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Medicine in Manitoba THE STORY OF ITS BEGINNINGS /u; ROSS MITCHELL, M.D. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY LIBRARY FR OM THE ESTATE OF VR. E.P. SCARLETT Medic1'ne in M"nito/J" • THE STORY OF ITS BEGINNINGS By ROSS MITCHELL, M. D. .· - ' TO MY WIFE Whose counsel, encouragement and patience have made this wor~ possible . .· A c.~nowledg ments THE LATE Dr. H. H. Chown, soon after coming to Winnipeg about 1880, began to collect material concerning the early doctors of Manitoba, and many years later read a communication on this subject before the Winnipeg Medical Society. This paper has never been published, but the typescript is preserved in the medical library of the University of Manitoba and this, together with his early notebook, were made avail­ able by him to the present writer, who gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness. The editors of "The Beaver": Mr. Robert Watson, Mr. Douglas Mackay and Mr. Clifford Wilson have procured informa­ tion from the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Dr. M. T. Macfarland, registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, kindly permitted perusal of the first Register of the College. Dr. J. L. Johnston, Provincial Librarian, has never failed to be helpful, has read the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. Mr. William Douglas, an authority on the Selkirk Settlers and on Free' masonry has given precise information regarding Alexander Cuddie, John Schultz and on the numbers of Selkirk Settlers driven out from Red River. Sheriff Colin Inkster told of Dr. Turver. Personal communications have been received from many Red River pioneers such as Archbishop S. P. Matheson, Mrs. John Norquay, Miss Janet Bannerman, Miss Anna Cowan of Winnipeg, Mr. Thomas Bunn of Selkirk, Mr. Beddome of Winnipeg, Mrs. J.M. Wellwood ofMinne­ dosa, Mrs. McDonald of Clandeboye, Mr. H. M. S. Cotter o' Cumber­ land House, Saskatchewan, also from others of a more recent period: Mr. A. E. Johnston, Q.C., Dr. W. A. Bigelow and Dr. S. J. S. Peirce of Brandon, Rev. A. d'Eschambault, St. Boniface, and Miss Adele McKee, R.N., Superintendent Victorian Order of Nurses, Winnipeg. Miss Ruth Monk, librarian of the Medical Library, has given much help and to Dr. John Hillsman and Dr. C. E. Corrigan I am indebted for valuable criticism. Above all I am grateful to Dr. Walter F. Tisdale, President of the Manitoba Medical Association and the members of the Executive Committee for sponsoring this work. IV Contents Dedication ........ ...... .............. ... ...... .. .... ................ ... ...... III Acknowledgments .. IV Introduction .......... VI Foreword ............. .. .. VII, VIII Indian Medicine .................... ....... ..... 1 The Way to the Orient...... .................... ..... 8 The Company of Adventurers Trading into the Hudson's Bay ........ ........ ................... ...... ..... .. ....... 12 The Company's Surgeons at the Bay ............... ........ 16 Opening up the Interior ... .......... 21 The Selkirk Settlers .. .... ....................... 25 The Pemmican War.. ... .................. ... ......... ... .................. 30 The Red River Colony. 36 The Birth Pangs of a Province. ... 47 Laying Foundations... ... .. .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. ........... .. .. ... 56 Public Health in Manitoba......................... .. .... .............. 69 Pioneer Hospitals...... ......... .... ... ..................... 76 The Period of Expansion.. ............... ... ... ...... .... .. 80 Manitoba's Medical School... ... ...... .... .. ... ......... ........ 84 Women Physicians.. .. .................. ... ....................... .. ... ........ 92 Doctors as Naturalists ................................... .... .. ..... ....... .. 97 Doctors as Explorers... .... .... .. .. ... ..... ... ....... ...... ..................... 102 Doctors in Sport .. ... .. .... .. ... .. 105 Doctors in Politics .... ...... .. ...... ......... .. ... ... .. .......... ..... ... .. 107 Doctors as Authors.. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .. .... .......... ...... 111 Canadian Medical Association.... ....... ..... .... ... ... ....... .. ......... 118 Manitoba M edical Association... ...... ..... ... ...... .. ..... ........ .. 121 An Afterword........... ......... ........ ..... .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. ......... 128 Bibliography... ..... .. ....... ............. .. ... ... ........... .. ...... .... ........ 