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Annexes to the Minabe-Tanabe Ume System

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Annexes • Site location map and farmland distribution map • Statistical data • Biodiversity list • List of cultivated agricultural products サゲ 栾ヂワワユ벚ユヴ 籗Site location map and farmland distribution map Rice paddies Upland field* 璈璈*Upland field (consists of mostly ume orchard and other dry land crops) サコ 禽禽禽Statistical data (1) Local population Individuals 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Population 84,968 85,153 85,094 82,317 79,563 People 65 or older 12,681 15,274 17,683 19,138 20,635 Percent 65 or older 15% 18% 21% 23% 26% Source: National census; figures are for the GIAHS application area. (2) Number of farm households Households 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 No. of farm households 臃殭1 3,751 3,646 3,484 3,313 No. growing ume 臃殭1 3,541 3,454 3,330 3,200 Percent growing ume 臃殭1 94% 95% 96% 97% Source: World Census of Agriculture and Forestry; figures are commercial farm households in the GIAHS application area. (3) Population engaged in farming Individuals 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 No. engaged in farming 8,763 8,505 8,467 8,034 7,199 No. 65 or older 臃殭1 臃殭1 3,154 3,218 3,107 Percent 65 or older 臃殭1 臃殭1 37% 40% 43% Source: World Census of Agriculture and Forestry; figures are commercial farm households in the GIAHS application area. (4) Amount of abandoned farmland ha 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Amount of farmland 臃殭1 6,046 5,897 6,090 6,180 Abandoned farmland 臃殭1 72 126 127 277 Percent abandoned farmland 臃殭1 1.2% 2.1% 2.1% 4.5% Sources: Survey on Cultivated Land Area, World Census of Agriculture and Forestry; figures are for land inside administrative divisions. (5) Ume orchard surface area ha 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Minabe Town, Tanabe City 2,479 2,939 3,259 3,610 4,060 4,090 Wakayama Prefecture 3,480 4,070 4,660 5,140 5,630 5,600 Nation 18,700 19,300 19,000 18,600 18,000 17,400 Sources: Orchard Survey, Statistical Survey on Crops, Fruit Production and Shipping Statistical Survey; figures are for land inside administrative divisions. (6) Ume production t 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Minabe Town, Tanabe City 34,991 49,609 53,497 54,800 44,900 44,000 Wakayama Prefecture 41,900 61,300 66,800 69,300 56,500 55,000 Nation 97,100 121,000 121,200 123,000 92,400 90,000 Sources: Orchard Survey, Statistical Survey on Crops, Fruit Production and Shipping Statistical Survey; figures are for land inside administrative divisions. ァサゴ (7) Wholesale price of ume (unripe) in the wholesale market ¥/kg 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Wholesale price of ume (unripe) 333 575 450 300 288 393 378 519 453 425 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Wholesale price of ume (unripe) 258 293 460 404 350 258 247 298 309 351 Source: Survey on Vegetables and Fruits Wholesale Markets; figures are overall average prices. (8) Value and amount of umeboshi purchased per household by age group (2010) -29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70- Purchase amount (g) 330 493 611 829 1,021 1,015 Purchase value (¥) 397 678 1,024 1,357 1,592 1,761 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Annual Report on Family Income and Expenditure Survey *1: No categorized data are available. ァササ List of Biodiversity 膅ブP彌┦磽癮箛䅈穪䐢 芼艜艗 Category璈は燈嫻╪* Class Familiy 56隣 Scientific Name 旄隣 Name 藁隣 Wakayama Japan Note** 便廋 藁辿樅p 蹙鑚 螭廋 PHASIANIDAE 䄅秖56 Syrmaticus soemmerringii (Temminck, 1830) 筤䇳穵箛 NT Aves Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 