The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan [PP: 13-20] Yahyah Kardgar Qom University Qom, Iran

ABSTRACT The perpetuity and popularity of Saadi is a clear point that most scholars acknowledge, but the philosophy and mystery behind these features have received little attention. The present study, investigated the factors involved in Saadi and his Golestan’s perpetuity and popularity using a descriptive-analytical method and a critical and comparative point of view. To do so, first, by referring to Saadi's Collections and using critics views the causes and factors behind Sadi's works presented in three linguistic, literary, and intellectual areas. Then, a linguistic feature of Saadi’s Golestan, that is, his accuracy in employing pluralization signs has been critically analyzed as one of the factors for the perpetuity and popularity of this work by extracting examples from the preface and first chapter of this book. The present study shows that using Persian pluralization signs for all Persian words and some Arabic words, choosing Persian words instead of Arabic words which eliminates the use of Arabic rules of pluralization, using irregular and feminine Arabic pluralization signs which are embedded in Persian texts and are not difficult for Persian-speaking audiences, using Persian signs to pluralize Arabic nouns and localizing foreign words, considering the fluency of pronunciation and rhythm of the words in the selection of pluralization signs, and finally, the induction of Saadi's global thought and philanthropy in the form of plural names, are some of the delicacies that appear in the plural words used in Saadi's work. This feature distinguishes Saadi from the writers who use Arabic pluralization signs in order to show their interest in Arabism and consider these characteristics as reasons for the perpetuity and popularity of Saadi's works. Keywords: Persian Prose, Saadi’s Golestan, Artistic Delicacies, Pluralization Signs, Persianism ARTICLE The paper received on Reviewed on Accepted after revisions on INFO 24/10/2019 21/11/2019 20/01/2020 Suggested citation: Cite this article as: Kardgar, Y. (2019). The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 7(4). 13-20.

1. Introduction published in over 22 treatises entitled Iranians become familiar with Saadi in Complete Works of Saadi. Bustan, Golestan their early childhood in the school. As a and Ghazaliat are the most important works young man, they meet love in his works. As of Saadi. Much has been said about Saadi a middle-aged, they deal with life and and considerable research have been done, community in his way, and in their old ages, but his position in the culture and they enter into the realm of wisdom, civilization of Iran and even the world is so experience, and worship. If we were high that one can critique and analyze his politicians, Saadi would consult with us. If works from different aspects and write a lot we were from army, he would teach us about his genuity. gallantry. If we were a marketer, he would 2. Background & Method tell us about the expense, and if we were a Saadi's worldwide fame is something Sufi, he would practice with us as a master that is observable from the translation of his "to see the greatness of God in good works in various languages. Therefore, most people". It is obvious that the roots of this of the works that have dealt with Saadi and relationship traces back to the Iranian his works have talked about his worldwide history for seven hundred years (Moayed fame. Some of these works include Saadi's Shirazi, 1997, p. 1). Musharraf al-Din Wisdom by Hakhamneshi, Hadith Khosh-e- Mosleh ibn Abdullah Shirazi is a thinker, Saadi by Zarinakub, Inquiry about Saadi by poet, and writer of the seventh century AH. Masse, Saadi’s Face by Moayed Shirazi, He was born in Shiraz in 606 AH and died and so on. Each of these studies has referred in the same city in 691 AH and his tomb in to one aspect of the factors related to Saadi's the city of Shiraz is a sacred place for all the perpetuity and popularity and often in such people in the world. His works has been works, the mystery of Saadi's perpetuity and

