER, MERLIN F. BARSCHKE, Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Marchstr. 12-14, 10587 Berlin, Germany Email [email protected] ROBERT JÖRDENS, QUARTIQ GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany Email [email protected] As part of the phase 0/A of the QUEEN mission, we evaluated our payload and satellite platform heritage and studied feasible mission scenarios for demonstrating optical frequency references aboard small satellites. We propose an optical vapor-cell frequency reference payload based on the 5S1/2 → 5D5/2 two-photon transition in 85Rb with low size, weight, and power budgets. In conjunction with an optical frequency comb, which can be used as an optical-to-microwave frequency divider, our payload could be advanced to a compact and simple vapor-cell based optical atomic clock. At the center of the payload is a laser system, based on micro-integrated laser technology, consisting of two independently frequency stabilized extended cavity diode lasers in a master-oscillator-power-amplifier configuration (ECDL-MOPA) at 778 nm. Ground-based development and environmental testing accompany the design and definition phase. Small satellites provide perfect vehicles for in-orbit tests of key technologies, due to the low associated costs compared to large satellite missions, and their potential for fast implementation. The requirements of our payload design are matched by the capabilities of the modular, flight-proven TUBiX20 satellite platform. This platform is designed to support demanding small science, technology and Earth observation missions of roughly 20 kg. Its modular approach realized in hard- and software allows scaling the platform’s capabilities for a wide variety of payloads while maintaining short development cycles. In this paper, we discuss the options and requirements for sending a compact, high-stability two-photon optical frequency reference into orbit and present advances in platform and payload design. Keywords: Optical clock, Rubidium, Two-photon transition, Diode lasers, Quantum technology, Small satellite mission, Modular satellite platform, Frequency reference, Laser system 1 INTRODUCTION to which a large number of lasers with different functionality are stabilized. Optical quantum technologies in space have applications in navigation [1], geodesy [2, 3], optical communication [4], and Optical frequency references work by stabilizing a laser on fundamental physics. One focus is the interplay of gravity and an atomic transition such that the output frequency is stable quantum physics, such as novel approaches for gravitation- enough to act as reference for other devices. An optical fre- al wave detection [5, 6, 7, 8] or tests of general
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