䄅秖 Bambusicola thoracica 禴秖筦禡磹 ヂピ ANATIDAE 祊筕56 Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 礥种穵箛 NT DD COLUMBIDAE 䆴穪56 Streptopelia orientalis (Latham, 1790) 䄅秖窹穪 Treron sieboldii (Temminck, 1835) 磕礥窹穪 PHALACROCORACIDAE 磾56 Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) 祊篊磾 ARDEIDAE 秇祧56 Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) 秂磹秇祧 Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) 磕䇳秇祧 Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 磕礥秇祧 Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 䅣磹秇祧 Egretta intermedia (Wagler, 1829) 稸筦磾秇祧 NT NT Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) 禴秇祧 CUCULIDAE 祊穖禴磾56 Hierococcyx hyperythrus (Gould, 1856) 秖筦磾磹稸 Cuculus poliocephalus Latham, 1790 笮穪穪祧䅈 Cuculus optatus Gould, 1845 穙穙穵箛 Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758 祊穖禴磾 CAPRIMULGIDAE 䈇稛祊56 Caprimulgus indicus Latham, 1790 䈇稛祊 CR NT APODIDAE 磕䇳穙窹䇮56 Apus pacificus (Latham, 1802) 磕䇳穙窹䇮 Apus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) 䆿䇮磕䇳穙窹䇮 ACCIPITRIDAE 稛祊56 Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821) 䆴稸祲䇳 NT NT Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) 穪竌 Accipiter gularis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) 穙筿 NT Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) 䆴磹稛祊 NT NT Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 礥礥稛祊 VU NT Butastur indicus (Gmelin, 1788) 秇种窹 NT VU Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) 委䅈箛 Nisaetus nipalensis Hodgson, 1836 祲䇳稛祊 EN EN STRIGIDAE 竴祲箼磾56 Otus lempiji (Horsfield, 1821) 礥礥禴委䆴垩祲 VU Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 竴祲箼磾 VU Ninox scutulata (Raffles, 1822) 磕礥窹垩祲 VU Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) 祊篊垴筿 Megaceryle lugubris (Temminck, 1834) 筤䇳垴筿 EN PICIDAE 䄅穙穙䄅56 Dendrocopos kizuki (Temminck, 1836) 禴禩箐 Dendrocopos leucotos (Bechstein, 1802) 礥礥磕祊禩箐 NT Dendrocopos major (Linnaeus, 1758) 磕祊禩箐 NT Picus awokera Temminck, 1836 磕礥禩箐 Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 䆴筤嫤秇 VU VU MONARCHIDAE 祊秇秇祧䆿稛䄅56 Terpsiphone atrocaudata (Eyton, 1839) 秇篖禴磾稸宲磾 VU LANIIDAE 筕垩56 Lanius bucephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 筕垩 CORVIDAE 祊箐䅈56 Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 祊禡䅈 Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758 䆴种笯稊祘箐䅈 Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 䆴种嫤穪祘箐䅈 PARIDAE 种秖筦磾祊箐56 Poecile montanus (Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827) 禴祘箐 Poecile varius (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) 筤䇳祘箐 Periparus ater (Linnaeus, 1758) 䆿祘箐 Parus minor Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 种秖筦磾祊箐 ALAUDIDAE 䆿窹箛56 Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 䆿窹箛 HIRUNDINIDAE 穙窹䇮56 Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 穙窹䇮 Hirundo daurica Laxmann, 1769 禴种磕祊穙窹䇮 NT Delichon dasypus (Bonaparte, 1850) 磹篊穙窹䇮 HYPSIPETES 䆿䈇穵箛56 Hypsipetes amaurotis (Temminck, 1830) 䆿䈇穵箛 CETTIIDAE 磾禕磹䅈56 Cettia diphone (Kittlitz, 1830) 磾禕磹䅈 Urosphena squameiceps (Swinhoe, 1863) 筤嫤秇䇮 AEGITHALIDAE 礐窂祘56 Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 礐窂祘 PHYLLOSCOPIDAE 筁种祲磹56 Phylloscopus coronatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1847) 垴篖䅣磹筁种祲磹 ZOSTEROPIDAE 䇮秖箼56 Zosterops japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 䇮秖箼 BOMBYCILLIDAE 箵篖秖筹祲56 Bombycilla garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758) 䄅箵篖秖筹祲 Bombycilla japonica (Siebold, 1824) 䆿箵篖秖筹祲 TROGLODYTIDAE 筿稊秇秌磹56 Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) 筿稊秇秌磹 CINCLIDAE 祊篊祘箐䅈56 Cinclus pallasii Temminck, 1820 祊篊祘箐䅈 MUSCICAPIDAE 䆿稛䄅56 Zoothera dauma (Latham, 1790) 穪箐穙禕筿 NT Turdus cardis Temminck, 1831 