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 October-December, 2019 popularity has not been examined as a Strengthening the Persian language and separate subject matter; rather, it has been providing a lasting benchmark for this referred to as a minor subject while language that is not yet obsolete and can be discussing Saadi's linguistic, literary, and a reliable measure for recognizing good and intellectual features. Only the book of Four bad linguistic forms in this language so that Iranian Spokesmen by Mohammad Ali it is beneficial for the speakers and improves Islami-Nudoushan address this issue not in a the rhetoric of rhetorics”. Moreover, Saadi’s separate chapter or section but while works protects this noble language from explaining Saadi's status in Iranian culture distortion. Therefore, one can consider Saadi and literature (Islam Nouadoush, 2002, pp. in this regard as Ferdowsi’s counterpart and 101-103). The subject of the mystery of the reasons for the Persian-speakers' Saadi's perpetuity has not been much admiration of these two characters of Iranian considered in today's research. Only in the culture are linked to this feature of their speeches given on May 1st on Saadi Day the works. Rastegar Fasaei correctly points out speakers will refer to this subject. So, no the connection between these two poets and independent research has been published on the mystery of their immortality by arguing this subject. In the present study, however, that “Ferdowsi and Saadi are far apart using a descriptive, analytical and statistical despite their proximity. They seem to be method as well as a critical-comparative delivering two messages, but they both are approach, based on Saadi's works, especially actually speaking about a single truth. They Golestan, the frequency of its reflection benefit from two different modes of among the people and the use of the research expression, but their pure and clear language done by Saadiologists, it is aimed to seeks the movement of human perfection. examine the perpetuity of Saadi in the areas They seem separated, but they speak of a of language, thought and artistic delicacies common thought. Although they seem far and give a comprehensive picture of the apart from a historical aspect but they share mystery of his perpetuity and popularity. a common concern about human destiny, The aim is to answer this fundamental ethical issues and the practical life of the question that what really are the cause of whole human community. Although they do perpetuity and popularity of Saadi and his not provide the same solutions everywhere book Golestan? for all the things but they do not hesitate to 3. Discussion offer what is considered as a solution. So, The discussion of Saadi's perpetuity since they know these two human needs, and popularity is beyond the scope of an they both anticipate their immortality: article. Therefore, this study attempts to “Prosperous buildings are ruined present the causes and factors of Saadi's By rainfall and exposure to sunlight. perpetuity and popularity in linguistic, Ergo, I established a towering palace of verse, literary, poetic areas; improving Persian That sees no harm of neither dust, nor rainfall prose and intellectual aspects, as the most I shall not demise as I am alive, henceforth For I have disseminated the seeds of discourse.” important causes of Persian literature's (Ferdowsi) audiences’ attention to his works in general “Everyone were in their own time, I'm the and Golestan in particular. Hence, Saadi's immortalize Saadi precision in applying the pluralization signs I am that talking bird who speaks even after his in Golestan has been illustrated by death extracting all of its examples from the Still can hear the songs about the meaning of my preface and the first chapter of this book, a Golestan” (Rastegar Fassaei, 1994, p. 55) point that has not been addressed in any 2. If we accept that language is the most previous research. In grammar and writing important factor in the identification of books, Saadi’s Golestan is one of the most nations, we must also admit that the important sources of evidence in the Persian guardians and enhancers of the language are language, and this can be one of the most also the eternal heroes of the nations. It is important factors for its popularity. In the not surprising, then, to say that Ferdowsi and following section, each of these items will Saadi immortalized the Persian language, be criticized and analyzed. and the Persian language also endured their 3.1 The Mystery of Saadi’s Perpetuity immortality. In the present study, we will According to Saadi's work and based give an example of Saadi's attention to on research in the field of Saadiology, one Persian language and discuss some of can search for the mystery of his superiority Saadi’s use of pluralization signs in and reputation from several perspectives. Golestan. However, despite Saadi's The most important factors are: 1)

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The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan … Yahyah Kardgar

