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Ablon, J., 15 Bakker, P., 5 Aboriginal people, 1, 5. see also Indians Ballanden, John, 78 history of, 32 Ballendine, John, 87 land claims of, 199 Bannatyne, A.G.B., 164 worldview of, 15 Barth, Frederick, 99 acculturation, 185 Batoche, 103, 150, 191, 199, 215–218, 225, of children, 93–94, 101 228 by Métis, 4–5 Batoche, Battle of, 9, 18, 213, 215, Adams, Howard, 154 219–221, 240–241, 244, 259–260 Adas, Michael, 186, 189–190, 200 map of, 222–223, 226–227, 230–231, Adhémar de Saint-Martin, Antoine, 35 234–237, 242–243, 246–251, 256–257 Adhémar, Jean Baptiste, 35 Batoche, Xavier, 224 Adhémar, Jeanne, 35 Batt, Isaac, 40, 50 agriculture, 8, 11–12, 16, 114, 118, 199 Battleford, 205, 214–216 Albany Post, 48 Baxter, Alexander, 42 Alberta, 8–9, 12 Beaumayer, Joseph, 37 as helping Métis, 16 Beaver Club, 95 Alberta Heritage Trust, 16 Beaver Indians, 60 alcohol, 28, 47, 49 Bedson, Samuel L., 114 distribution of, 107 Begg, Alexander, 156, 160–161, 180 over-consumption of, 5, 10 Belbird, 80 prohibition on, 85 Belcourt, Father G.A., 62, 64 Aldous, Montague, 149, 151 Bhagwan, Birsa, 186, 189–190, 193, 196, Algonquin tribes, 1, 6 201–202 Allan, William, 164 Big Bear, 215 Andre, Father Alexis, 199 Big Frog, 81 Aposte Ouyatonons, 36 Bird, Isabella, 117 Arcand, Joseph, 224 Black, Henry Moore, 18, 203, 205, Archibald, Lieutenant Governor A.G., 208–210, 264 108, 136, 142, 266–267 Black, Mr. Justice John, 161 Ashdown, James, 165, 181 Blackfoot Indians, 28, 39, 205, 216 Assiniboia, District of, 6, 8, 17 Blackwood, Frederick Temple (Lord Indians, 25, 34, 40, 53, 204 Dufferin), 52 /valley, 6, 26, 30, 34, Bois Brûlés, 22 36–37, 41, 56, 62, 66, 101 Boisvert, Donald, 107 Astley, W.J., 253, 255 Bonneau, Napoleon, 113 Athabasca River/country, 22, 27, 37, 46, Boucher, John, 224 55, 57, 60, 100–101 Boulton, Major Charles A., 166 Atsina (Gros Ventres), 98 account re T. Scott, 163, 168, 180 Atwood, Margaret, 202 and Battle of Batoche, 213, 217, Aulneau, Father Jean-Pierre, 35 219–220, 225–229, 238, 240, 244, 252–253, 255 Baie St. Paul parish, 130–131, 138 and Louis Riel, 175, 178

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threatened execution of, 167, 169, 174 Cameron, James, 151 Bourgeault, Ron, 145 Cameron, W.B., 224 bourgeois, 45, 93, 96–97, 101–102, 189 Campbell, M., 10–11, 15 Bourget, Bishop Ignace, 192 Canada First policy, 266–267 Boyer, Charles, 44 Canadian Confederation, 13, 27, 264 Brassy, 79–80 Canadian Constitution Act (1982), 3 British North America Act, 264 Canadian Métis Society, 13 Brown, Jennifer S.H., 5, 81, 87, 93–94 Canadian Pacific Railway, 154, 188 Bruce, John, 267 Candle Lake, 82 Brulees Indians, 209–211 capitalism, 8, 15, 19, 105, 187–188 Bucks Head, 84 Card, B.Y., 5 Budd, Henry, 85 Cardinal, Bev, 13 buffalo furs, 128–129. see also fur trade Cardinal, Douglas, 15 buffalo herds, 39, 56, 61, 66, 123, 188, Carlton House, 52 204, 210 Caron, Adolphe, 216–217, 233 decline of, 8, 70 Caron, Jean, Sr., 220 disappearance of, 71, 198, 204, 209 Carrière, Angelique, 115 slaughter of, 69–70 Carrière, Elie, 115 buffalo hides, 128 Carrière family, 149 market for, 71 Carrière, Joseph-Adolphe, 115 processing of, 70 Carrot River, 77–78, 82 buffalo hunters, 33, 52–53 Cartier, Georges-Étienne, 136, 264–268 buffalo hunting, 3–4, 7, 10, 59, 61–62, Carver, Jonathan, 43–44, 46 153, 199 Cathead, 80 commercialization of, 58 Catholicism, anti, 159–160 forbiddance of, 6 Cedar Lake, 34, 37, 50 Buffalo Lake, 94, 103 Chambers, William, 162, 166 buffalo meat, 57, 64 Champagne, Ambroise, 224 consumption rate of, 64–65 Champagne, Antoine, 38 market for, 57, 63 Chapleau, Joseph, 171–172 buffalo ponies, 59 Chaplette, James, 87 buffalo pound, 49 Charette, Guillaume, 63 buffalo robes, 61 charisma, 191, 202 market for, 66–71 Chesterfield House, 98 processing of, 69 Chicot, 22 trade of, 67–68, 70, 103, 115, 123 Chukoopan, 79–80, 88 buffalo runs, 59 Clark’s Crossing, 217 buffalo slaughter Cloutier, Reverend G., 214 wastage from, 66, 70 Cocking, Matthew, 40, 50, 46–49, 51 Buffaloe, The, 31 Cohn, Norman, 195 Bull Dog, 205, 207, 209–210 Collected Writings of Louis Riel, The, 203 Bumsted, J.M., 18 Colley, Linda, 160 Burley, David, 86 Collins, Joseph Edmund, 162 colonization, 2, 6, 14, 142, 185, 188, 190, Cahokia, IL, 2 196, 202, 261 Calgary, University of, 145 Commission Inquiry (1881), 112–113, Callwell, Major, 214, 238–239, 245 115, 141 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 315

