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Today's Schedule Tuesday, October 18Th (2:30 to 3:50) Today’s Schedule Tuesday, October 18th (2:30 to 3:50) • Pembina Band of Chippewa & Metis/Michif Relatives • Iron Alliance and Cultural Diversity • Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Battle of Seven Oaks • Reading Assignment for the three weeks One Robe Chapters 14 thru 21 (pages 151-248) Test No. 2 (November 8th 60 points) Objectives 1. To describe causes and effects of the Battle of Seven Oaks. 2. To explain the Plains Ojibwe, Cree, Assiniboine, and Metis (Michif) buffalo hunting culture. 3. To describe a buffalo runner, pemmican, Red River Cart, and rules of the hunt. 4. To describe the purpose and participants in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien (mid-1800’s). Timeline • 1800 Pembina Band of Chippewa & their • 1824 Indian Affairs office is created in the Metis/Michif relatives (Iron Alliance) War Department of the United States occupy Turtle Mountain area • 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien (Chippewa, • 1801 Alexander Henry (Elder) establishes a Sioux, and other Indians agree on hunting post at Pembina with the Chippewa boundaries) • 1803 United States purchases the Louisiana • 1827 Cherokee adopts a constitution, modeled Territory from France after the U.S. Constitution. • 1804-1806 Lewis, Clark and Sacajawea travel • 1828 Georgia abolishes tribal government and through Indian Country expands authority over Cherokee Territory • 1808 to 1812 Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, • 1829-1851 U.S. signs eighty-six (86) removal and his brother, The Prophet, founded treaties with northern Indians Prophetstown and organized a • 1830 Indian Removal Act (Eastern Tribes forced defensive confederacy of Indian tribes removal begins. • 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks (Metis, Cree • 1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (US Supreme conflict with Selkirk newcomers near Coutr ruling: tribes are dependent Winnipeg) domestic nations, created trustee • 1818 First mission school and church relationship). established at the Pembina village by • 1832 Worcester v. Georgia (US Supreme Court Father Severe Dumolin. ruled that state do not have jurisdiction in • 1823 The Hudson’s Bay Company closes its Indian Country. only remaining trading post at • 1832 Black Hawk War (Sauk/Fox or Misquakie) Pembina and withdraws north of the • 1838 Cherokee Trail of Tears (over 15,000 border. Cherokees marched from homeland to • 1823 Johnson v. McIntosh (federal gov’t land Indian Territory, 4,000 die on the route) claim) Federal-Indian Policy 1492-1828 Agreements Between Equals 1828-1887 Removal of the Indians* 1887-1934 Allotment and Assimilation* 1934-1953 Indian Reorganization 1953-1968 Termination 1968-2016 Tribal Self-Determination * Purple= Isolation * Blue=Assimilation Pembina (Plains Ojibwa) Villages Pembina, Grand Forks, Stump Lake; Devil’s Lake (Minnewaukan); Dog Den (Anamoose), Knife River; Des Lacs River; Souris River; Turtle Mountain; and St. Joseph (Hair Hills). Pembina (Plains Ojibwa) Villages Plains Ojibwa had several villages/sub-chiefs: at Pembina, Grand Forks, Stump Lake; Devil’s Lake (Minnewaukan); Dog Den (Anamoose), Knife River; Des Lacs River; Souris River; Turtle Mountain; and St. Joseph (Hair Hills). Old Wild Rice (Manomin’e) was noted as the most prominent leader, another was known as Cottonwood, an elder brother Little Shell I. In Ojibwa culture, chieftainship authority vested in individuals still had to be conferred by consensus of the band’s members. Little Shell I became known as the most prominent “British Ojibwa” chief of Red River. 5 1. What are at least three names of villages occupied by the Plains Ojibwa (Pembina Band) in the early 1800’s? 2. What can you infer about federal Indian policy? 3. Why was the first hereditary Little Shell leader called a prominent “British Chief?” 4. What are names of other leading Pembina chiefs in the early 1800’s, besides Little Shell I? Federal Indian Policy 1492-1828 Agreements Between Equals 1828-1887 Removal of the Indians* 1887-1934 Allotment and Assimilation* 1934-1953 Indian Reorganization 1953-1968 Termination 1968-2016 Tribal Self-Determination Russian, British and American French, British and American Spanish and American The Metis/Michif buffalo hunts rapidly increased with 540 carts in 1820, to over 1,200 in 1840. The Metis or Michif buffalo hunts included Chippewa, Cree, and Assiniboine allies, and these caravans involved the entire community of men, women, children, dogs, oxen, Catholic priests and others. Hide tipi’s made convenient mobile homes on route to the buffalo hunts; and log homes provided permanent dwelling in places like Turtle Mountain and the Pembina Hills. Artist: Paul Kane 8 Metis/Michif Settlements at Red River (Winnipeg) The Metis established farms along the Red River near present day Winnipeg (Red River Settlement). The farms were modeled after the French system of land ownership. The Metis and their Chippewa, Cree, and Assiniboine relatives frequently patronized the Winnipeg, Pembina, and St. Paul. By 1818, the United States and England signed a treaty of recognition to establish the international boundary (49th parallel) now North Dakota’s northern most boundary. 