scrupulosity, he has received little attention God do not reject me that there is not another from scholars. way for me 3. Another factor of Saadi's immortality is I am poor, forgive my crime cause the rich has the role he played in Persian literature. If we pity for the poor (Ibid, p. 197) look at the Saadi’s era and the dominant B) In composing spiritual couplets, features of its literature, we can say that far from the usual considerations, and only Saadi's genuity was a savior to Persian in the interests of the human being, it offers literature in several different fields and a utopia of good and virtue that prevents evil literary genres. A) He broke the convention and corruption. The utopia, which of flattering in Persian panegyrics and by the corresponds to the realities of human life aid of the position he had gained in Iranian and is in harmony with human nature. society, he started to advice the authorities According to Zarrinkoub, “Saadi is neither because he knew that the approval of the wise nor mystic. He is only a poet and of authorities would not only result in nothing course a true poet. Especially, he is the poet but a dark future for people and Saadi of humanity that honors love and ethics. He himself, who would have a share in their is not like Plato who speaks of the subtle sins: world of the unseen and the exemplar, and “If you respect and admire a wicked person, makes an abstract sense from love and the It will abuse your respect and power and will spirit so that it has no relation to the commit ugly acts, concreteness and materiality. He is like And then you will also share in these ugliness Socrates who cares about human and his and sin.” (Saadi Shirazi) destiny” (Zarrinkoub, 2000, p. 96). Hence, it Therefore, contrary to the traditions of is not surprising that if Saadi’s utopia is a panegyrics, his odes deal with preaching, multi-dimensional one. In this utopia, the teaching and the guidance of those in power: king and the beggar, the rich and the poor, I do not want to give you knowledge of the world the men and women, the children and the and religion, elder, the Shias and the Sunnis, the Iranians But just one pray for you that is “God bless you in your last breath” (Shari'ah and Anvari, 2008, and the non-Iranians, and in summary all the p. 101) seemingly contradictory phenomena that Saadi's preachy tone is a defining cannot be summed up are so intertwined that characteristic in all of his works and makes become indistinguishable in such a way that them distinctive. He ignores the servile the world, with all its ups and downs, stands atmosphere governing the Persian in front of the reader's eyes, and the panegyrics and in return praises human differences that are often rooted in human dignity. Benefiting from “both hard and soft short-sightedness fades. In Saadi's utopia, language”, he makes the panegyrics and everyone is happy with his right, and yet the authorities to contemplate. A thought that people of this city, are each other’s targets the flattery panegyric. The verses companion in sadness and happiness. The from the preface of Bustan represents this utopia that humanity has not yet found a characteristic of Saadi's works which depicts way to achieve, even in the description of a poetic image that no longer seeks to please Saadi who proposes this utopia, it uses all the authorities but to please and guide the fine arts and virtues of the world and yet human life: falls short for his description. Barbie Do not follow the wrong path Saadi if you are Doumenar states: More than one of these true then come distinct lines can be found in Saadi, such as: You can recognize the right path Horace's elegance, ease of expression by You speak of truth and the king hears you Rableh the French writer of the sixteenth It is does not need to bring skies for Arsalan century, and simplicity of Lafontaine's (Saadi Shirazi, 2017, p. 40) thought” (Masse, 1369, p. 345). Henri It is because of such a norm-breaker Masse does not suffice for Doumenar speech view that he takes refuge in his God and about Saadi and writes: “Saadi can also be finishes his masterpiece, Bustan, in the compared to the Dutch writer Erasmus. He presence of his merciful God. Thus, the said that sometimes Saadi resembles him remembrance of God that had been forgotten because of his life style and sweet sense of and faded in the servile panegyrics takes humor" (Ibid, p. 346). special glory and demolishes the glory of C) In sonnets, he also acts in such a followers of flattering panegyrics in front of way that he gives the sonnet an independent the divine virtues, and praises his God in this character and recognizes it as a noteworthy way: frame. There is no doubt that Saadi's genuity is in the field of sonnet, he developed the

