The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago. I. Vernonieae and Eupatorieae by Joséphine+Th. Koster (Leiden). Contents Oeneral part p. 352 Introduction 352 Taxonomical notes 353 Morphological notes 356 Phytogeographical notes 360 Introduced species 364 References 366 Taxonomical . 368 part . Vernonieae 369 Vernoninae 369 Struchium 370 Ethulia 373 Centratherum 376 Vernonia 380 Lychnophorinae 456 Elephantopus 456 Pseudelephantopus 465 Rolandra 467 Eupatorieae 468 Piquerinae 468 Adenostemma 469 Ageratinae 483 Ageratum 484 Eupatorium 492 Mikania 503 Index to scientific names 513 Index to native names 517 Index to collectors' numbers 520 the of the varieties and forms. Key to symbols genera, species, 352 BLUMEA VOL. I, No. 3, 1935 General part Introduction. The region, from which the Vernonieae and the Eupatorieae have been worked out, includes the Greater Sunda Islands, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. It is a well-known fact, that the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines have a flora, which is related to that of the Malay Archipelago, sensu stricto, belonging to the same region indeed. The Compositae of these parts have, however, been recently dealt with by RIDLEY (Fl. Mal. Pen. II, 1923, 177) and by MERRILL (Enum. Phil. Flow. Pl. III, 1923, 591) respectively, whereas those from New Guinea, which is floristically less related to the Malay Archipelago, have been worked out by MATTFELD (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. LXII, 1929, 386). The material, used for this paper, chiefly belongs to the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden (L), the Herbarium of the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg (B) and the University Herbarium, Utrecht (U); for the rest it is to be found in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and the Herbarium of the British Museum, London (Br. M.); some specimens of the Herbarium of the Linnean Society of London and of the Herbarium of the „Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genève” (G) have also been studied, whereas the of Vernonia arborea discovered in the Herbarium type specimen was of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. I feel greatly indebted to the Directors of these herbaria for their kindness in putting these materials at my disposal. In vernacular and geographical names I have used the common Dutch orthography, as a rule. The Malay word for mountain, „Goenoeng", has been abbreviated to G., that for island, „Poeloe", to P., that for river, „Kali", to K., and „Soengai" (river) to S. A ! behind the name of an author means, that I examined the specimen of the species in question, which has been studied by that A! behind author. In many cases this specimen was the type specimen. that from the cited have a geographical name means, specimens region been studied by me. The latest revision of the Compositae of the Malay Archipelago Jos. Til. KoSTER: The the Compositae of Malay Archipelago 353 is to be found in Ind. MIQUEL (FL. Bat. II, 1856, 1), whereas an enumeration of the species has been given by BOERLAGE (Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. II, 1899, 234). mentioned 2 of Ethulia MIQUEL species (of which one probably does in not occur the region dealt with), 27 of Vernonia in 4 sections, 2 of Decaneurum (Centratherum), 1 of Elephantopus, 1 of Ageratum, 7 of Adenostemma, 2 of Eupatorium, 1 of Mikania. BOERLAGE enumer- ated the introduced monotypic genus Sparganophorus (Struchium) and — one of the introduced species of Eupatorium; he considered 9 species Vernonia of as synonyms. The present author mentions 1 species of 2 of Struchium, Ethulia, 1 of Centratherum, 34 of Vernonia in 7 sec- tions, 2 of Elephantopus, 1 of Pseudelephantopus, 1 of Rolandra, 2 of 5 of 8 of 1 of Mikania in total Ageratum, Adenostemma, Eupatorium, ; 58 species have been described, of which 11 are introduced. Taxonomical notes. The species is considered to be the most fundamental, clearly and delimited only natural taxonomical unit, as a rule (DANSER, 1927; Du RIETZ, 1930). However, its delimitation has often been mistaken, for instance, when intermediate forms between two species, thus far con- sidered to be good ones, are discovered. Nobody would hesitate then the whole to combine to one large polymorphic species (VELENOVSKY, Du called 1905—1913; RIFITZ, 1930; ROBINSON, 1934), a syngameon by LOTSY. Thus some of the species based on very scanty