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Analyse Comparative De La Couverture Médiatique De La Isolationnisme ou internationalisme: analyse comparative de la couverture médiatique de la résistance et de la collaboration en Europe occupée réalisée par le Chicago Tribune et le New York Times lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale Mémoire Philippe Martin Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Philippe Martin, 2020 Isolationnisme ou internationalisme : analyse comparative de la couverture médiatique de la résistance et de la collaboration en Europe occupée réalisée par le Chicago Tribune et le New York Times lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale Mémoire Philippe Martin Sous la direction de : Talbot Charles Imlay, directeur de recherche Résumé du mémoire Ce mémoire compare la couverture médiatique de la résistance et de la collaboration en Europe occupée réalisée par le Chicago Tribune et le New York Times lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Notre analyse s’inscrit dans une période voyant une métamorphose profonde du rôle des États-Unis sur la scène internationale; l’isolationnisme traditionnel étant écarté au moment de l’intervention militaire américaine dans le conflit en décembre 1941 et abandonné, au terme de la guerre, avec le rôle clé du pays dans la fondation d’une nouvelle organisation internationale. Les deux quotidiens retenus pour cette étude, en plus de se démarquer par leur importance nationale, présentent des perspectives opposées au sujet de cet enjeu majeur. Le Chicago Tribune, proche idéologiquement du parti républicain et critique acharné du président Roosevelt, est catégoriquement opposé à la participation des États-Unis au conflit avant l’attaque sur Pearl Harbor et milite pour un retour à l’isolationnisme traditionnel une fois la victoire acquise. De son côté, le New York Times, appuyant généralement le parti démocrate et les politiques de Roosevelt, apparaît en faveur d’une neutralité orientée dès le début du conflit et présente la fondation d’une nouvelle organisation internationale comme un objectif de guerre essentiel. Dans le contexte particulier de l’activité de la presse en temps de guerre, la censure et le patriotisme limitant les critiques au sujet de la position officielle du gouvernement, les relations du gouvernement américain avec les mouvements de résistance et les collaborateurs représentent des éléments notables sur lesquels les quotidiens étudiés présentent des perspectives souvent opposées. Notre mémoire montre donc en quoi les positions très différentes du Chicago Tribune et du New York Times au sujet de la participation américaine au conflit et, surtout, du rôle des États-Unis dans le monde ont influencé leur couverture médiatique des résistants et des collaborateurs en Europe occupée. ii Abstract This thesis compare and contrast the Chicago Tribune’s and New York Times’ coverage of resistance and collaboration in German-occupied Europe during World War II. Our study concerns a period which saw a profound transformation of the United States’ role on the international scene. Indeed, the United States’ military intervention in the conflict in December 1941 and, especially, its key role in establishing a new intergovernmental organisation marked the end of American isolationism. Both selected newspaper, besides their national readership, present opposite perspectives about this important debate. The Chicago Tribune, ideologically close to the Republican Party and unrelenting critic of president Roosevelt, is adamantly opposed to American involvement in the war until the attack on Pearl Harbor and advocate for a return to isolationism after victory. For its part, the New York Times, generally supportive of the Democratic Party and of Roosevelt’s policies, is in favor of helping the Allies from the start of the conflict and presents the establishment of a new intergovernmental organisation as a crucial war aim. In the specific context of journalism in wartime, when censorship and patriotism minimize criticisms of the government’s official position, the American government’s relationships with resistance movements and collaborators are significant subjects about which the studied newspapers often present contrasting point of views. Our thesis present how the Chicago Tribune’s and New York Times’ very different stances about American involvement in World War II and, especially, the United States’ role in the world influenced their coverage of resistance and collaboration in German-occupied Europe. iii Table des matières Résumé du mémoire .............................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iii Remerciements ........................................................................................................................ v Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1 : Comparaison générale quantitative de la couverture médiatique de la résistance et de la collaboration réalisée par le New York Times et le Chicago Tribune ..... 19 Chapitre 2 : L’Europe occupée avant l’entrée en guerre des États-Unis .............................. 24 Chapitre 3 : De l’entrée en guerre des États-Unis jusqu’à l’opération Torch ....................... 34 Chapitre 4 : De l’opération Torch à l’armistice italien ......................................................... 44 Chapitre 5 : De l’armistice italien à D-Day .......................................................................... 56 Chapitre 6 : D-Day et ses suites ............................................................................................ 72 Chapitre 7 : Combats aux frontières allemandes .................................................................. 87 Chapitre 8 : Invasion de l’Allemagne et fin de la guerre en Europe ................................... 112 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 124 Bibliographie ....................................................................................................................... 133 Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 136 Tableau 1 ......................................................................................................................... 136 Graphique 1 ..................................................................................................................... 137 Graphique 2 ..................................................................................................................... 138 Graphique 3 ..................................................................................................................... 138 Graphique 4 ..................................................................................................................... 139 Graphique 5 ..................................................................................................................... 139 Tableau 2 ......................................................................................................................... 140 iv Remerciements Je remercie tout particulièrement mon directeur de recherche, monsieur Talbot Charles Imlay, pour ses précieux conseils et commentaires, son appui continuel et son aide inestimable. Je tiens aussi à exprimer ma gratitude à madame Johanne Daigle et monsieur Pierre-Yves Saunier pour leurs nombreux conseils et l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à ma recherche dans le cadre du séminaire de maîtrise. De même, je suis reconnaissant envers les membres de mon jury d’évaluation, madame Deborah Barton et monsieur Greg Robinson, pour leurs judicieux commentaires. De plus, je remercie sincèrement ma famille, particulièrement mes parents, madame Claude Corriveau et monsieur Michel Martin, et mes amis pour leur soutien constant lors de la réalisation de ce mémoire. Philippe Martin Août 2020 v Introduction Le sujet L’invasion de la Pologne par l’Allemagne le 1er septembre 1939 marque le début de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale en Europe. Sur la scène européenne, le 8 mai 1945, la capitulation sans condition de l’Allemagne aux Alliés met un terme à près de six ans de violence sans précédent1. Ce conflit global se démarque, entre autres, par la mort d’environ 50 millions de civils; un état de fait pouvant, en grande partie, être imputé à la brutalité des politiques d’occupation de l’Allemagne nazie dans les territoires conquis. Si, parmi ces politiques brutales, autant Hollywood que l’historiographie accordent une place prépondérante à l’Holocauste, l’occupation allemande se caractérise aussi par la répression envers les résistants, la discrimination à l’endroit d’autres minorités ethniques et les atrocités commises contre les civils dans le cadre d’opérations militaires, particulièrement sur le front de l’Est. Or, parallèlement à cette violence envers les civils, une partie de la population des pays occupés choisit de collaborer avec l’envahisseur allemand, par conviction idéologique, par opportunisme politique ou par crainte de représailles, et aide même, parfois, celui-ci à mettre en pratique ses politiques d’occupation brutales. Au cours du conflit, les quotidiens des pays alliés, conscients dans une certaine mesure de la violence contre les civils dans les territoires occupés par l’Allemagne, traitent de ce sujet.
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