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Conselheiro, Antonio, 186, 189, 195–196, Dennis, Colonel John S., 163, 177–178, 200–201 252, 263 Constant, Joseph, 87 Denoe, Marie-Denise (dite Destaillis), 35 Coombes, Joseph, 161, 164–165 Department of the Interior, 106, 114, 117, Council of Assiniboia, 132–133, 166 120, 123, 126, 128, 142, 149, 153, 199 country marriage, 25, 92–93, 97, 99, 102 Derby, Lord (Edward H. Stanley), 216 coureurs de bois, 1, 6, 24 Desfonds, Sieur Louis Lamay, 36 Courrier de St. Hyacinthe, 175 Desjarlais, Baptiste, 87 Coutu, Henri, 175–176 Dewdney, Governor Edgar, 147–148, 218 Indians, 2, 6, 22, 25, 34–35, 40, 51, Dickason, O.P., 2 84, 86 Dion, J.F., 12 and insurrections, 215–216, 218 dispossession thesis, 105–107, 123 language of, 42, 52–53 District of Assiniboia, 161 society of, 77, 79–80 Dobbin, Murray, 145 and Twatts, 82, 85, 88–89 Documents Relating to the North West Cronin, M., 10 Company, 57 Crowfoot, 205, 216 Dominion Lands Act, 187, 267 Crozier, L.N.F., 206, 215 Dominion Lands Board, 152 Cumberland House, 40, 50, 56, 60, 62, Douaud, P., 5, 10 74, 83 Douglas, Thomas (Lord Selkirk), 6–7, journals of, 49, 76–82, 84–85, 87–88 132 Cumberland Lake, 56 Down-River Plains Cree, 98 Cunningham, Robert, 108, 116 Drouin, E.O., 12 Custer, General George, 203 Drury, Captain C.W., 229, 252 Cut Knife Hill (battle), 215, 218 Dubois land claims, 151 Duck, George, 152–153 Dakota Sioux Indians, 34 Duck Lake, 146, 148, 199 Damon, A., 4 Dufferin, Lord (Frederick Temple Dandonneau, Marie-Anne, 38 Blackwood), 158 Daniels, Harry W., 1, 4, 16 Duffy, Dennis, 145 Darndennes, Marie-Angélique, 35 Dumont, Elie, 229, 240 Daughter of Time, The, 155 Dumont, Gabriel, 4, 53, 102–103, 200, Dawes Act (1887), 12 213, 265 Dawson, B., 12 and Battle of Batoche, 221, 232, de Beauharnois, Charles, 38 259–260 de Champlain, Samuel, 1 land claims of, 151 de Roussillon, Girard, 1 Dumont, Jean, 94, 102 de Salaberry, Charles, 264 Dumont, Suzette, 94, 102 de Trémaudan, A.H., 5, 10, 12, 154, 172, Durand, Paul, 94 179 De Villiers, M., 35 Eccles, W.J., 2–3, 7 Declaration of Rights, 13 ecumenical council system, 196 Deed Poll, 30 endogamy, of Métis, 5, 74 Deetz, Alexander, 86 engagés, 6, 34, 45, 48, 92, 95–97, 101 Deloria, V., 12 English River, 57 Delorme, Joseph, 170–171 Ens, Gerhard, 91, 105–106, 123, 126–129, Denison, Colonel George T., 219, 254, 132–134 262 ethnic category, 75, 88 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 316

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ethnic group, 75, 82 Fort St. Louis, 34, 41 ethnicity, hybrid, 4–5 Fort Union, 66 ethnogenesis, of Métis, 53, 91–93, Fort Vermilion, 51 99–103 Fort Victoria, 22 exogamy, of Métis, 4 Fort Walsh, 205 Fort Wedderburn, 60 Farmer, William, 167 Fort William, 56–57 farming, 115, 151, 153, 188. see also agri- Fortnay, George, 161 culture Foster, John E., 7, 17, 52 economic situation of, 62 Fourmond, Father, 191, 221, 225, 241 Fenian attack, 265 Fourth World, of indigenous people, 14, Fidler, Peter, 28, 77 185 Finley, James, 45–46 Fraser, A., 10 Fish Creek, 151, 215–217, 220 freemen, 52–53, 87, 91–94, 98–102 Fisher, Alex P., 224 French, C.L., 5, 229, 252 fishing, 10–11, 16, 71 Frenchman’s Butte (battle), 215 Flanagan, Thomas, 9, 17–18, 186–187, Frideres, J.S., 16 198–199 Friesen, Gerald, 34, 39, 107 and land claims, 126–129, 133–134, fringe dwellers, 10 136–138, 141–143, 146 Frobisher, Benjamin, 42 Flett, George, 87 Frobisher, Joseph, 42, 49–50 Fleury, Patrice, 224 Frobisher, Thomas, 50 Flying Indian, 84 Frobisher-McGill partnership, 50 Forget, A.E., 146 Frog Lake Massacre, 215 Fort Alexander, 