9 Cuthbert Grant and Pierre Falcon Cuthbert Grant, nicknamed the Warden of the Plains was the son of Scottish man and Cree woman. He received some education in Scotland. His sister was married to Metis minstrel Pierre Falcon. Pierre Falcon composed the Metis National Anthem shortly after the Battle of Seven Oaks. Grant had an older brother named James and three sisters, Margaret, Josephte, and Mary. Cuthbert Grant was a clerk of the North West Company and appointed to the Red River District. He was viewed as a man who could lead a Metis military force against the Hudson Bay Company. 10 What was the Battle of Seven Oaks also called the Pemmican War? The conflict took place on June 19, 1816 outside of present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba between Metis/Michif and the Scots and Swiss Selkirk Settlers who attempted to establish an agricultural community in the Red River Valley. Iron Alliance (Nehiyaw Pwat): Pembina (Plains Ojibwa), Cree, Assiniboine, Ottawa, and their Metis/Michif relatives. Artist: Paul Kane The Metis/Michif People The people of Red River consisted of mostly Chippewa, Cree, Assiniboine, French, Scottish, English, Irish, and their Metis/Michif relatives and others. After years of cultural immersion among these groups a unique Michif/Metis Language evolved. Pierre Bottineau (Metis/Michif) Guide and Interpreter13 What were the Major Red River Trails? The Red River Trails included the West Plains Trail, the East Plains Trail and the Woods Trail. These trails connected the trading centers of Winnipeg, Pembina, and St. Paul. The Métis/Michif of Red River was a hunter and a trapper, a fisherman, a voyageur, a farmer, but above all, he was a horseman and a buffalo hunter. Ojibwa Style Cree Style Metis Style Jerldine Randolph saved to Annishinabe,Chippewa,Ojibwa (aka Ojibwe, aka Ojibway) L-R: Jim Cobenas, Tigoble (aka Red Lake), Joe Cobenas, Charles Cobenas in Roseau County, Minnesota - Ojibwa - 1890 bandolier bags 1. What historical event caused the Metis/Michif to consider forming a New Nation after 1816? 2. Who was called the Warden of Plains and represented the Metis/Michif and Cree in the conflict near Winnipeg in 1816? 3. What are examples of the Ojibwa, Cree and Metis material culture? 4. What is the Iron Alliance and why did these tribes hunt together? 5. What is a buffalo runner? What is pemmican? What does “anamoos” mean? Buffalo Lodge Battle In the winter of 1824-1825, the Dakota attacked the Turtle Mountain Band’s substantial settlement at Buffalo Lodge (near Towner, ND) and drove the Chippewa out until about 1850. Smallpox devastated the Pembina and Turtle Mountain bands from 1837-1840. The spotted sickness of smallpox arrived with an American steamboat at the Mandan village in what would became North Dakota. In 1849, it (small pox) spread quickly and wiped out camps of Chippewa, leaving as few as one in ten alive according to a report by Father Belcourt to Major Samuel Woods. Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825 Treaties of Priaire du Chien (1825, 1826, 1829, 1830) To establish peace between the Sioux and their neighbors: Chippewa, Sac and Fox, and Ioway peoples a treaty (1825) was made to establish formal boundaries among each of the tribal groups, often called the "Prairie du Chien Line." For peoples accustomed to ranging over a wide area, the Prairie du Chien Line served as a hindrance, as it provided that tribes were to hunt only within their acknowledged limits. Canoe Race Near Sault Ste. Marie 1836, George Catlin There were various treaty councils held to alter the boundaries in subsequent years. Treaty of Priaire du Chien (1825) The first treaty of Prairie du Chien was signed by William Clark and Lewis Cass for the United States and representatives of the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinabe (Council of Three Fires of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi) on August 19, 1825. Women Playing Ball, Prairie du Chien in 1835, George Catlin Land ceded to the U.S. at Prairie du Chien in 1829 by the Three Fires Confederacy (in yellow) and the Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) tribe (in orange). 1. Who were the primary participants in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825? 2. What was the primary objective of Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825? 3. What interest did the American’s have in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825? 4. What did Indian expect from the Americans at this and other treaty events? Works Cited American Expansion 1818-1853 Map. (2016, October 20). Retrieved from Mappery.com: http://www.mappery.com/american-expansion-1818-1853-map Battle of Seven Oaks. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks Bearsprings Blossom/Buffalo. (2016, October 18). Retrieved from Keepbanderabeautiful.com: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/bearspringsblossom/buffalo.html Dakota War of 1862.
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