祲箼穙禕筿 NT Turdus pallidus Gmelin, 1789 种箼䆴箐 Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, 1832 磕祊䆴箐 Turdus naumanni Temminck, 1820 穙禕筿 Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas, 1773) 䈎箛竌稛䄅 Phoenicurus auroreus (Pallas, 1776) 秖宲磾竌稛䄅 Saxicola torquatus (Linnaeus, 1766) 委竌稛䄅 Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 磹稊䆿䈇穵箛 Ficedula narcissina (Temminck, 1836) 䄅竌稛䄅 NT Cyanoptila cyanomelana (Temminck, 1829) 礥礥䈎箛 Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 䅈垩䇮 サザ List of Biodiversity 膅ブP彌┦磽癮箛䅈穪䐢 芼艜艗 Category璈は燈嫻╪* Class Familiy 56隣 Scientific Name 旄隣 Name 藁隣 Wakayama Japan Note** 便廋 藁辿樅p 蹙鑚 螭廋 MOTACILLIDAE 垴䄅箵磹56 Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 䄅垴䄅箵磹 Aves Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 䆴祲垴䄅箵磹 Motacilla grandis Sharpe, 1885 垴禕箼垴䄅箵磹 Anthus rubescens (Tunstall, 1771) 稛䆿窹箛 FRINGILLIDAE 磕穪箛56 Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758 磕穪箛 Chloris sinica (Linnaeus, 1766) 祊篊箐䆿篊 Uragus sibiricus (Pallas, 1773) 笽窊䇳种禴 Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus, 1758) 磾稊 Eophona personata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1848) 磹祊䈎 EMBERIZIDAE 笮礥秖箼56 Emberiza cioides Brandt, 1843 笮礥秖箼 Emberiza rustica Pallas, 1776 祊种箐䅣祊 Emberiza elegans Temminck, 1836 筿筤䇳笮礥秖箼 Emberiza spodocephala Pallas, 1776 磕礥秖 TIMALIIDAE 稸䇮穵箛56 Leiothrix lutea 稊磾种稸宲磾 ヂピ 皕㌗廋 BATAGURIDAE 窾稛禕籞䈎祊䇮56 Mauremys japonica 窊笮篖磹种祘䇮 NT Reptilia SCINCIDAE 穪祊禩56 Eumeces latiscutatus 窊笮篖穪祊禩 LACERTIDAE 祊窂嫱竌56 Takydromus tachydromoides 窊笮篖祊窂嫱竌 COLUBRIDAE 窂筿嫱竌56 Achalinus spinalis 稛祊稸笮嫱竌 Elaphe quadrivirgata 种䇳嫱竌 Elaphe conspicillata 秖筁禕箛 Elaphe climacophora 磕礥䅣磹种宲磾 Dinodon orientale 种箼䇳䅣箐 Amphiesma vibakari vibakari 䆿窹祊箛 Rhabdophis tigrinus 筤䇳祊祘种 VIPERIDAE 祲秇箛嫱竌56 Gloydius blomhoffii 窊笮篖䇳筁种 辿ブ廋 HYNOBIIDAE 秇篖种宲磾磾礥56 Hynobius nebulosus 祊䅈筿秇篖种宲磾磾礥 VU VU Amphibia Hynobius naevius 嫤稸秇篖种宲磾礥 SALAMANDRIDAE 磹筕箛56 Cynops pyrrhogaster 磕祊䆴箐磹筕箛 NT NT BUFONIDAE 䆿䄅祘礐䈎56 Bufo japonicus japonicus 窊笮篖䆿䄅祘礐䈎 NT HYLIDAE 磕䇳祘礐䈎56 Hyla japonica 窊笮篖磕䇳祘礐䈎 RANIDAE 磕祊祘礐䈎56 Rana tagoi tagoi 稛秂祘礐䈎 Rana orinativentris 筤䇳磕祊祘礐䈎 NT Rana nigromaculata 穪委秇䇳祘礐䈎 NT Rana rugosa 穙稸祘礐䈎 NT Rana limnocharis limnocharis 窐䇳祘礐䈎 RHACOPHORIDAE 磕礥祘礐䈎56 Rhacophorus schlegelii 种筦箵籞禩䈎磕礥祘礐䈎 Buergeria buergeri 祊秖祊祘礐䈎 NT 磻廋 CYPRINIDAE 禴磹56 Zacco tamminckii 祊篊筁穙 Pisces Zacco platypus 礥磹祊篊 GOBIIDAE 䆴䅏56 Rhinogobius brunnaus 䈇种委笯箛 Luciogobius guttatus 筿筿垩䆴䅏 Sicyoptarus japonicus 笯磾垩䆴䅏 ELEOTRIDAE 祊篊磕窂秂56 Eleotris oxycephala 祊篊磕窂秂 躰㌗廋璈 COENAGRIONIDAE 磹穪穪篖笯56 Ceriagrion melanurum 䄅磹穪穪篖笯 Insecta Cercion calamorum calamorum 祲箼磹穪穪篖笯 PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 筕委秇种穪篖笯56 Copera annulata 筕委秇种穪篖笯 LESTIDAE 磕礥磹穪穪篖笯56 Indolestes peregrinus 笮稊筿礥穙窬篖穪篖笯 CALOPTERYGIDAE 祊篊穪篖笯56 Calopteryx atrata 䆴禕箼穪篖笯 Calopteryx cornelia 筿筤䇳祊篊穪篖笯 Mnais pruinosa 磕秇䆿窂祊篊穪篖笯 EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 筁祊种穪篖笯56 Epiophlebia superstes 筁祊种穪篖笯 PETALURIDAE 筁祊种筤篖䇳56 Tanypteryx pryeri 筁祊种筤篖䇳 芨苨 GOMPHIDAE 秇窂礐穪篖笯56 Asiagomphus melaenops 筤䇳秇窂礐 Davidius fujiama 祲箼秇窂礐 Davidius nanus 䅣竌穵秇窂礐 Lanthus fujiacus 䆿䇮祲箼秇窂礐 Sinogomphus flavolimbatus 䆿䇮秇窂礐 Trigomphus interruptus 竴稛䅈秖秇窂礐 ハフ ハフ Nihonogomphus viridis 磕礥秇窂礐 ハフ Sieboldius albardae 禴礥窊筤篖䇳 AESCHNIDAE 筤篖䇳56 Boyeria maclachlani 禴种笯稊筤篖䇳 Oligoaeschna pryeri 秇箐秇筤篖䇳 Planaeschna milnei 筿䈎篖筤篖䇳 Anaciaeschna martini 䇳䈎稛篖筤篖䇳 Anax nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus 祲箼䅈秖祧篖筤篖䇳 Anax parthenope julius 祧篖筤篖䇳 Gynacantha japonica 祊穪箛筤篖䇳 Polycanthagyna melanictera 筤嫤筤篖䇳 CORDULEGASTERIDAE 礥窊筤篖䇳56 Anotogaster sieboldii 礥窊筤篖䇳 CORDULIIDAE 礐稕穪篖笯56 Epophthalmia
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  • The Mcguire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity