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 October-December, 2019

Persian sonnet so that it can replaces the of scope not included in this study, and just ode. A large number of Persian sonnet to prove the magnitude of this thought, it writers follow him as the pioneer in suffices to know that his motto is on the romantic sonnet. In relation to Saadi’s entrance of the United Nations building that position in sonnet writing Hakhamaneshi is: states that “Saadi is more an inventor of the The sons of Adam are limbs of each other, Persian literature than the messenger of Having been created of one essence. sonnet, as the major genre of the poetry. When the calamity of time affects one limb Before Saadi, the sonnets were generally the The other limbs cannot remain at rest. marginal grounds for the poets to describe If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others, the beauties of nature, spring and gardens, You are unworthy to be called by the name of a with the theme of beloved and love in the Human. beginnings of the odes. Saadi not only does Such an idea arose from the heart of consider sonnet as an independent type of the age when Iran and the world were Persian poetry, but also makes it a rival involved in medieval thought and human against ode which was the most important beings thought of their own immediate and type of poetry at the time and causes decline personal gain. Indeed, this thought is a in its audience. This is an artistic revolution miracle in the barren world of Saadi’s era. It in the true sense" (Hakhamaneshi, 2535, p. seems that Saadi knows everything that 54). human being needs and wants to answer. D) In the field of literary prose, This accountability, however, may seem Golestan is the best work, so that, non-normative. So, it can be said that Iran introducing imitators of this work itself and the world took advantage of Saadi's requires the writing of an independent book. works and thought and this made him to be What has made Saadi’s Golestan superior to popular and immortal. “Saadi has mastered similar works, and even all prose works in all techniques and types of speech and was Persian literature, is Saadi's sharpness in innovative in most of them. He is proficient writing this work to address the triple needs in expressing love and affection and in of language, time, and society and not to explaining the ethical values. He is one of neglected any. Integration of traditional the bests poets of Iran and may not be found language capacities, deviation from the ill- in the world” (Zarinkou, 2000, p. 120). In fated prose of some contemporaries who the present study, we will only examine one created artifacts, paying attention to the of Saadi's linguistic performances to provide characteristics of Iranian and Arabic concrete examples of Saadi's superiority. languages and their artistic integration, 3.2 Pluralization Signs: Linguistic Delicacy establishing the Persian language standard, in Saadi’s Golestan and so on, show Saadi's response to the Undoubtedly observing the linguistic needs of the Iranian people. Terms morphological and syntactic points of any of time, Saadi causes the powerful language is one of the most important continuation of Persian prose in an era that factors in the immortality of that language. Persian language was threatened by the The Persian language has been invaded by Mongols. He was able to preserve the various cultures and languages in its history, desirable traditions of writing in a critically such as: Arabic, Turkish, Mongolian and acclaimed work, such as Golestan, while European languages, but it has not lost its applying innovation in this field, and these independence, thanks to enduring works features met the temporal needs of the such as Saadi’s Golestan. So many great Iranian community. Regarding the needs of writers have arisen from Persian language, community, Khazaeli states that “the state of the writers who adhere to the principles and time caused a person rise from the Shiraz to rules of this language, even in the most familiarize ministers and authorities and critical periods of Iranian history. common people with the policies of the The Persian language was more country and the foundations of individual endangered in the seventh century because and collective ethics. He was no one except of the Mongol invasion to Iran and the Saadi Shirazi who was a valued peacemaker, turmoil that devastated this ancient land. The a master of morality and a leader of virtue, a entrance of Mongolian-Turkish vocabulary lover of mercy and affection.” to the texts of this period and the tendency to 3. Finally, we should note Saadi's technical, artifact styles, Arabicism being thought that has fascinated the world and their apparent characteristics and targeted guaranteed Saadi's immortality. On Saadi's the Persian language authenticity more than thought and its features, there is a great deal

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The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan … Yahyah Kardgar

