Luchino Visconti Entre Giovanni Verga E Gabriele D'annunzio Jeanclaude

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Luchino Visconti Entre Giovanni Verga E Gabriele D'annunzio Jeanclaude Ecole doctorale 138 : Lettres, langues, spectacles Membre de l’université Paris Lumières Jeanclaude Arnod Luchino Visconti entre Giovanni Verga e Gabriele D’Annunzio Thèse présentée et soutenue publiquement le 15 décembre 2017 en vue de l’obtention du Doctorat en Langues, Littératures et Civilisations romanes : Italien, de l’Université Paris Nanterre, sous la direction de Mme Silvia Contarini (Université Paris Nanterre) Jury Rapporteur·e : Mme Angela Biancofiore Université Montpellier 3 Rapporteur·e : M. Camillo Faverzani Université Paris 8 Membre du jury : M. Christophe Mileschi Université Paris Nanterre Membre du jury : Mme Hanna Serkowska Université de Varsovie Membre du jury : Mme Silvia Contarini Université Paris Nanterre École Doctorale 138 Lettres, Langues, Spectacle THḔSE DE DOCTORAT EN ÉTUDES ROMANES : ITALIEN Jeanclaude ARNOD Luchino Visconti entre Giovanni Verga et Gabriele d’Annunzio Thèse dirigée par Mme la Professeure Silvia CONTARINI Soutenue le 15 décembre 2017 Jury : Mme Silvia CONTARINI, Professeure des Universités, Université Paris Nanterre (Directrice de recherche) Mme Angela BIANCOFIORE, Professeure des Universités, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 (rapporteur) M. Camillo FAVERZANI, MCF HDR, Université Paris 8 (rapporteur) M. Christophe MILESCHI, Professeur des Universités, Université Paris Nanterre Mme Hanna SERKOWSKA, Professeure, Université de Varsovie 1 2 Remerciements ____________________________________ Je tiens à remercier en tout premier lieu ma directrice de thèse, Mme Silvia Contarini : sans son soutien cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Je la remercie pour avoir cru en mon projet. Je remercie également : M. Paolo Giuseppe Saporiti, pour son aide toujours précieuse et pour sa patience, pour ses suggestions et ses encouragements M.lle Graziella Arnod, ma sœur. 3 4 Table des matières Introduction générale p. 13 Partie I. La période Verga (1941-1963) p. 29 1. Premiers essais p. 31 2. I Malavoglia p. 51 2.1 Vérité et discipline p. 51 2.2 Deux longues gestations p. 58 2.3 Les points de vue p. 63 2.4 Fantasticherie p. 66 2.5 Les choix du langage p. 68 3. I Malavoglia et La terra trema : lectures comparées p. 75 3.1 Ferrrara, Micciché, Moneti p. 75 3.2 La fortune critique p. 95 3.3 La terra trema : un plagiat ? p. 101 3.4 Les explicit p. 106 4. Vers Rocco : de Bellissima à Senso p. 111 5. Rocco e i suoi fratelli p. 117 5.1 Rocco selon Visconti p. 119 5.2 Rocco, ‘Ntoni et leurs frères p. 127 5.3 Les naufragés et les rescapés p. 135 5.4 Visconti selon les critiques de gauche p. 140 5.5 Le Prince et le Comte p. 152 5 Partie II. La période d’Annunzio (1965-1976) p. 157 6. Forse che sì forse che no p. 159 6.1 Du vérisme à l’esthétisme p. 159 6.2 1965 : le tournant p. 161 6.3 Les sources littéraires de Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa… p. 168 6.4 Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa : les références d’annunziennes p. 177 6.5 Correspondances p. 195 7. La mort à Venise dans les Abruzzes et en Sicile p. 201 8. Le Roi et le Professeur p. 217 8.1 Ludwig et les ancêtres p. 217 8.2 La maison de la vie p. 224 9. Le dernier chapitre : L’Innocente p. 229 9.1 Mann, Puccini ou Fitzgerald ? p. 229 9.2 D’Annunzio ! p. 232 9.3 Seuils p. 237 9.4 Le milieu et les protagonistes p. 239 9.5 Arborio/ D’Arborio p. 247 9.6 L es divergences p. 256 9.7 Soustractions, addictions, glissements p. 261 9.8 Le suicide de Tullio p. 271 9.9 La dernière infidélité p. 275 Conclusions p. 279 6 Chronologie de la p arution des principaux ouvrages p. 295 de Verga et D’Annunzio Filmographie de Visconti p. 297 Bibliographie p. 301 7 8 Girando un giorno per le vie di Catania e percorrendo la Piana di Caltagirone in una mattinata sciroccosa, m’innamorai di Giovanni Verga. Luchino Visconti, 1941 Ma non sarà un d’Annunzio estetizzante, simbolista, pieno di giochetti inutili. Non avrà tutto quello che di peggiore una certa tradizione gli ha costruito addosso. Sarà un film nitido, secco, realistico, così come l’autore è un grande poeta e un grande scrittore, vertice del decadentismo europeo. Luchino Visconti, 1975 Tutti sono passati attraverso il d’Annunzio Foss’anche solo per negarlo! Eugenio Montale 9 Nota Bene Pour les citations des textes de Giovanni Verga, Gabriele d’Annunzio et Luchino Visconti, ainsi que des textes critiques, nous avons gardé la version en langue originale italienne, renvoyant aux notes la traduction en français, dont nous avons signalé les auteurs ; les traductions accompagnées du sigle NT ont été faites par nos soins. Les textes de Giovanni Verga sont tirés de l’édition Mondadori, dans la collection « I Meridiani », ceux de Gabriele d’Annunzio de la collection « I classici contemporanei italiani » chez Mondadori qui était l’édition de référence du vivant de Luchino Visconti. Les dates des références bibliographiques des périodiques sont indiquées dans la langue du pays où ils sont publiés. 