46 Frye, Northrop, 197 Fort Assiniboine, 18, 203, 205, 208–210 fur trade, 2–3, 7, 17, 29, 31–32, 45, 53, 76, Fort Bas de la Rivière Winipic, 46, 56 80, 188 Fort Basquia, 40 buffalo slaughtered for, 66 Fort Belknap Reservation, 204, 208 expansion of, 55 Fort Bourbon, 34, 37, 39, 41, 43, 50 free, 9, 41 Fort Carlton, 51–52 illegal, 42 , 11, 60 importance of, 23 Fort Dauphin, 36–38, 42, 57 monopoly of, 6, 8–9 Fort des Prairies, 49, 51–52, 57 Montreal-based, 34, 37, 92 Equipment Book, 51 fur trade licenses, 42, 46, 50 Fort Edmonton, 22, 28, 103 fur trade provisions market, 55–56, 58, (Winnipeg), 8, 162, 179, 62, 69, 71 262–264, 266–268 diminishing of, 61 Fort Keogh, 207 fur trade traditions, 21, 23, 49 Fort la Corne, 40 Fur Trade War (1815-16), 33 Fort La Reine, 34, 36, 38, 41–42 fur traders, 33, 41, 60 Fort Maurepas, 34, 36 Fort Paskaya, 37, 41 Gabriel’s Crossing, 220 Fort Pembina, 63–65 Gardipee, Jean Baptiste, 87 Fort Rouge, 34 Gareau, Ludger, 220 Fort Severn, 43, 49, 77 Gariépy, Philippe, 224 Fort St. Charles, 34 Gariépy, Pierre, 224 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 317

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Garnot, Philippe, 221, 224 Hatt, Ken, 146–147 Gatling gun, 214, 218–220, 224–225, Haumene, Te Ua, 186, 189–190, 193–196, 228–229, 233, 239, 244–245, 252, 255, 201 258 Headingly parish, 130–131, 138, 165 Gaultier, Francois, du Tremblay, 38 Hearne, Samuel, 40, 49, 79 Gaultier, Louis Joseph, Le Chevalier, 38 Heintz, N., 4 Gaultier, Pierre, de la Vérendrye Jr, 37 Henday, Anthony, 39–41, 49 Gaultier, Pierre, Sieur de la Vérendrye, Henry, Alexander, the Younger, 31, 33–34, 36–39 50–51 Giraud, Marcel, 1, 3, 5, 10, 76, 86–87, 91, heterosis, 4–5 94, 100, 106–107 Hiernaux, J., 4 Goulet, Elzear, 170 High Bluff parish, 130–131, 138 Goulet, Roger, 146 Hildebrandt, Walter, 18 Graham, Andrew, 47, 76 Hincks, Sir Francis, 264 Graham, Andrew W., 47, 76, 163–165 Hirabayashi, G.K., 5 Grand Carrying Place, 46 Historical Atlas of Manitoba, 47 Grand Coteau battle (1851), 8, 239 History of the North-West Rebellion of Grand Portage, 42–43 1885, The, 213 Grant, Allan, 155–156 , les, 91, 95 Grant, Cuthbert, 6, 52 Holmes, I.P., 79, 81, 83, 87 Grasset, Colonel Anthony V., 244, 254 Holmes, William, 49–50, 78 Grassland Indians, 71 homesteads, 132, 152–153 Gray, Charlotte, 18 Hope, Adrian Pete, 13 Great Bear Lake, 60 horses, 123 Great Depression, 12 of Sioux, 208–211 Great Lakes, 17, 24, 28, 31, 37, 42, 46, 50 spread of, 58–59 fur trade on, 33, 93 stealing of, 211 Great Sioux War, 204 Howard, Captain A.L. (US), 218–219, Great Slave Lake, 60 228, 232, 252 Gros Ventres, 98, 204 Howard, J.K., 1, 3, 14 Guariglia, Guglielmo, 194 trade system, 21, 25, 29–30 Gun Worm River, 82 Hudson House, 56 Hudson’s Bay Company, 9, 17, 28–29, Haig, Captain H. de H., 244 31, 43–44, 46, 52, 65, 164, 188–189, Haldimand, Governor Frederick, 42 199, 262 half breed buffalo hide/robe trade of, 67–68, 70 as synonymous with Métis, 8, 22, 28, control over by, 71 88, 112, 181, 225, 264–265 founding of, 25 as term of identity, 1–3, 11, 15, 17, 22, fur trade provisions at, 60–62, 64, 66, 26, 29, 81, 130–131, 137 69 Half-Breed Land Grant Protection Act, loss of furs by, 34, 39, 45 109, 111, 122 monopoly of fur trade by, 6, 8, 83 Hallett, William, 163, 166 and NWC, 52, 83, 87 Hanson, Joseph, 49 ration rates of, 63 Hargrave, James, 62, 65 records of, 33, 74, 85–86, 88 Harvard, S.H., 160 and Red River Settlement, 132, 142, Hastings Battalion of Rifles, 158 262–263 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 318