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    Supplemental Information All specimens used within this study are housed in: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (MGCL) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA (FLMNH); the University of Maryland, College Park, USA (UMD); the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, France (MNHN); and the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra, Australia (ANIC). Methods DNA extraction protocol of dried museum specimens (detailed instructions) Prior to tissue sampling, dried (pinned or papered) specimens were assigned MGCL barcodes, photographed, and their labels digitized. Abdomens were then removed using sterile forceps, cleaned with 100% ethanol between each sample, and the remaining specimens were returned to their respective trays within the MGCL collections. Abdomens were placed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes with the apex of the abdomen in the conical end of the tube. For larger abdomens, 5 mL microcentrifuge tubes or larger were utilized. A solution of proteinase K (Qiagen Cat #19133) and genomic lysis buffer (OmniPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit) in a 1:50 ratio was added to each abdomen containing tube, sufficient to cover the abdomen (typically either 300 µL or 500 µL) - similar to the concept used in Hundsdoerfer & Kitching (1). Ratios of 1:10 and 1:25 were utilized for low quality or rare specimens. Low quality specimens were defined as having little visible tissue inside of the abdomen, mold/fungi growth, or smell of bacterial decay. Samples were incubated overnight (12-18 hours) in a dry air oven at 56°C. Importantly, we also adjusted the ratio depending on the tissue type, i.e., increasing the ratio for particularly large or egg-containing abdomens.
  • Faunal Makeup of Macrolepidopterous Moths in Nopporo Forest Park, Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Some Related Title Notes

