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Pembina Band of Chippewa & Metis/Michif Relatives

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Pembina Band of Chippewa & Metis/Michif Relatives Today’s Schedule Tuesday, October 18th (2:30 to 3:50) • Review Midterm Exam and Grades • Cobell Buy-Back Extra Credit (Paper) due Nov. 15th (Note: the first meeting is tomorrow Oct. 19th from 4-7 pm in the student union. • Pembina Band of Chippewa & Metis/Michif Relatives • The New Nation (Americans) and Federal Indian Policy • Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Battle of Seven Oaks • Reading Assignment for the three weeks One Robe Chapters 14 thru 21 (pages 151-248) Test No. 2 (November 8th 60 points) Objectives 1. To describe causes and effects of the Battle of Seven Oaks. 2. To evaluate the relationship of the Red River Settlement to the Plains Ojibwa. 3. To explain the Plains Ojibwe, Cree, Assiniboine, and Metis (Michif) buffalo hunting culture. 4. To describe a buffalo runner, pemmican, Red River Cart, and rules of the hunt. 5. To describe the purpose and participants in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien (mid-1800’s). Timeline • 1800 Pembina Band of Chippewa & their • 1824 Indian Affairs office is created in the Metis/Michif relatives (Iron Alliance) War Department of the United States occupy Turtle Mountain area • 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien (Chippewa, • 1801 Alexander Henry (Elder) establishes a Sioux, and other Indians agree on hunting post at Pembina with the Chippewa boundaries) • 1803 United States purchases the Louisiana • 1827 Cherokee adopts a constitution, modeled Territory from France after the U.S. Constitution. • 1804-1806 Lewis, Clark and Sacajawea travel • 1828 Georgia abolishes tribal government and through Indian Country expands authority over Cherokee Territory • 1808 to 1812 Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, • 1829-1851 U.S. signs eighty-six (86) removal and his brother, The Prophet, founded treaties with northern Indians Prophetstown and organized a • 1830 Indian Removal Act (Eastern Tribes forced defensive confederacy of Indian tribes removal begins. • 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks (Metis, Cree • 1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (US Supreme conflict with Selkirk newcomers near Coutr ruling: tribes are dependent Winnipeg) domestic nations, created trustee • 1818 First mission school and church relationship). established at the Pembina village by • 1832 Worcester v. Georgia (US Supreme Court Father Severe Dumolin. ruled that state do not have jurisdiction in • 1823 The Hudson’s Bay Company closes its Indian Country. only remaining trading post at • 1832 Black Hawk War (Sauk/Fox or Misquakie) Pembina and withdraws north of the • 1838 Cherokee Trail of Tears (over 15,000 border. Cherokees marched from homeland to • 1823 Johnson v. McIntosh (federal gov’t land Indian Territory, 4,000 die on the route) claim) Federal-Indian Policy 1492-1828 Agreements Between Equals 1828-1887 Removal of the Indians* 1887-1934 Allotment and Assimilation* 1934-1953 Indian Reorganization 1953-1968 Termination 1968-2016 Tribal Self-Determination * Purple= Isolation * Blue=Assimilation Pembina (Plains Ojibwa) Villages Between 1801 and 1808 a permanent Plains Ojibwa band formed near the North West Company at Pembina. Gradually villages were established at Pembina, Grand Forks, Stump Lake; Devil’s Lake (Minnewaukan); Dog Den (Anamoose), Knife River; Des Lacs River; Souris River; Turtle Mountain; and St. Joseph (Hair Hills). Old Wild Rice (Manomin’e) was noted as the most prominent leader, his descendants intermarried with mixed-bloods. Another principal chief of the Pembina band circa 1800 was known as Cottonwood, an elder brother Little Shell I. After Chief Cottonwoods death Little Shell I (or Little Clam, Ais-anise) took his place in accordance with the Chippewa custom of hereditary chieftainship. 4 Pembina (Plains Ojibwa) Villages Pembina, Grand Forks, Stump Lake; Devil’s Lake (Minnewaukan); Dog Den (Anamoose), Knife River; Des Lacs River; Souris River; Turtle Mountain; and St. Joseph (Hair Hills). Little Shell Leadership 1800-1900 As notable warrior, hunter, and shaman, others had to recognize that Little Shell I had a significant amount of “good medicine,” or spiritual power. In Ojibwa culture, authority vested in individuals still had to be conferred by consensus of the band’s members. Traders and tribesmen acknowledged the personal attributes of generosity, bravery, and diplomacy. As a result Little Shell I became known as the most prominent “British Ojibwa” chief of Red River. 