any other period. Saadi’s Golestan played an 2- Persian words with the “Ha” sign, important role in that era not to let this four items: Gofteha (words), Laleha (tulips), language decline. By writing Golestan and Miveha (fruits), Salha (years). taking advantage of the delicacies of Persian 3. Arabic words with “An” sign, language and linguistic traditions of the past, fifteen items: Alamian (scholars), Adamian Saadi sought to preserve the power and (human beings), Akefan (Akifan), Vasefan glory of Persian language by trying to (Describers), Ashegan (lovers), Modaeian moderate the use of Arabic language and at (claimants), Hakeman (rulers), Aleman the same time, bring this language to a (scholars), Motealeghan (mutaealiqan, height of glory and authority by taking Hakiman (wises), Nazeran (observers), advantage of its immense cultural reserves Hazeran (attendants), Mortaselan (rhetoric), and artistic integration with other languages Motraselan (writers), Johrian. and cultures, especially the Arabic language. 4. Arabic words with the “Ha” plural Khazaeli emphasizes that “Golestan has sign, one item: Beytha (verses) both maintained the style of Pahlavi, and 5. Irregular Plurals, thirty-one items: incorporated Arabic manner by his taste and Atfal (children), Ghodum (steps), Ashab has enriched the Persian language” (companions), Afwah (mouths), Nawader (Khazaeli, 1965, p. 5). (anecdotes), Moluk (kings) (2 Times), Asar One of the methods that Saadi has (effects), Ayam (days) (2 times), Albab followed in preserving the Persian language (doors), Manabar (tribunes), Ghazban in the agitated conditions of the seventh (judges), La’ali (pearls), Akaber (literacies), century is to pay attention to vocabulary, Afagh (horizons), Makarem, Akhlagh morphological and syntactic rules derived (ethics( (3 times), Havashi (margins), Davab from the heart of this language, which have (livestocks), A’ayan (lords), Olama many uses in Golestan context. One such (scholars), Avayeb (disadvantages), Jarayem example is the widespread use of Persian (crimes), Amsal (tales), Seyar (travels), plural signs. Abvab (doors), Favayed (benefits), Adab In the following parts of this study, (practices). first a list of plural words and their sign in 6. Arabic feminine plural signs with Golestan is presented and then they are "At " sign, four items: Kayenat (the analyzed. Due to the amount of the book, universe), Mojoudat (creatures), Mansha’at this study just examined the preface and the (origins), Hekayat (anecdotes). first chapter of the Golestan, but the style of In addition to the above items, its prose and uniformity is so much that the twenty-one plural Arabic nouns have been results can be generalized to the entire used in the preface sections that is not Golestan and even to Saadi's works. related to the scope of the present study. Marked plurals in Persian language Plurals and their Signs in the First are divided into two categories: 1) plurals Chapter of Golestan with the “Ha” sign, and 2) Plurals with the 1) Persian words with the Persian "An" sign. Along with these two types of plural sign "An", forty-one items: plural signs, Arabic plural forms, such as Padeshahan (kings), Kheradmandan (wise “Oun, In, At”, are also used in Persian. men) (2 times), Chashman (eyes), Baradaran Considering this, we first present in detail (brothers) (4 times), Mardan (men) (4 the plural nouns of the preface and the first times), Inan (these) (2 times), Zanan chapter and finally analyze them: (women), Svaran (riders), Honarmandan The Plurals and their Sign in the (artists), Bihonaran (non-artists), Darvishan Preface of Golestan (dervishes) (2 times), Dozdan (thieves) (3 1- Persian words with the sign "Alef- times), Nikan (good people) (2 times), Noon", 28 items: Bandegan (Servants) (3 Gerdakan (walnuts), badan (bad people) (3 times), Dostan (Friends) (4 times), times), Bozorgan (elders), Pesaran (sons), Derakhtan (Trees) (4 times), Koshtegan Nikmardan (good men), Hamgenan (Killed) (2), Yaran (Fellows), Saheb-Delan (homogenous), Shourbakhtan (unfortunates), (Enlightened) (2 times), Bi-Khabaran Doshmanna (enemies) (3 times), (unawares), Bicharegan (Poors), Padeshahan Douzakhian (hell beings), Bazovan (arms), (Kings), Kehtaran (Commons), Zebardastan Oftadegan (Fallen), Vziran (ministers). (skilld), Bozorgan (elders) (2 times), 2) Arabic words with the plural “An” Nabinayan (the blinds), Nick-Bakhtan plural sign, seven items: Modaberan (the (Fortunates), Darvishan (Sufis) (3 times). wise), Salehan (the righteous), Aghelan (the wise), Moghbelan (accepted), Houran, Varesan (inheritors).