    Faunal Makeup of Macrolepidopterous Moths in Nopporo Forest Park, Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Some Related Title Notes

    Faunal Makeup of Macrolepidopterous Moths in Nopporo Forest Park, Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Some Related Title Notes Author(s) Sato, Hiroaki; Fukuda, Hiromi Environmental science, Hokkaido : journal of the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Citation Sapporo, 8(1), 93-120 Issue Date 1985-07-31 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/37177 Type bulletin (article) File Information 8(1)_93-120.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP 93 Environ. Sci., Hokkaiclo 8 (1) 93-v120 I June 1985 Faunal Makeup of Macrolepidopterous Moths in Nopporo Forest Park, Hokkaido, Northern Japan, with Some Related Notes Hiroaki Sato and Hiromi Ful<uda Department of Biosystem Management, Division of Iinvironmental Conservation, Graciuate Schoo! of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060, Japan Abstraet Macrolepidopterous moths were collected in Nopporo Forest Park to disclose the faunal mal<eup. By combining this survey with other from Nopporo, 595 species "rere recorded, compris- ing of roughly 45% of all species discovered in }{{okkaiclo to clate. 'irhe seasonal fiuctuations of a species diversity were bimodal, peal<ing in August and November. The data obtained had a good correlation to both lognormal and logseries clistributions among various species-abundance models. In summer, it was found that specialistic feeders dominated over generalistic feeders. However, in autumn, generalistic feeders clominated, most lil<ely because low temperature shortened hours for seel<ing host plants on which to lay eggs. - Key Words: NopporQ Forest Park, Macrolepidoptera, Species diversity, Species-abundance model, Generalist, Specialist 1. Introduction Nopporo Forest Park, which has an area of approximately 2,OOO ha and is adjacent to the city of Sapporo, contains natural forests representing the temperate and boreal features of vegetation.
  • Colourful Butterfly Wings: Scale Stacks, Iridescence and Sexual Dichromatism of Pieridae Doekele G

    Colourful Butterfly Wings: Scale Stacks, Iridescence and Sexual Dichromatism of Pieridae Doekele G