6 Governance: Leadership Diffused The Plains-Ojibwa comprised several egalitarian, decentralized, autonomous, and localized bands. The Chippewa placed a high cultural value on group and individual autonomy. Kinship provided the major counter force to any divisive tendencies. Kinship linked to a totemic clan system provided the principal means of social and political organization. In addition, to the principal chief, the band had sub-chiefs, or ogimaas, who acted as leaders of their own family-based sub groups. Different types of chiefs - clan, civil, diplomatic, war, and ceremonial – exercised distinct types of authority under various delineated circumstances. In about 1808, Little Shell I was killed by Dakota Indians at Devils Lake. The Metis/Michif buffalo hunts rapidly increased with 540 carts in 1820, to over 1,200 in 1840. The Metis or Michif buffalo hunts included Chippewa, Cree, and Assiniboine allies, and these caravans involved the entire community of men, women, children, dogs, oxen, Catholic priests and others. Hide tipi’s made convenient mobile homes on route to the buffalo hunts; and log homes provided permanent dwelling in places like Turtle Mountain and the Pembina Hills. Artist: Paul Kane 8 Governance Transition: Little Shell II The noted warrior and sub-chief Black Duck succeeded Little Shell I as head chief of the Turtle Mountain Band until Little Shell II came of age. Black Duck’s village was at Stump Lake, just southeast of Devils Lake. In 1805, Black Duck distinguished himself for bravery in a battle with the Yankton Dakota led by Wa-nah-ta. By 1815, Little Shell II (Weeshe-e-damo) matured enough to assume the hereditary leadership role of chief of the Pembina Band. By this time the declining beaver and muskrat fur trade in the Red River basin, and lure of more westerly buffalo hunting led Little Shell II to winter, trap, and hunt in the Turtle Mountain area. Metis/Michif Settlements at Red River (Winnipeg) The Metis established farms along the Red River near present day Winnipeg (Red River Settlement). The farms were modeled after the French system of land ownership. The Metis and their Chippewa, Cree, and Assiniboine relatives frequently patronized the Winnipeg, Pembina, and St. Paul. By 1818, the United States and England signed a treaty of recognition to establish the international boundary (49th parallel) now North Dakota’s northern most boundary. 10 Cuthbert Grant and Pierre Falcon Cuthbert Grant, nicknamed the Warden of the Plains was the son of Scottish man and Cree woman. He received some education in Scotland. His sister was married to Metis minstrel Pierre Falcon. Pierre Falcon composed the Metis National Anthem shortly after the Battle of Seven Oaks. Grant had an older brother named James and three sisters, Margaret, Josephte, and Mary. Cuthbert Grant was a clerk of the North West Company and appointed to the Red River District. He was viewed as a man who could lead a Metis military force against the Hudson Bay Company. 11 What was the Battle of Seven Oaks also called the Pemmican War? The conflict took place on June 19, 1816 outside of present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba between Metis/Michif and the Scots and Swiss Selkirk Settlers who attempted to establish an agricultural community in the Red River Valley. The first party of Selkirk Settlers arrived at Red River in 1812 after spending a winter on the barren shores of the Hudson Bay. These immigrants from Scotland arrived with the intention of being an agricultural community to produce food for the Hudson Bay Company (HBC). However, the Selkirk Settlers were unable to produce enough food for themselves and therefore they had to rely upon pemmican as a main food staple. Pemmican is processed meat, usually buffalo because it was plentiful at the time. The North West Company, a rival of the HB Company, agitated the French-speaking Metis/Michif by telling them the Selkirk settlers would change their life ways. What was is pemmican? Pemmican is combination of buffalo meat and berries mixed with melted fat. It was a staple food source for many Native Americans including Metis/Michif. Pemmican was in high demand by fur companies and later railroad companies. 14 Treaties of Priaire du Chien (1825, 1826, 1829, 1830) To establish peace between the Sioux and their neighbors: Chippewa, Sac and Fox, and Ioway peoples a treaty (1825) was made to establish formal boundaries among each of the tribal groups, often called the "Prairie du Chien Line." For peoples accustomed to ranging over a wide area, the Prairie du Chien Line served as a hindrance, as it provided that tribes were to hunt only within their acknowledged limits. Canoe Race Near Sault Ste. Marie 1836, George_Catlin There were various treaty councils held to alter the boundaries in subsequent years. Works Cited Battle of Seven Oaks. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks Bearsprings Blossom/Buffalo. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Keepbanderabeautiful.com: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/bearspringsblossom/buffalo.html Falcon, Pierre. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Biographical.ca: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/falcon_pierre_10E.html Grant, Cuthbert 1854. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Biographical.ca: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grant_cuthbert_1854_8E.html Half Breed Encampment, Plains Métis. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Pinterest.com: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/228417012321100390/ Shaw, J. M. (2005, January 4). In Order That Justice May Be Done; The Legal Struggle of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa. Tuscon, Arizona, United States of America: The University of Arizona. The Red River Resistence Children of Red-River. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Hallnjean2wordpresss.com: https://hallnjean2.wordpress.com/the-red-river-resistence/children-of- red-river/ Treaty of Prairie du Chien.
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