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Variations on a Persian Theme: Adaptation and Innovation in Early Manuscripts from Golconda

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Variations on a Persian Theme: Adaptation and Innovation in Early Manuscripts from Golconda Laura Weinstein Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2011 © 2011 Laura Weinstein All rights reserved ABSTRACT Variations on a Persian Theme: Adaptation and Innovation in Early Manuscripts from Golconda Laura Weinstein Scholarship on the earliest known illustrated manuscripts produced in the sultanate of Golconda has tended to describe these objects as the products of the extension of a powerful influence from Iran over this small kingdom in the Deccan. While this assessment rightly acknowledges the importance of Persianate visual traditions in early Golconda manuscripts and paintings, it oversimplifies the nature of these remarkable objects and the context of their production. In addition, it misrepresents the role of the artists involved in the manuscripts’ creation. This dissertation provides a more nuanced consideration of these objects and their making. It offers the first in-depth discussion of six manuscripts produced in Golconda between 1570 and 1610, demonstrating a previously unrecognized sophistication and creativity in the process of their creation. It also presents a newly discovered manuscript, one which significantly alters prevailing understandings of early manuscript painting in the Qutb Shahi sultanate. These studies identify several interrelated modes of engagement with Persianate forms, rather than a single stylistic progression towards local artistic “independence.” In addition, they reveal how these various modes were calibrated towards different goals, sometimes using Persianate forms as a platform from which to explore various ways of constructing and illustrating narrative and poetic texts, while at other times using these forms to make claims of cultural sophistication or for the legitimating of new and local cultural phenomena. Contents List of Illustrations iii Acknowledgments viii Chapter 1: Introduction, Literature Review and Methodology 1 Re-assessing the role of Persian culture in early Golconda’s manuscripts 2 Literature Review 5 Early Manuscripts from Golconda 5 Qutb Shahi Golconda – History and Elite Culture 12 Indo-Persian Culture 16 Methodology 21 Chapter 2: Historical and Artistic Background 24 Historical Background 24 Golconda from the Kakatiyas to the Qutb Shahis 24 Golconda under the Qutb Shahis 27 Artistic Background 39 Local Traditions - Persianate 39 Local Traditions – Indic 41 Objects and artists from Iran and Central Asia 47 Chapter 3: Manuscript Group 1 52 Shirin wa Khusraw 57 Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi 61 Reflections on Manuscript Group 1 78 i Chapter 4: Manuscript Group 2 80 Anvar-i Suhayli 86 Sindbadnama 118 Khamsa 143 Reflections on Manuscript Group 2 165 Chapter 5: Manuscript Group 3 168 Diwan of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 172 Calligraphic Albums of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 195 Reflections on Manuscript Group 3 217 Conclusions 219 Figures 229 Bibliography 299 Appendix I: Kannada captions in the British Library Sindbadnama 316 Appendix II: Reconstruction of the Andhra Pradesh State Museum Khamsa 317 Appendix III: Qutb Shahi album folios in Chester Beatty Library Per 225 318 ii List of Illustrations Chapter 1 1.1. Map of India circa 1600, from Stronge, Painting for the Mughal Emperor 1.2. Map of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India 1.3. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, frontispiece, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 1.4. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 298v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, London, IS-13- 1962) 1.5. Sindbadnama, f. 60v, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, London, Or. 3214) 1.6. Khamsa of Nizami, f. 33r, ca. 1575, Golconda (Andhra Pradesh State Museum, Hyderabad, P-1432) 1.7. Diwan of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, f. 12r, 1590-1605, Golconda (Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, Urdu Ms. 153) 1.8. Album of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, f. 6r, c. 1591, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Per 225) 1.9. Shirin wa Khusraw, f. 66v, 1568, possibly Golconda (Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, No. 499) Chapter 2 2.1. Detail of gateway, 14th-15th century, Golconda Fort; photo by Marika Sardar 2.2. Doorway of congregational mosque, 1518, Golconda fort 2.3. Detail of tomb of Ibrahim Qutb Shah (south side), ca. 1580, Golconda necropolis; photo by Marika Sardar 2.4. Anthology, f. 223v, 1436, possibly Bidar (Chester Beatty Library, Persian Ms. 124) 2.5. Tile panel at Diwan-i ‘Am, Bidar, drawing from Brend, 1986 2.6. Virabhadraswami Temple, 16th century, Lepakshi 2.7. Kalamkari, circa 1650, Golconda (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 28.159.1) 2.8. Folio from a Mahabharata, 17th century, possibly Tirupati (National Museum, Delhi, 64.150) 2.9. Khamsa of Nizami, shamsa, 15th century, Iran (Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Inv. No. VR-1000) 2.10. Yusuf wa Zulaykha, f. 38r, 16th century, Shiraz (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 13.228.8.1) 2.11. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 45r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, London, IS-13- 1962) Chapter 3 3.1. Shirin wa Khusraw, colophon, 1568, possibly Golconda (Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, Acc. No. 499) iii 3.2. Shirin wa Khusraw, f. 34v, 1568, possibly Golconda (Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, Acc. No. 499) 3.3. Shirin wa Khusraw, f. 44v, 1568, possibly Golconda (Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, Acc. No. 499) 3.4. De Materia Medica, folio number unknown, ca. 1595, possibly Golconda, present location unknown 3.5. Ikhtiyarat-e-Qutb Shahi, f. 34v-35r, 1630, Golconda (Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, Tibb 13) 3.6. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, frontispiece, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 3.7. Khamsa of Nizami, frontispiece, 15-16th century, Iran (LACMA, M.73.5.605) 3.8. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, frontispiece detail of inner portion, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 3.9. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, frontispiece detail of outer borders, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 3.10. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, f. 82v, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 3.11. Zakhira-i Khwarizmshahi, f. 118v, 1572, Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Indian Ms. 30) 3.12. Waq Waq Tree, 1630-40, possibly Golconda (Islamisches Museum, Berlin, GDR) 3.13. Kulliyat of Urfi, 17th century, Shiraz (Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 816.69) 3.14. Khamsa of Nizami, frontispiece, 1536, Shiraz (Library of Shahid Motahari School of Higher Education, Tehran, ms 0040) 3.15. Yogini, ca. 1605, Bijapur (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, In. 11A.31) Chapter 4 4.1. Arba’ah of Hatifi, f. 72v, ca. 1600, Shiraz or Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Persian Ms 261) 4.2. Arba’ah of Hatifi, f. 19r, ca. 1600, Shiraz or Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Persian Ms 261) 4.3. Arba’ah of Hatifi, ‘unwan, ca. 1600, Shiraz or Golconda (Chester Beatty Library, Persian Ms 261) 4.4. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 1r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.5. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 1r detail, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.6. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 1v-2r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.7. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 2v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.8. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 42v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.9. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 78v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.10. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 101v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.11. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 241r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.12. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 191v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.13. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 397v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.14. Mihr wa Mushtari, f. 132, ca. 1540-60, Shiraz (Raza Library, Rampur, Ms. P.4128) 4.15. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 298v detail, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) iv 4.16. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 226v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.17. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 367r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.18. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 116r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.19. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 191v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.20. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 193r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.21. Nimatnama, f. 54r, ca. 1500, Mandu (British Library, Persian Ms. 149) 4.22. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 120r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.23. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 176v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.24. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 61v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.25. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 110r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.26. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 139v, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.27. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 317r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.28. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 319r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.29. Anvar-i Suhayli, f. 324r, 1582, Golconda (Victoria & Albert Museum, IS 13-1962) 4.30. Sindbadnama, f. 1r, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.31. Sindbadnama, f. 2r, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.32. Sindbadnama, f. 1v, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.33. Khusrau wa Shirin of Shaikhi, f. 1v-2r, ca. 1525, Iran (TSM, Istanbul, H.683) 4.34. Sindbadnama, f. 123v, 1575-85, Golconda detail (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.35. Sindbadnama, f. 43r, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.36. Sindbadnama, f. 80r, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.37. Sindbadnama, f. 36v, 1575-85, Golconda (British Library, IO Islamic 3214) 4.38. Sindbadnama, f.
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    THE HOLy QUPAN AND THE ORIENTALISTS: LITERARY PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT ^nhmitM jTor tf}e fiegtee of Sottor of $l)iIos(opti? IN Arabic Literature BY TOWQUEER ALAM llnd»r th« Supervision of Dr. ABDUL BARI Professor and Chairman DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1991-92 The holy Quran beinq a Book of guidance to the human so^ ' ^ty as a whole, has been a subject of discussion since its revelation period. Enormous contribution in the form of leading articles, research papers of high standard and com­ prehensive books regarding its majestic teachings, whether pro and against^ from the side of the Muslims or non-Muslims, provide an overt proof for its extra ordinary importance, un- comparable to any manifestation of human science and intellect. The teachings of the holy Book being revolutionary in its character, provide a complete guidance to the human being for adopting 'the right path as proposed by the Omnipotent God for a Successful life in this world and the world Hereafter. This aspect of study of the holy Quran is purely religious. The preservance oE the Revelation, its specific arrangement, majestic presentation, omission and addition, rhyme and rhythm andjabove all, its miraculous character, both from the point of view of ideology and literature, testify for its being a marvellous literary monument, :fer above in excellence» in com- prision to any human endeavour , irrespective of age and place. I am not hesitant,at all, to concede that the Occidental scholars, although not altogether free from biased thinking, have contributed a lot, so far as their intellectual endeavours are concerned.
  • Case of Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh Any Lessons to Be Learnt?