129 Index 131 v INTRODUCTION DURING THE comparatively brief period since 1870 when Manitoba became a Province, the record of the Medical profession in Manitoba has been one of unselfish service and a constant endeavor to raise the medic'"l standards of the province. These efforts have resulted in the develop­ ment of a well organized medical profession, excellent facilities for the 11 hospital care of patients and a Faculty of Medicine which ranks high among the M edical Schools of Canada. All these achievements have been brought about by the vision and rugged determination of a long succession of doctors whose idealism has been reinforced by the pioneer spirit. The life histories of many of these men make inspiring and colorful reading, as is evident from a perusal of the pages of "Medicine in Manitoba". It is indeed fortunate that Doctor Ross Mitchell has chosen to write the History of M anitoba Medicine. Doctor Mitchell has been one of M anitoba's most distinguished practitioners for more than forty years, and all during that time he has been keenly interested in the history of M edicine, and particularly in the medical history of Wes tern Canada. In the first section of this little book, which speaks so eloquent­ ly for his scholarship and research, he has gone back to the earliest days of the North-West, showing the influence of Indian Medicine, and the role played by doctors in the remote days of exploration and settlement of the territory now included in the Province of Manitoba. He has then proceeded to weave the facts of medical history into a concise and absorbing narrative of the difficult beginnings and gradual growth of the Province. The result is a most interesting historical document and a valuable source book of medical history. One hopes that at some future time Doctor Mitchell will develop some of the historical episodes of the profession in greater detail and delineate for posterity, in his delightful style, some biographical sketches of the pioneer doctors whose lives lent so much color to the local scene in times gone by. L. G. Bell, M.D., Dean, Medical Faculty, I The University of Manitoba. September, 1954 ' Ir VI FOREWORD fr SEEMS PITTING that the story of medicine in Manitoba should be recorded. For two centuries, what is now Manitoba, was part of Rupert's Land, a vast ill,defined territory held by a trading company under a Royal Charter. The only communication between London and the forts on Hudson Bay was the annual visit of a sailing ship. From 1812 settlers along the Red River threatened the supremacy of the fur traders. The little colony that developed there was isolated by over four hundred miles from the nearest civilization at St. Paul. After bitter strife and bloodshed Manitoba became a province in the young federation of Canada. Ontario, Quebec, the Maritimes and older lands sent their sons and daughters to the unoccupied land on the western prairies. At first the movement was slow, but with rail, ways the trickle became a flood. The new community found it neces, sary to enact measures to ensure order and welfare. Among these measures were the establishment of hospitals, the setting up of authority to determine standards for medical practitioners and the creation of a' l Board of Health. New source material has recently been made available in the sixteen volumes of the Hudson's Bay Record Society, published annually since 1938. In these one may find, although only by hard search, items of medical interest which hitherto had been buried in the Hudson's Bay Company's archives in London. The intent has been to record the beginning of medicine in Canada's keystone province and to carry the story forward to a time fairly close to the present when medicine has been organized to deal with the problems arising out of modern civilization. No attempt has been made to close off this narrative at a definite date. Names of living persons are mentioned only to round out a category such as Doctors in Politics or Doctors as Authors. The Golden Boy which tops the dome of our Legislative Building has his face set to the north. It was so placed as a symbol that the future of Manitoba may lie in those regions about Hudson Bay to which came the first white traders. Almost every ship of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1670 onward I carried a surgeon who in many instances stayed in the country for a year VII or more. Each of the four Selkirk expeditions, 1812 to 1815, was accompanied by a doctor who was usually second in command. The Iearly surgeons were the first naturalists and geologists, they explored the Arctic coast, they took part in government, even more important, they tried to bring hope and healing. The missionary and the doctor have been the first professional men to venture into a new country, and from their ministry to souls and bodies they have gained a place in the hearts of pioneers. Francis Bacon wrote: "I hold every man a debtor to his profession." It is in this spirit that these notes on medicine in Manitoba have been written. VIII Indian Medicine WHEN WHITE MEN first reached North America they met the copper­ hued natives, whom, in the belief that this new land was
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