10 11 12 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE Luchino Visconti, né en 1906 et mort en 1976, a été un metteur en scène de cinéma, de théâtre, d’opéra et toute sa carrière a été placée sous le signe de l’amour pour les arts, avec une prédilection particulière pour la littérature de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et du début du vingtième. Du reste, le jeune comte Visconti di Modrone n’a jamais manqué d’instruments pour se forger une ample et raffinée culture. Tout en n’étant pas un écolier modèle, il s’est précocement intéressé aux livres, dont la bibliothèque familiale ne manquait pas, en commençant par des textes théâtraux et ensuite par la littérature, surtout contemporaine. Un de ses amis du temps du lycée a raconté qu’il lisait surtout des textes de Shakespeare et de Goldoni, mais aussi des romans : « Il aimait également Pirandello et d’Annunzio »1. Il affirme lui-même dans un écrit, daté 1941, avant qu’il ne débute sa carrière cinématographique : Una recente polemica sui rapporti tra letteratura e cinematografo mi ha trovato spontaneamente nella schiera di coloro che hanno fede nella ricchezza e nella validità, per il cinema, di una ispirazione ‘letteraria’. Confesso che, avendo intenzione di iniziare una attività cinematografica, una delle maggiori difficoltà che mi sembrano fare ostacolo al mio desiderio e alla mia ambizione di intendere il film solamente come un’opera di poesia sia la considerazione della banalità e, mi si passi il termine, della miseria che sono tanto spesso alla base della comune soggettistica. Sembrerà magari ovvio, ma mi sono chiesto più volte perché, mentre esiste una solida tradizione letteraria la quale in cento diverse forme di romanzo e di racconto ha realizzato nella fantasia tanta schietta e pura verità della vita umana, il cinema, che nella sua accezione più esteriore di questa vita parrebbe dovere essere addirittura il documentatore, si compiaccia di avvezzare il pubblico al gusto del piccolo intrigo, del retorico melodramma dove una meccanica coerenza garantisce oramai lo spettatore anche dal rischio dell’estro e dell’invenzione. In una tale situazione viene naturale, per chi crede sinceramente nel cinematografo, di volgere gli occhi con 1 Gianni RONDOLINO, Luchino Visconti, Torino, UTET, 2003, p. 10. 13 nostalgia alle grandi costruzioni letterarie dei classici del romanzo europeo e di considerarli la fonte oggi forse più vera d’ispirazione. È bene avere il coraggio di dire più vera, anche se taluno taccerà questa nostra affermazione di impotenza o almeno di scarsa purezza ‘cinematografica’2. L’objectif de notre étude est d’analyser la filmographie de Luchino Visconti, en nous arrêtant plus particulièrement sur quatre films, La terra trema, Rocco e i suoi fratelli, Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa… et L’innocente, où les rapports avec l’œuvre de Giovanni Verga et de Gabriele d’Annunzio sont les plus évidents. Plus spécifiquement le but est de démontrer que, contrairement aux stéréotypes qui marquent le discours critique sur l’œuvre du cinéaste, l’influence d’écrivains tels que Thomas Mann et Marcel Proust, tout en étant indéniable, a été surévaluée au détriment de celle des deux écrivains italiens, dont l’ascendant parcourt toute la filmographie viscontienne. Verga serait apparemment le point de départ du cinéma viscontien et ce sera sur cet adverbe que posera l’argumentation de notre thèse de doctorat : les principales influences de la totalité des films de Visconti seraient, à notre avis, dans l’ordre d’importance, l’esthétisme de d’Annunzio, fil rouge longtemps caché, refoulé, inavoué, influence souterraine, qui est enfin, avec L’innocente, reconnue (non sans encore quelques réticences, toutefois) et le vérisme de Verga, dont se nourrit une grande partie de ses films, surtout ceux de la première partie de sa 2 Luchino VISCONTI, Tradizione e invenzione, in AA. VV., Stile italiano nel cinema, « Aria d’Italia », vol. VIII, Edizioni. Daria Guarnati, Milano, 1941, p. 78-79, (« Une polémique récente sur les rapports entre littérature et cinématographe m’a trouvé spontanément dans les rangs de ceux qui croient à la richesse et à la légitimité, pour le cinéma, d’une inspiration littéraire. Je dois dire qu’ayant l’intention de commencer une activité cinématographique, une des principales difficultés qui me semble faire obstacle à mon désir et à mon ambition de concevoir le film comme une œuvre de poésie est la considération de la banalité et, qu’on me passe l’expression, de la misère qui sont souvent à la base des sujets ordinaires. Il semble tout à fait évident, mais je me suis souvent demandé pourquoi, qu’alors qu’il existe une solide tradition littéraire qui, en cent formes diverses de récits et de romans, a rendu, avec imagination, la pure et simple ‘vérité’ de la vie humaine, le cinéma, qui dans son acception la plus immédiate semble à coup sûr être le ‘documenteur’ de cette vie, se complaît à maintenir le public dans de petites intrigues et une rhétorique mélodramatique où une cohérence mécanique garantit désormais le spectateur de tout risque d’inspiration ou d’invention.
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