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trading posts at, 26, 40, 48, 55–56, 61 Jérôme, Edward A., 17, 31–33 transportation costs of, 67 Jérôme, Edward, Sr., 32 view of Métis by, 76, 79, 81, 84 Jérôme, Francois (dit Latour dit Hudson’s Bay Company Archives Beaume), 17, 33, 35–44, 46, 49–52 (HBCA), 32, 41, 47, 74, 77 Jérôme, Francois, Jr., 35 Hudson’s Bay Crossing, 217 Jérôme, Frank, 32 Humboldt, 217, 220, 233, 238, 254 Jérôme, Jean Baptiste, 35 Humpherville, Tommie, 87 Jérôme, Marie-Louis, 51 hunting, 10–11, 16, 71, 188 Jérôme, Martin, Jr, 51–53 Huron tribes, 1 Jérôme, Martin, Sr, 51 Huronia, destruction of, 24 Jérôme, Nicholas-Charles, 35 Hutchins, Thomas, 48 Jérôme, Pierre, 51–52 hybrid group, 4, 31 Jickoopan (Chukoopan), 80 Hyman, Walton, 166 Ka Kee Ki Huggeemaco, 80 illiteracy, of Métis, 140, 145, 188, 190 Kalka, Dorothy Jérôme, 32 immigration, 199 Kaministiquia post, 34 into Manitoba, 112, 117, 119–121, 123 Kane, Paul, 22, 102 Indians, 15, 130. see also Aboriginal Kehiwin’s Reserve, 11 people Kehoe, Thomas, 58 fur trade alliances with, 24 Kennedy, Alex, 79, 81, 83, 87 horticultural, 58 kettles, for food preparation, 59 non-status, 3, 21 Kewaymettaway, 82–84, 88 registered, 4 Kildonan parish, 130–131, 138, 166–167, reserves of, 9–12, 150, 209–210 175, 180–181, 262 Indians in the Fur Trade, 64 Kimberley, Earl of (John Wodehouse), indigenous knowledge, 33 266 industrialization, expansion of, 14 Kippen, A.W., 252 Inksetter, Robert, 26 Kirk, R.L., 4 Inksetter, Robert, Sr., 26 Kirkness, V.J., 7 Inksetter, Thomas, 26 Kristinaux, 2 intelligence gathering on trade competition, 44, 85 La Baye (Green Bay), 33 International (steamboat), 265 La Salle River, 136 Iroquois Indians, 17, 21–22, 24, 27–28, La Vérendrye family, 33, 36–37, 39–40, 30, 98 50. see also Gaultier Irvine, Colonel Acheson G, 217 La Vérendrye, Jean Baptiste, 17, 35, 44 Isajiw, Wsevlod, 82 La Vérendrye, Pierre de. see Gaultier Isbister, Thomas, 80–81, 85, 87 Lac La Biche, 9 Isham, James, 76 Lac La Ronge, 84 Lac Ste-Anne, 102 Jackson, Thomas, 253 Lacleod, Commissioner James, 206 Jackson, William, 224 Lagimodière families, 189 Jacobs, Ferdinand, 45, 48 Laird, David, 109 James Bay, 42, 45 Lake Athabasca, 60 Jarvis, Major E.W., 244 Lake Huron, 36 Jasper House, 100 Lake Manitoba, 36 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 319

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Lake Michigan, 33, 36–37 Long Legs, 81, 83 Lake Nipigon, 2, 41 Lord Selkirk, (Thomas Douglas), 6–7, Lake of the Woods, 34–35, 160 132 Lake Superior, 33, 37, 42, 46 lottery system Lake Winnipeg, 34, 37–38, 43–44, 46, for land allotments, 108–109, 125, 56–57, 60, 86 136, 138 Lake Winnipegosis, 36–37, 50, 60 Louis “David” Riel, 186 Lakota Sioux Indians, 205 Louis XIV, 23 Lalonde, Andre, 154 Louise, Princess, 207 Lambert, Edward, 206 Luna, F., 9 land claims, 16, 126, 129, 143–145 Lussier, A.S., 7, 10–11, 107 land grants, for Métis, 105, 146, 268 Lussier, Francois, 102 for children, 106–111, 119, 122, Lussier, Suzanne, 102 135–137, 139, 147 Lynch, Dr. James Spencer, 177, 262, 265 market for, 107, 122 Lytwyn, Victor, 49, 51 sale of, 110–116, 123, 137, 140 Lansdowne, Governor-General (first MacBeth, George, 179, 181 name?), 216, 260 Macdonald, Sir John A., 18, 108, 135, Larlee, Jean-Baptiste, 41 148, 154, 179, 264–266, 268 Larocque, James, 112 government of, 109 Laurie, P.G., 214 Macdonell, Miles, 61 Lavalle, Martin, 87 Macdowall, D.H., 148 Laventure, Paul, 87 Machar, John M., 109, 129–131, 147 Laviolette, Charles, 224 Machar-Ryan Commission, 116 Le Blanc (Blancell), Francois, 42, 43, 46, Mackeand, Colonel Alfred, 244 50 Mackenzie River country, 55, 60, 76 Le Treste, J., 9 MacKintosh, Elizabeth, 155 Leacock, E.B., 10 Macpherson, Sir David, 147–148 Legemonière, Elzéar, 170 Mailhot, Philippe, 129, 133–134 Leibniz, Gottfried W., 191 Mair, Charles, 161, 166, 174, 262, Leith, James, 84 266–267 Lépine, Ambroise, 156, 176, 180 malnutrition, 5 Lépine, Baptiste, 170–171 mangeurs de porc, 37 Lépine, Maxime, 148, 224, 258 Manitoba, 129, 142, 267. see also land trial of, 161–162, 166, 168, 170, 175, grants 182–183 as helping Métis, 16 Lesser Slave Lake, 100 Indian tribes in, 2 Lestanc, Father Joseph Jean-Marie, 169, insurrections in, 8 173, 176 Métis dispersal from, 17 Letendre, Angelique, 52 Manitoba Act, 125 Letendre, Jean-Baptiste Jr, 52–53 constitutionality of, 266–267 Lewes, John Lee, 84–85 land grant provisions of, 105–107, L’Heureux, Jean, 205 121, 126–127, 134–136, 146–147, 187, Liberal, 267 264–265, 268 liquor. see alcohol Manitoba Free Press, 117–118 Little Bighorn battle, 203, 214 Manitoba Lakes, 36 Little Pine, 206 Manitoba Métis Federation, 105 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 320