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 October-December, 2019

3) Arabic words with the “Ha” words. Saadi's mastery in Arabic language plural, sign one item: Ozvha (members). and literature is clear from these statements 4) Irregular plural nouns, five items: by Ehsan Abbas: “It is surprising that one Vozara (ministers), Abna (people) (2 times), who has spent many years in the Nezamieh Moluk (kings) (5 times), Hokama (sages) (3 and Mostansarieh schools and dealt with times), Arkan (pillars), Atraf (around), oral and written Arabic and learned the Boldan (countries), Makayed (tricks), (2 Qur'an in such a way that its language has times), Mamalek (kingdoms), Nodama become an integral part of its cultural nature, (regretfuls), Adab (rituals), Shamayel could resist using less Arabic words in his (icons), Obash (mobs), Asar (artifacts), writing, because for such a speaker who is Ayam (days), A’aza (member). proficient in the Arabic language as well as 5) The number of Arabic words in in the Qur'an, it is so easy to write Arabic the Arabic parts of the first chapter is also poetry” (Saadi Shirazi, 1372, p. 12). This three, which shows that, unlike preface, means that Saadi has never been willing to Saadi devotes less to Arabic writing. The put aside the language to which he has a rich reason for this feature can be found in the and emotional connection. So, despite his traditions of writing preface and introduction mastery in the Arabic language and contrary in Persian prose text, which are often to the conventional practices of his era, not influenced by Arabic books’ prefaces and only did he support the Persian language, also the religious atmosphere that cause but also strived to set a standard for writing them to be linked to the Arabic language. in this great language. Such a criterion is However, Saadi's Arabism in the preface is also evident in the selection of Persian so moderate that it is not difficult for most pluralization signs even for Arabic words. Persian speakers to understand Arabic 2. In making plural words, he acts sentences and poetry. This becomes more according to the criteria of Persian language. evident when the preface of Golestan is It can be said that he sets a right criterion for compared with the introduction of some making plural words in standard Persian books such as the Hamidiye or the History of language. In other words, he has used the Vassaf. plural sign "An" for animate and the plural Extracting and examining the plural sign "Ha " for inanimate entities which is a nouns and their signs in the preface and the point emphasized currently in the Persian first chapter yields some results. It shows grammar rules; that is, “among the nouns that Saadi adhered to the Persian language that become plural with “Ha” sign in Persian and its command in the use of pluralization are concrete nouns and the name of solid signs, and he has also succeeded in inducing stuffs. The name of humans and animals his intended meanings in the form of these usually become plural with “An”. The name plural nouns such that: of the plants become plural with both signs 1. No Persian words were pluralized (Anvari and Ahmadi Givi, 1991, p. 87-86). with Arabic signs, and in contrast, 3. All of Saadi's irregular plural significant Arabic words were pluralized nouns include those which are very popular with Persian plural signs. This feature is in Persian literature and are very easy to highlighted when the Arabicism of the texts understand for Persian-speaking audience. of this period are examined. Considering the Saadi has tried to decrease the need for examples of Khaghani, Jowani, and Vassaf’s Arabic plurals by choosing Persian words. prose, who wrote in the preceding era, in the Therefore, by carefully selecting the contemporary and after the Saadi's era vocabulary and using Persian plural signs, respectively, it seems that Saadi changed the none of the Persian words in Golestan are conventional style of prose writing of which used with the irregular or feminine Arabicism and using Arabic words and pluralization signs of Arabic in comparison pluralization signs have been a with the artifacts that used irregular plural characteristic, and sought to revive the nouns such as Darvishan (dervishes), authenticity of the Persian language Dahaghin (peasants), Basatin (orchards), belonging a balance to it. Asatid (masters), etc. without considering This characteristic of Saadi's the Persian language standards. Hence, one language is surprising when examined with of the most difficult factors of the Saadi era his knowledge of Arabic language. That is, prose texts, which is the use of the difficult in spite of his mastery in Arabic language Arabic irregular plurals, has disappeared in and literature, he did not abandon the Golestan prose. A comparison between Persian language at once, but tried to save Golestan's prose with the sentences quoted the Persian prose from unnecessary Arabic in the preceding pages by Khaghani, Jowani

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The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan … Yahyah Kardgar

and Vassaf can show this clearly. 6. Saadi's plural nouns are often of Comparison of Golestan prose with the human beings and their belongings. This prose of writers such as Khaghani, Jowaini, also indicates that man, in the general sense and Wasaf can reveal this feature of without any color or definite boundary, is Golestan. the center of Saadi's thought. He seeks to 4.The Arabic feminine pluralization release the neglected person from anonymity signs are also of little use in Saadi’s in Persian literature and along with the Golestan, and those few words also include common naturalism, make it the subject of the signs that are accepted in Persian his thought. This might be to direct language. The use of Persian plural signs for audience’s attention to the human kind, and these words makes their fluency and solve human problems in all ages, and in this pronunciation harder. For example, words sense, Saadi's point of view is outstanding, such as Kayenat (the universe), Mojoudat though much neglected by researchers. The (creatures), Mansha’at (origins) are cases in proof for this claim is the multiplicity of the which the use of Persian plural signs such as use of the “An” plural sign in Golestan, “H-Alef” or “Ya-Noon” makes them which is the sign of pluralization of the difficult to pronounce. Therefore, it can be animates, especially humans. said that Saadi has tried to select the signs 4. Sum Up that do not compromise the fluency and ease The mystery to Saadi's perpetuity must of pronunciation of the words and observes be sought in his ingenuity in understanding the rhythmic state of words. A point that is the needs of time, language and society. He emphasized in today's grammar books is that knows the needs of his time and is aware of “the ease of pronunciation and rhyme of the the needs of his community. He is well word are not effective in making the words aware that Persian language was threatened plural with “Ha” or “An” (Anvari and by the turmoil of the Mongols and the Ahmadi Givi, 1370, p. 87). extreme use of Arabic language and 5. Saadi has sometimes tried to make consequently, the complex style of that Persian sense in the Arabic words by time’s contemporary writers. So, he tried to pluralizing them with Persian signs. respond appropriately to the needs of his era. Although the examples of such plurals are The response which has not only worked in few rare, but these few words are accepted his time, but also has been effective till in Persian literature; however, it is contrary today and has become a benchmark for the to the rule stating that pluralization of words Persian language and Iranian culture. Long does not favor the pluralization of Arabic and mature thought, firm and hard language, words with Persian signs and “it should be and careful observance of literary and avoided unless necessary” (Najafi, 1384, p. rhetorical delicacies and arts, are the 140). Saadi's suggestion has been accepted backbone of his works perpetuity. by the Persian-language speakers and is in Meanwhile, Saadi's accurate knowledge of use today. Among these words is the word Persian language and its capacities has made “Houran” (nymphs) which is itself a plural his works a model for writing and the word, but it is pluralized with the Persian criterion for knowing good and bad in “An” sign, as if the word has lost its value of Persian language. He was so careful in using being plural in Persian. Persian syntax that in the context of The one who is full, do not like thy bread, Arabicism in the Mongol era, there is not the The one that you consider ugly is my beloved slightest deviation from the rules of the For the nymphs the hell is I’raf Persian language in his works. One of the From hell beings ask that I’raf is heaven (Saadi examples of Saadi's adherence to the Shiraz, 1991, p. 74) principles and rules of the Persian language The word “hour” is the plural is the precise observance of the rules for the of “Houra”, meaning black eyes with white use of pluralization signs. While Saadi's body. The dictionary definition of the word contemporary writers’ prose is full of says: “But in Persian it is used in the irregular, feminine, and other plural signs of singular sense and is to be pluralized with Arabic language, he has attempted to revive the Persian plural sign [Houran]" the Persian plural signs, and even by using (Dehkhoda, 1998, p. below “Houran”). The the Persian plural signs for foreign words, examples cited in the dictionary under the has given the foreign words a Persian spirit word "houran" are often from Saadi, and and thus, has maintained the formal and there is just one verse from Nezami that syntactic independence of the Persian indicates that this word was used before language. It is undoubtedly because of Saadi, and he made its use common. Saadi's intelligence that the Persian language