    158 entomologische berichten 67(5) 2007 Colourful butterfly wings: scale stacks, iridescence and sexual dichromatism of Pieridae Doekele G. Stavenga Hein L. Leertouwer KEY WORDS Coliadinae, Pierinae, scattering, pterins Entomologische Berichten 67 (5): 158-164 The colour of butterflies is determined by the optical properties of their wing scales. The main scale structures, ridges and crossribs, scatter incident light. The scales of pierid butterflies have usually numerous pigmented beads, which absorb light at short wavelengths and enhance light scattering at long wavelengths. Males of many species of the pierid subfamily Coliadinae have ultraviolet-iridescent wings, because the scale ridges are structured into a multilayer reflector. The iridescence is combined with a yellow or orange-brown colouration, causing the common name of the subfamily, the yellows or sulfurs. In the subfamily Pierinae, iridescent wing tips are encountered in the males of most species of the Colotis-group and some species of the tribe Anthocharidini. The wing tips contain pigments absorbing short-wavelength light, resulting in yellow, orange or red colours. Iridescent wings are not found among the Pierini. The different wing colours can be understood from combinations of wavelength-dependent scattering, absorption and iridescence, which are characteristic for the species and sex. Introduction often complex and as yet poorly understood optical phenomena The colour of a butterfly wing depends on the interaction of encountered in lycaenids and papilionids. The Pieridae have light with the material of the wing and its spatial structure. But- two main subfamilies: Coliadinae and Pierinae. Within Pierinae, terfly wings consist of a wing substrate, upon which stacks of the tribes Pierini and Anthocharidini are distinguished, together light-scattering scales are arranged.
  • Diversity of Moth Fauna in the West Bengal State University Campus: a Pictorial Catalogue

    Diversity of Moth Fauna in the West Bengal State University Campus: a Pictorial Catalogue

    International Journal of Zoology Studies International Journal of Zoology Studies ISSN: 2455-7269 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.14 www.zoologyjournals.com Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 35-38 Diversity of moth fauna in the West Bengal state university campus: A pictorial catalogue Dr. Samir Kumar Saha Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Abstract An attempt has been taken to study the diversity of Moth fauna in West Bengal State University (WBSU) campus. A total of 30 genera were recorded under ten families from the study area from November 2017 to December, 2017. The family Erebidae with 12 genera followed by family Crambidae with 9 genera, family Noctuidae with 2 genera, rest of the family Arctiidae, Sphingidae, Pterophoridae, Uraniidae, Geometridae, Scythrididae and Stathmopodidae with 1 genus each were recorded inside campus area. As 30 different genera of moth recorded within a short span of time, it can be presumed to have a good diversity of moth species inside campus area. Keywords: moth, diversity, WBSU, West Bengal, India 1. Introduction Moth fauna. WBSU Campus is located in between 88° 25′ E Lepidoptera is one of the large order of insects that include longitudes and 44°46′ N latitude in the state of West Bengal, butterflies and moths and is probably one of the most suitable India (Fig. 1). groups for most quantitative comparisons between insect Photographs and observations were taken during the day light faunas to be valid, for the many reasons elaborated by hours. Individual images of Moths were photo-documented Holloway [1].
  • The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects

    The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects

    GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 1 Aptara (PPG-Quark) PART I EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS AND SPECIES GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 2 Aptara (PPG-Quark) GRBQ316-3309G-C01[01-19].qxd 7/17/07 12:07 AM Page 3 Aptara (PPG-Quark) ONE Chemical Mediation of Host-Plant Specialization: The Papilionid Paradigm MAY R. BERENBAUM AND PAUL P. FEENY Understanding the physiological and behavioral mecha- chemistry throughout the life cycle are central to these nisms underlying host-plant specialization in holo- debates. Almost 60 years ago, Dethier (1948) suggested that metabolous species, which undergo complete development “the first barrier to be overcome in the insect-plant relation- with a pupal stage, presents a particular challenge in that ship is a behavioral one. The insect must sense and discrim- the process of host-plant selection is generally carried out inate before nutritional and toxic factors become opera- by the adult stage, whereas host-plant utilization is more tive.” Thus, Dethier argued for the primacy of adult [AQ2] the province of the larval stage (Thompson 1988a, 1988b). preference, or detection and response to kairomonal cues, Thus, within a species, critical chemical, physical, or visual in host-plant shifts. In contrast, Ehrlich and Raven (1964) cues for host-plant identification may differ over the course reasoned that “after the restriction of certain groups of of the life cycle. An organizing principle for the study of insects to a narrow range of food plants, the formerly repel- host-range evolution is the preference-performance hypoth- lent substances of these plants might .
  • ABSTRACT ZHA, CHEN. Evaluating the Dynamics of Anti-Fungal Compounds in Lepidoptera Larvae