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Manitoba Penitentiary, 114 legal status of, 3, 21 Manitoban, 108 Métis Association of Alberta, 145 Mansfield House, 60 Métis, at Battle of Batoche, 9, 224, 228, Manuel, G., 3, 8, 14 233, 240–241 Marchildon, G., 3 Métis Betterment Act (1938), 12 Marquess of Lorne (John G.E. Métis communities, 5 Sutherland), 207 integrated into White society, 10–11, Martin, Archer, 133 14 Matonabbee, 79 as isolated, 7, 9–11 Maugras, Sieur Pierre Gamelin, 36, 38 as marginal society, 3–4, 10, 91 McArthur, Alex, 163–164 as semi-nomadic, 7, 10, 188, 202 McArthur, David, 114 Métis dispersal, 17, 76, 125–129, 137, McArthur, Peter, 163, 165 141, 143–144, 187 McCrady, David, 17–18 Métis, English-speaking, 22 McDougall, Governor William, 163, 177, merging into White society, 7 262–263 Métis ethnogenesis, 53 McKay, James, 4, 151 Métis, francophone, 7, 22, 52, 115, 126, McKenny, Hugh, 162 137, 140, 150–151 McLean, Don, 151, 154 Métis genealogies, 32 McLean, Reverend John, 168–169 Métis National Committee, 268 McLeod, Donald, 167 Métis primitivism, 91 McLeod, Murdoch, 174, 176–177 Métis Trust Fund, 12, 16 McNab, John, 112 métissage (racial mixing), 6 McPherson, Alexander, 162, 166–167 Michilimackinac, 33, 37, 41–43, 46, 50 Meade, R.P., 182 middlemen, 24–25, 31, 34, 39 measles and whooping cough epidemic, Middleton, Charles F.D. 81 as military leader, 214–215, 218, Melgund, Lord (Minto, Gilbert John 224–225, 228–229, 232, 241, 245, M.K. Elliot), 219, 232–233, 238, 260 252–254, 258 Melnyk, G., 15 as strategist, 216–217, 219–220, Menard, Louis, 41–42 238–240, 244, 255, 259–260 Mestizo, 1–2 Milk River, 206, 208 Methatoes, 84 millenarian protest movement, 199–200, Métis, as people, 4, 10 202 as buffalo hunters, 7–8, 17, 22, 27, millenarianism, 185, 194 52–53 Minto, Gilbert John M.K. Elliot (Lord as distinct entity, 5, 11, 14, 16, 22, 53, Melgund), 219, 232–233, 238, 260 88, 100 missionaries, 29, 85, 99, 102 history of, 32, 89 Missouri River, 66–67, 205 occupations of, 6–7, 9–10, 12, 28 trading posts on, 67–68 origins of, 31–33, 92 modernism, 29 physical characteristics of, 5 Moggridge, Francis, 161 as primitive, 107 monadism, 191 temperament of, 3 Monet, Marguerite (dit Bellehumeur), worldview of, 74 204 Métis, as term, 2, 14, 17, 28, 30 Monkman, Albert, 224 history of, 1, 11, 22, 26 Montagnais, Louison, 103 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 321

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Montana, 8–9 51, 57, 61, 78, 80–81 Montizambert, C.E., 244 competition with HBC, 83 Montour, Pascal, 224 consumption rate at, 64 Montréal, Collège de, 190 French-speakers of, 86–87 Montreal-based fur trade, 34, 37, 92, 100 fur trade provisions at, 60 Moor, Private T., 239 merger with HBC, 52, 87 Moor, Private T., 239, 149 records of, 63 moose trading posts in, 55–56, 77 as preferred food, 71 North West Field Force, 213–216, 219, Moose Factory journals, 42 224–225, 232–233, 241, 245, 258–260 Moose Lake, 41, 80, 87 North West Mounted Police, 215–216 Morice, A.G., 179 North West Passage, 33 Morris, Lieutenant Governor Alexander, Northcote, 18, 214, 217–218, 220–221, 224, 108, 176 232 Morton, A.S., 37, 39–42, 48–50 Northern Métis, 73, 76, 86 Morton, Desmond, 213 North-West Commission, 147 Morton, W.L., 6, 126 North-West Emigration Aid Society, 265 Mossmann, Manfred, 18 North-West Mounted Police, 205–206, Mud House, 210 211 Muhlmann, W.E., 194 North-West Rebellion, 204, 224. see Mulvaney, C.P., 213, 224 Rebellion (1885) Murray, Alexander, 162, 166–169 North-West Territories, 107, 109, 115, Murray, Jemima, 114 205 administration of by Canada, 8, 260 National Archives of Canada, 110, 130, distribution of land in, 187 138 land grant in, 146, 148–149 National Indian Brotherhood, 13 settlement of, 53 National Indian Council, 13 North-West Territories Act, 266 National Indian