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 October-December, 2019 Page | 19

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 October-December, 2019 was saved from the danger of being annihilated, and now has reached to the present generation gaining worldwide acclaim as a splendid language with pure literature. It is no exaggeration to say that Saadi's perpetuity resulted from his genuity. References Anvari, H. Ahmadi Givi, H. (1991). Persian Grammar 2, Fifth Edition. Tehran: Fatemi. Dehkhoda, A. (1998). Dictionary. Second Edition, Tehran: University of Tehran. Fasaei, M. (1994). "Saadi and Ferdowsi". Volume 2. Tehran: UNESCO National Commission in Iran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Printing and Publishing Organization. Hakhamaneshi, K. (n.d). Saadi’s Wisdom. Second Edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir. Islami Nadushan, M. (2002). Four Iranian Spokesmen, 2nd Ed. Tehran: Qatreh. Khazaeli, M. (1965). Description of the Gulistan. First Edition. Tehran: Ahmad Alami Publications Institute. Khazaeli, M. (1974). Description of the Bustan. Second Edition. Tehran: Javidan. Masse, H. (1990). Inquiry on Saadi. Translated by Mahdavi Ardebili and Yousefi, Second Edition, Tehran: Toos. Moayed-Shirazi, J. (1977). Saadi. First Edition, Shiraz: Shiraz University. Najafi, A. (2005). Don’t Write False. Twelfth Edition, Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. Shirazi, S. (1990). Bustan. Corrected by Yousefi, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Kharazmi. Shirazi, S. (1991). Golestan. Collected by the effort of Rahbar, Sixth Edition, Tehran: Safi Alishah. Shirazi, S. (1993). Arabic Poetry. Corrected by Shirazi, First Edition, Shiraz: Shiraz University. Shirazi, S. (1996). Collected Works of Saadi. Corrected by oroughi, with the attempt of Khorramshahi, First Edition, Tehran: Nahid. Shirazi, S. (1998). Golestan. Corrected by Yousefi, Fifth Edition, Tehran: Kharazmi. Shoa’ar, J. Anvari, H. (2008). Selected Qdes of Sa'di, Twelfth Edition, Tehran: Qatreh. Zarin Kub, A. (2000). Hadith Khosh-e Saadi. First Edition, Tehran: Sokhan.

Cite this article as: Kardgar, Y. (2019). The Mystery of Perpetuity and Popularity of Saadi’s Golestan. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 7(4). 13-20. Page | 20