    ABSTRACT ZHA, CHEN. Evaluating the Dynamics of Anti-Fungal Compounds in Lepidoptera Larvae

    ABSTRACT ZHA, CHEN. Evaluating the Dynamics of Anti-Fungal Compounds in Lepidoptera Larvae. (Under the direction of Allen Cohen.) Mold control is one of the most vital issues in insect rearing systems. Mold outbreaks can alter the nutritional value of the diet, do harm to the insects, and even threaten the health of people who work in insectaries. Antifungal agents are widely used in insect diets to suppress the growth of mold; however, the potential detrimental effects of antifungal agents on insects are always a concern. When there is a high level of antifungal agents in artificial diets, the growth, development, survivorship and fecundity of insects are often negatively affected. To study the mechanisms underlying those deleterious effects, nutritional indices were determined for two representative lepidopterans, a butterfly and a moth, Vanessa cardui and Heliothis virescens larvae reared on different concentrations of three widely used antifungal agents: methyl paraben, potassium sorbate and sodium propionate. These antifungal agents were administered in concentrations of 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 parts per million (ppm). The results show that a high level of antifungal agents in the diets of these insects will suppress nutrient absorption and increase metabolic costs. Relative consumption rates and digestibility increased with increasing antifungal agent concentration, possibly to compensate for the declines in absorption and metabolism. Silk production and frass management by Vanessa cardui larvae were reduced in the presence of the highest level of antifungal agents. Evaluating the Dynamics of Anti-Fungal Compounds in Lepidoptera Larvae by Chen Zha A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science Entomology Raleigh, North Carolina 2013 APPROVED BY: ________________________ ________________________ Allen C.
  • Download Article

    Download Article

    Advances in Biological Sciences Research (ABSR), volume 4 2nd International Conference on Biomedical and Biological Engineering 2017 (BBE 2017) Ultrastructure and Self-cleaning Function of Moth (Notodontidae) and Butterfly (Lycaenidae) Wings Yan FANG, Gang SUN*, Jing-shi YIN, Wan-xing WANG and Yu-qian WANG School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China *Corresponding author Keywords: Ultrastructure, Self-cleaning, Wettability, Moth, Butterfly, Biomaterial. Abstract. The microstructure, hydrophobicity, adhesion and chemical composition of the butterfly and moth wing surfaces were investigated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a contact angle meter, and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). Using ground calcium carbonate (heavy CaCO3 ) as contaminating particle, the self-cleaning performance of the wing surface was evaluated. The wing surfaces, composed of naturally hydrophobic material (chitin, protein, fat, etc.), possess complicated hierarchical micro/nano structures. According to the large contact angle (CA, 148.3~156.2° for butterfly, 150.4~154.7° for moth) and small sliding angle (SA, 1~3° for butterfly, 1~4° for moth), the wing surface is of low adhesion and superhydrophobicity. The removal rate of contaminating particle from the wing surface is averagely 88.0% (butterfly wing) and 87.7% (moth wing). There is a good positive correlation ( R 2 =0.8385 for butterfly, 0.8155 for moth) between particle removal rate and roughness index of the wing surface. The coupling effect of material element and structural element contributes to the outstanding superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning performance of the wing surface. The wings of flying insect can be potentially used as templates for biomimetic preparation of biomedical interfacial material with multi-functions.