Movement of Canada, North-West Territories Council, 148 15 Norton, Moses, 49 Native Council of Canada, 13 , 56, 62, 85 nativism, 194 Nottingham House, 60 natural gas deposits, 16 Nouveau Monde, Le, 177 natural resources, depletion of, 14 Nault, André, 170, 179, 183, 224 Oakes, Forrest, 42, 44 Nault, Napoléon, 224 Oblate priests, 7 Nesannecappoe, 80 O’Donnell, J.H., 163 New Nation, The, 175 O’Donoghue, William, 267 Newcombe, George, 168 Oersted, Hans Christian, 191 Newton, John, 39 Ogilvie, Lt. Frederick, 232 Nipawin, SK, 73–74, 82, 87–88 oil deposits, 16 Nipissing Indians, 27 Ojibwe Indians, 6, 31, 34 Nolin, Charles, 148, 160, 224 Olivier, G., 4 Nolin, Joseph, 170–172, 175, 177 O’Lone, Bob, 162 North /valley, 22, One Eye, 80 27, 30, 32, 51, 56, 62, 95, 99 oral traditions, 31–32, 125 , 6, 27–28, 31, 37, Orange Lodge, Toronto, 159, 262 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 322

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Orange Order, 159, 180 party of, 172, 174–175, 262 Orkney Islands, 76 Posluns, M., 3, 8, 14 Ottawa Indians, 27 Potts, George, 40 Otter, William D., 215–218 Potts, Jerry, 4 Ouellette, Moise, 224 Poundmaker, 215–216, 218 Prairie Forum, 17, 19 P Pressick, Henry, 40 Pacific Scandal, 109 Preston, R.J., 3 Pangman, Peter, 48 Price, J.A., 2 Parisien, Norbert, 167, 176–180, 262 primitivism, Métis, 91, 107 Parker, P., 12 Prince Albert, 22, 148, 152, 215–217 Parkland Indians, 62 Prince Albert Colonization Company, Pas, The, 40, 44, 46, 85, 87, 89 154 Pasquia Hills, 82 Prince Albert Land Office, 153 Paterson, Charles, 49–50 Protestant Church, 7, 22 Patriotes rebellion in Montreal (1837), 7 Proulx, Paul, 179 Pauvres Blancs (white trash), 10 Provencher, Joseph-Alfred N., 263 Peace River, 22, 27 Pruden, John Peter, 51–52 Peace River valley, 60, 71 Public Archives of Canada, 150 Peguis band, 28 Pembina Church, 32 Qu’Appelle River, 70, 215 Pembina, North Dakota, 32, 61 Queen v. W.I. Allan, 161 pemmican, 27, 37, 46, 51, 53, 57–60, 64 as commodity, 6, 58 racial mixing, 6 production of, 128 racism, 32 quantity of, 62–63, 65 Rae, A.J., 49 value of, 69, 71 railways, 188, 199, 267 Pemmican Point, 45 Rainy Lake, 46, 56 Pemmican Proclamation, 61 Rainy River, 86 Pemmican War, 61 Rat River, 57, 136 Peters, Captain James, 232, 254 Ray, Arthur J., 17, 40, 51, 64 Peterson, Jacqueline, 3, 24, 33, 93, 95 Real Property (1885), 114 Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry (Marquess of Rebellion (1885), 146, 149, 154, 166, 195, Lansdowne), 260 199, 202, 239. see also North-West Philips, Gunner, 232–233 Rebellion Piché, Alexis, 98 Red Deer River, 98, 103 Pink, William, 40–42, 45–46, 50 Red Elk, 205, 209–210 Plains Indians, 59, 61 Red River, 2, 6, 26–31, 33, 35, 43–44, Plains Métis, 73, 91–92, 94, 100–101, 103 56–57, 60, 70, 101 Podruchny, C., 1, 6 Red River carts, 8, 55, 61, 64 Pointe des Chênes, 177–178, 180 Red River Census, 127 Poitras land claims, 151 Red River delegates, 264 popery, 159–160 Red River Expeditionary Force, 263, 265 Poplar Point parish, 130–131, 138 , 1, 10, 18, 125, , 22, 34, 36, 42, 131, 166 144–145, 164, 186, 200, 204, 262 expedition of, 166–167 Red River Settlement, 73, 100, 115, 132, parish of, 130, 138 204 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 323

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composition of, 7–10, 17, 22, 27–28, also Manitoba Act 51–53, 61, 67, 76, 131, 134 river-lot survey, 152 consumption of buffalo at, 59, 63, Rivière aux Ilets de Bois, 267 65–66 road allowance people, 10–11 growth of, 127–128, 141–143 Robertson, Colin, 52 and HBC, 132, 142, 262–263 Robinson, S., 3 natural disasters at, 62 Rocky Mountain-Beaver Hills People, origins of, 31–32 99 political activity at, 261–264 Roe, F.G., 63, 66 Red River uprising. see Red River Rogers, Robert, 43 Rebellion Roman Catholic Church, 2, 7, 10, 22, 99, Reid, J. Lestock, 151 126–127, 130, 183, 191, 197 religion, 7 French, 7 Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellion, missionaries of, 85, 99, 102 213 Romance of Western Canada, The, 