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'-Sp-Sl'-' University Dottawa Ecole Des Gradues 001175 ! / / -/ '-SP-SL'-' UNIVERSITY DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES JOSEPH DUBUC ROLE AND VIEWS OF A FRENCH CANADIAN IN MANITOBA l870-191l+ by Sister Maureen of the Sacred Heart, S.N.J.M. (M.M. McAlduff) Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa through the Department of History as partial ful­ fillment of the requirewents for the degree of Master of Arts ,<^S3F>a^ . LIBRARIES » Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1966 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: EC55664 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55664 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was prepared under the guidance of Dr. Alfred Vanasse of the Department of History. The writer wishes to thank him for his helpful direction, doubly appreciated since it had to be given entirely by mail. The writer also expresses gratitude to Archivist Hartwell Bowsfield and Assistant Archivist Regis Bennett of the Provincial Archives of Manitoba; to the Chancery staff of the Archiepiscopal Archives of St. Boniface; to Miss Clementine Combaz of"the Provincial Library; and to Sister William Henry, S.N.J.M., Librarian at St. MaryTs Academy. All were most generous in giving permission and guidance for the use of their resources. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM The writer received her early education in Edmonton, Alberta. After completing high school in Winnipeg, she attended the University of Manitoba and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from that institution in 1955. In 1956, she registered with the graduate division of the University of Ottawa and followed summer courses in history. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapt er page INTR( vii I.- FRIE] 1 1. The Provisional Government 3 2. The Manitoba Act 7 3. The Role of the Clergy 11 4. The Quebec Public 16 5. The Wolseley Expedition 19 6. The Fenian Invasion 24 II.- CHAM 36 1. As Journalist 38 2. As Agitator 45 A. The Promise of Amnesty 45 B. The Struggle for Amnesty 50 C. The Granting of Amnesty 52 3. As Electioneer 54 A. Federal Elections of 1871 54 B. Federal Elections of 1872 56 C. The Provencher By-Election of 1873 64 D. Federal Elections of 1874 68 E. The Provencher By-Election of 1874 74 4. Conclusion 32 III.- LAWY ER 86 1. Dubucfs Role in the Growth of the Courts 86 2. DubucTs Career in Law 97 3. The Fenian Raid Trials 104 4. The Scott Murder Trials 110 A. The Trial of Ambroise Lepine 112 B. The Trial of Andre Nault 122 IV.- LAND COMMISSIONER 126 1. The Land Situation 127 2. Distribution Problems 129 A. The Square Survey System 130 B. Dominion Complications 130 C. The Half-Breed Land Grant 132 D. The Order-in-Council of April, 1871 134 E. The Order-in-Council of May, 1871 136 F. The Order-in-Council of April, 1872 139 3. The "Hay Privilege" 141 4. The Staked Claims 147 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS v Chapter page V.- MEMBER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 158 1. The First Provincial Parliament, 1871-75 159 A. The Organization of the Province 159 B. The Session of 1871 164 C. The Sessions of 1872 and 1873 170 D. The Ministerial Crises of 1874 172 a) The Fall of Clarke 172 b) The Fall of Girard 179 2. The Second Provincial Parliament, 1875-79 134 A. The Davis Cabinet 184 B. Abolition of the Legislative Council 187 C. The Legislation of 1877 191 D. Lieutenant-Governor Cauchon 194 VI.- MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT 200 1. The Federal Elections, 1878 200 A. Provencher 200 B. Selkirk 205 C. Riel 207 2. The Federal Session of 1879 210 A. The Letellier Affair 213 B. The National Policy 217 C. Provincial Business 220 D. Party Patronage 227 3. The Provincial Crisis, 1879 228 A. The Cabinet Upheaval 229 B. Royal's Coup 230 VII.- JUDGE 238 1. The Appointment 238 2. Puisine Judge under Wood 241 3. The Riel Case 246 A. On the Banks of the Saskatchewan 248 B. At the Regina Courthouse 252 C. To the Court of Queen's Bench 259 4. The School Question 268 A. Barrett and Brophy vs. Winnipeg 274 B. The Federal Government's Remedial Bill 288 C. The Laurier-Greenway Compromise 296 5. Chief Justice 303 VIII.- CITIZEN OF ST. BONIFACE 307 1. Pioneer 308 A. The Home 308 B. The Grasshoppers 311 C. The Railway 313 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDI ES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS VI Chapter page VIII.- 2. Colonizer 315 A. The Colonization Society 316^ B. The Immigrants 3. Educator 320 A. As Superintendent of Catholic Schools 324 B. On the University of Manitoba Council 329 C. As Vice-Chancellor of the University 334 339 4. Councillor of the North West Territories 345 A. His Appointment 345 B. His Activities 348 5. Speculator 352 6. Socialite 356 7. Patriot 361 A. The St. Jean-Baptiste Society 362 B. The French Language Congress 364 CONCLUSION, 366 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 370 Appendix 1. ABSTRACT OF Joseph Dubuc, Role and Views of a French Canadian in Manitoba 1870-1914 . 379 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION 1. The Canadian Setting. The federation of the British North America pro­ vinces in 1867 was expected to heal the cleavage between Canada's two races which had rendered unworkable the 1841 Act of Union. Confederation was expected to mend the breach, not by extinguishing the differences which charac­ terized the two races, but by developing a new Canadianism common to them both. This new Canadianism was the ideal which inspired the efforts of George-Etienne Cartier, with­ out whom Confederation might have never been concluded. Wanting the province of Quebec, there could have been no confederated British North America, and it was Cartier who succeeded in winning both the French Canadians and the English Canadians of Quebec. He persuaded the French Que­ beckers that they might safely confide their general inter­ ests to a federal legislature in which they would ever be a minority, and the English Quebeckers that they might with equal safety confide their local interests to the predom­ inantly French Canadian provincial legislature. To Cartier and the other Fathers of Confederation, the British North America Act which constituted the Dominion of Canada was a treaty providing safeguards for minority rights, both French and English. French Canadians have tended to understand UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION viii Canadian Confederation as Cartier understood it: not simply as a federal union of the British North American provinces in which the will of the majority should prevail, still less as a means of fusing the two races by assimilating the minority, but rather as a solemn pact between French and English which would guarantee to each group an equal right to its own faith, language, laws, and customs—in short, as a unity of diversity. No sooner had the "pact" been sealed by the passing of the British North America Act than French Canadians be­ gan to accuse their English countrymen of violating it both in letter and in spirit. For the former, Confederation had formally rejected the concept of a wholly English Canada in which the French would one day be absorbed. But this con­ cept persisted in the minds of the English-speaking public, and its persistence was fostered by many factors: by steady British immigration, by a serious reduction of the French Canadian population through emigration to the United States, by the influx of European peoples which complicated the ideal of "unity of diversity", by the surge of British Imperialism which coloured the latter part of the nineteenth century, and by Anglo-American dominance in the industrial development of Canada. The misgivings of these French Canadians who had opposed Confederation in the 1860's through fear of the English majority were confirmed many UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION ix times before the turn of the century. In Manitoba the French Canadian struggle in the face of an ever growing English population was particularly dramatic. This thesis will review that drama through the eyes of a French Canadian who played a leading role in it during the first forty-four years of Manitoba history. It had never occurred to Cartier and his supporters that the constitutional privileges granted the French Cana­ dians should be limited to the province of Quebec. He ex­ pected the toleration and even generosity shown the English minority in his own province to be extended to the French minority in other provinces of the Dominion. When the colony of Assiniboia was granted provincial status in 1870, he agreed with Alexandre Tache, Bishop of St.
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