    Case of Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh Any Lessons to Be Learnt?

    OCCASIONAL PUBLICATION 105 Challenges of States’ Re-organisation: Case of Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh Any Lessons to be Learnt? by Sheela Bhide The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and not of the India International Centre. The Occasional Publication series is published for the India International Centre by Kanwal Wali. Designed and produced by Naveen Printers, F-11 B, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110020 Ph.: 011-40523313, Website: www.naveenprinters.com Challenges of States’ Re-organisation: Case of Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh Any Lessons to be Learnt?* Many political analysts are of the view that the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh is one of the most controversial bifurcations of a State in recent history. After all, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh were bifurcated in the year 2000. There were problems in those States also, but none of the acrimony and bitterness that was seen in Andhra Pradesh. What really went wrong in Andhra Pradesh? Could it have been done differently? Are there any lessons that can be learnt? This paper has been prepared by a civil servant who was directly involved in the process of bifurcation as the Chairperson of the Expert Committee for recommending the bifurcation of the State Public Sector Units. In the process, the Expert Committee members were exposed to aspects of the bifurcation of State Government assets and liabilities as well. The issues have been divided into three categories: political, legislative and administrative. Political Background The history of Telangana is long and complex. Telangana was a part of the Nizam State while Andhra was a part of the Madras Province under the British.