179 reserves, 116. see Indian reserves Ronaghan, Allen, 18 Resistance. see Red River Rebellion Ross, Alexander, 22, 59, 66, 70, 100, 115 Richot, Janvier, 170 Ross, A.W., 113 Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered, Ross, Charles, 84 145–146, 148–149, 152–154 Ross, James, 114 Riel, Louis, 18, 22, 109, 170, 185, 253, 255 Ross, James, Jr., 114 at Battle of Batoche, 213, 217, 224, Ross, Malcholm, 77 252, 259–260 Rowe, Captain, 158–159 charisma of, 191 Royal, Joseph, 134–135 early years of, 189 Ruggles, Richard I., 47 execution of, 9, 179–180, 204, 261–262 rum. see alcohol as insane, 194, 202, 258 Rupert’s Land, 6, 8, 76, 87, 262–264, 268 as leader of Métis in Montana, fur trade in, 29, 31 203–206 transfer to Canada, 126, 132, 204 letters to H.M. Black, 17, 203, Ruttan, R.A., 133, 136 208–210, 212 Ryan, Matthew, 109, 129–131, 147 as man of God, 192–193, 198 as rebel leader, 125, 148–149, 154, 163, San, Saya, 186, 189, 192, 196, 201 186, 190, 199–202, 261, 263–268 Sanderson, George, 167 and Sitting Bull, 207 Sarcee-Crow Indians, 94, 102 and Thomas Scott, 156–157, 161–162, Saskatchewan, 9, 12, 15 164, 166–169, 171–176, 178–179, as helping Métis, 16 181–183 insurrections in, 8 trial of, 155 Saskatchewan Herald, 214 vision of future society, 196–197 Saskatchewan River, 17, 28, 33–35, Riel Rebellions, 186. see also North-West 38–41, 45–47, 50–52, 66, 73–75, 80, 82, Rebellion; Red River Rebellion 85–87, 89 Rieliana, 202 Saskatchewan River Lowlands Ritchot, Father Noël J., 109, 135–136, Landscape Unit, 86 264–265 Saswaus House, 47 Rivard, G., 12 Saulteaux Indians, 22, 27–28 river lot system, 150–151, 154, 187. see Saulteaux, Magdeleine, 31 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 324

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Sayer, Guillaume, 262 Smith, Donald, 169, 173–175, 182 Schermerhorn, R.A., 74 Smith, Joseph, 40–41 Schultz, Dr. John C., 117–118, 162–164, Smith, Major Henry, 218, 220–221, 224, 166, 177–178, 180, 262–264, 266–267 264 Scollon, R., 11 Snow, John Allan, 160–161, 164, Scollon, S.B.K., 11 173–175, 177, 180 Scott, Alfred, 161–162, 168, 174, 264 Soldier’s Pocketbook, A, 214 Scott, Hugh, 158–159 Solomon, Ezekial, 49 Scott, Thomas, 18, 160, 163–164, 166, 181 South Saskatchewan River, 62, 70, 98, character of, 157, 162, 173–180, 183 103, 150–151, 215 execution of, 156, 158–159, 165, Sprague, D.N., 17, 105–106, 123, 129, 178–180, 182–183, 204, 262–263 132–134, 152–153 imprisonment of, 165, 167–169, 176 Sprenger, G.H., 8 trial of, 161, 170, 172–173 squatters claims, 134–135, 142–143, as youth, 158, 160 152–153, 187, 205, 267 Scottish, Ontario and Manitoba Land St. Albert, 103 Company, 113 St. Andrew’s parish, 127, 130–131, 134, scrip, 11, 22, 28, 86, 105, 113, 118, 137, 138 145, 154 St. Boniface Church, 32, 51 for heads of Métis families, 106–107, St. Boniface parish, 130–131, 138, 146, 116, 119, 122, 135–136 189, 267 market for, 107, 117, 122 St. Charles parish, 130–131, 138 sale of, 116, 120–121, 123 St. Clements parish, 130–131, 138 Sealey, D. Bruce, 7, 10–11, 107, 187 St. Francois Xavier parish, 127, 130–131, Seine River, 136 134, 137–138, 140 Selkirk archaeological tradition, 86 St. James parish, 131, 138 Selkirk settlers, 27, 61, 132 St. Johns parish, 130–131, 138 Sessional Papers, 240 St. Laurent parish, 130–131, 138, Seven Oaks, Battle of, 6, 27 147–149, 152–153 Seven Years War, 41–42 land claims at, 145 Sharp, P.F., 8–9 river lots at, 145, 149, 151–152 Shea, Fenian Dan, 174 scrip at, 145 Shoal Lake, 82 St. Lawrence Seaway, 2, 17 Sieur de la Vérendrye. see Gaultier, St. Lawrence-Great Lakes trade system, Pierre, Sieur de la Vérendrye 21, 23–24, 26–30, 95 Siggins, M., 9 St. Louis de Langevin parish, 151–152, Simpson, Governor George, 29, 65, 67 154 Sinclair, Duncan, 149, 151–152 St. Michel, Gabriel, 37 Sinclair, William, 29 St. Norbert parish, 130–131, 135, 138 Sioux Indians, 8, 18, 35, 206, 239 St. Patrick Church, 193 with Sitting Bull, 203–204, 207–208, St. Paul-des- Métis (Alberta), 12 211 St. Pauls parish, 130–131, 138 Sipanok Channel, 86 St. Peter’s Mission, 204 Sitting Bull, 18, 203–206, 208–211 St. Peters parish, 131, 138 skin pigmentation, variation in, 5 St. Vital parish, 130–131, 138 Slobodin, Richard, 73, 76, 86 Stanley, Edward H. (Lord Derby), 260 Small Wars: Their Principle and Practice, Stanley, George F.G., 9, 106–107, 125, 214 154, 159, 161–162, 213 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 325

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Ste. Agathe parish, 114, 130–131, 138 265 Ste. Anne parish, 130–131, 138 Toronto, University of, 115 steamboats, 8, 67, 199, 265 Tough, Frank, 74, 82 St-Onge, N., 16 trading posts, 6, 26, 56, 60, 100 Story of Louis Riel the Rebel Chief, The, transcontinental railways, 8, 118, 145 162 trapping, 10–11, 16, 71, 81, 85 Strange, F.W., 215 Traverse Bay, 46 Strangers in Blood, 87, 93 treaties, 10, 28, 130, 135–136 Street, W.P.R., 146 Treaty Eight, 22 subsistence-settlement pattern, 82 Treaty Five, 86 Summers, Jack, 214 Treaty of Paris (1763), 7 Sutherland, George, 79, 87, 98 Treaty Six, 86, 206 Sutherland, Hugh John, 167, 176–177, Trevor, J.C., 4 180, 262 Trigger, Bruce G., 74, 88 Sutherland, John G.E. (Marquess of Trottier, Michel, 241 Lorne), 207 Trudeau, Pierre E. Sutherland v. Thibeaudeau, 114 government of, 13 Swain, Thomas, 81, 83 tuberculosis, 5 Swan, Ruth, 17, 32 Tumor, Philip, 79 Swift Current, 215 Turnbull, Keith, 107 syncretism, 194, 197 Turner, Edmund, 170–172 Turner, John, 87 Taché, Archbishop, 109, 178, 190, 265 Turner, John Peter, 206 Tail Creek, 103 Tute, Captain James, 43–44, 46 Tait, Robert, 114 Twatt family group, 80, 82, 85–86 Tait, Timoleon, 114 as ethnic category, 88 Talman, Yonina, 195 Twatt, Magnus, 76–79, 87 Tanguay, Cyprian, 35, 51 Twatt, Mansack, 80–85, 88–89 Taylor, George, 132 Twatt, Willock, 80–85, 88–89 Taylor, James W., 263 Two Rivers, 31 Taylor, John Leonard, 107 Taylor survey, 132 United States Army, 203, 205, 218 Tey, Josephine, 155, 157 Upper Fort Garry, 160, 164–167, 173, Thibault, Reverend J., 102, 264 179, 182–183, 263 Thibeaudeau, W.B., 117 Upper Hudson House post, 78 Thistle, Paul, 17 Up-River Plains Cree Indians, 99 Thom, Adam, 262 U.S. National Archives, 203 Thomas Scott affair, 155–156. see also Scott, Thomas Van Straubenzie, Colonel Bowen, 218, Thompson, Charles, 207 244–245, 252–254 Thompson, L., 5 Vandal land claims, 151 Tiger Hills, 206 Vandale, Baptist, 259 Titley, E.B., 14 Vandervort, B., 9 tobacco, 40, 46, 48–49, 84–85, 210 venereal diseases, 5 Tomison, William, 43–46, 49–50, 77–78 Venne, Solomon, 136 Torch River, 81–82, 84 Versailles, Louis, 87 Toronto Globe, 159, 163–164, 175–176, victimization, of Métis, 125 INDEX.qxp 2/15/2008 8:45 AM Page 326

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voyageurs, 1, 6, 11, 24, 27–28, 33–34, 37, Woods, R.P., 113 39, 41, 44–45 World War II, 10–11, 13, 15

Wabash Post, 36 York boats, 27–28, 55, 67 Wabash River, 41 , 26, 39, 47–48, 50, 56, 67, Waggoner, Joseph, 40 71, 77–78 Wainwright Buffalo Park, 66 Journals and Account Books, 26 Wallace, Williams S., 42, 57 Young, Reverend George, 158, 160, 163, Walsh, James Morrow, 206–207 169, 172–173, 175, 182 warfare, 35, 58, 260 Young, Sir John, 265–266 Warkentin, John, 47 warrants, military bounty, 107, 119–122 zareba, 238–241, 259 sale of, 120–123 Weber, Max, 191 Weenitisaway, 80 West, Rev. John, 29 Westburne parish, 130 Wethiny, 80 White Eagle’s son, 52 White Mud parish, 131 White people as dominant, 4 worldview of, 15 Whoop-up Country, 8 Williams, Colonel A.J.H., 244–245, 254 Willow People, 98 Wilson, Bryan, 191 Wilson, Hugh, 152 Winnipeg Daily Sun, 178 Winnipeg Field Battery, 229, 255 Winnipeg Free Press, 118 , 46, 56, 265 Winship, George, 165 Winter Child, 80 winterers (les hivernants), 37, 91, 95 wintering, 91–92, 95–97, 99–100 villages for, 92, 94, 103 Wodehouse, John (Earl of Kimberley), 266 Wolseley, Sir Garnet, 214, 266 expedition of, 183 Wood, Justice E.B., 114, 140–141 Wood, M.B., 112–113 Wood Mountain Post, 205, 207, 211 Woodcock, George, 146 Woodington, Henry, 165–166 Woodland Indian bands, 71