material (often afterwards be such on one specimen only) may prove to a part of a syngameon. As such large polymorphic species must be considered Centratherum frutescens, consisting of 3, Vernonia arborea of 12, Vernonia cinerea of Vernonia of Vernonia of 7, cymosa 4, patula 3, Elephantopus scaber of 4 and Adenostemma Lavenia of 4 varieties in the varieties with those VELENOVSKY Malay Archipelago. These agree of (1905—1913) and with the subspecies of DANSER (1927) and Du RIETZ of (1930). The only reason for naming these units „varieties" instead „subspecies" is the fewer change of names. Their geographical distri- bution is most strikingly definite in the genus Vernonia and especially in Vernonia arborea. Moreover, in Sumatra and the Philippines there are some species, closely allied to Vernonia arborea; in future inter- to combine mediate forms may be collected, which will make necessary these species with Vernonia arborea. Vernonia arborea, Vernonia java- nica and Vernonia celebica, now belonging to one large and polymorphic species, formerly have been considered to be three separate species, 354 BLUMEA VOL. I, No. 3, 1935 account of evidently on of the lack sufficient material. The same fact Vernonia ean be stated in cymosa and Vernonia eupatorioides, and also Vernonia cinerea and Vernonia in parviflora. GLEASON (1905 —1907) noticed similar cases in the N. American species of Vernonia: in poly- morphic species the extreme forms have often been considered as species for themselves. The varieties of the above-mentioned like the species are, subspecies of Du RIETZ (1930), not definitely delimited. Former in Vernonia have been the section Con- syngameons may gestae and the Malay species of the section Decaneurum, both of them consisting of closely allied species with a definite area. No intermediate forms have been found here. BENTHAM (1873) and SMALL (1917—1919) have given historical reviews of the literature concerning the Compositae. The classification of CASSINI, more or less followed by BENTHAM (1873) has still been maintained and is chiefly followed by HOFFMANN (1894). Vernonia is a large and very difficult genus, of which EKMAN (1914) remarks: „all delimitation of taxonomical units in Vernonia is from that of the to the extremely difficult, species up genus". Though the Malay species of Vernonia are fairly well distinguishable, as a rule, some of them show a great variability. Sections of Vernonia have been distinguished by DE CANDOLLE (1836), BENTHAM (1873) and HOFFMANN (1894). HOOKER (1882), however, states: „I have found it impossible to classify the Indian Vernonias under the commonly recognized sections of the in the Genera Plantarum". Yet it desirable genus seems to maintain the sections, because of the unmistakable relations in certain groups of the species of Vernonia. The sections of Vernonia in the Malay Archipelago show transitions into each other and delimit. Transitions are are not always easy to to be found between Claotrachelus and Tephrodes, Claotrachelus and Cyanopis, Claotrachelus and Lepidella, between Cyanopis and Lepidella, Cyanopis and Strobocalyx and between Strobocalyx and Decaneurum. According to BENTHAM (1873) the Old World sections Cyanopis, Lepidella and Tephrodes deviate very much from the other sections. considered They might have been together as a separate genus, but they with the American section to the agree tropical Lepidaploa, except as typically shaped achenes. The species of the section Strobocalyx have fairly uniform achenes broad this with a pappus, consisting of and coarse hairs, as a rule. In section find with biseriate well with we species a pappus, as as species a uniseriate pappus or with a pappus, which is undistinctly biseriate. Jos. Til. KOSTER: The Compositae of the Malay Archipelago 355 The section Lepidella is to be distinguished by the paleaceous outer Vernonia of this section is allied Ver- pappus row. albifolia closely to nonia the it is be patula, belonging to section Cyanopis ; to distinguished, however, by the biseriate pappus. Vernonia Junghuhniana is a species of the section Lepidella, that had become lost, since its specimens have been mixed with those of Vernonia cinerea in various herbaria. up Tephrodes is not a very distinct section with a biseriate setaceous pappus. Vernonia and Vernonia moluccensis be forms patula seem to intermediate between Vernonia and Centratherum. Accordingly, LESSING (in Linnaea 1829, 320) placed Vernonia patula in the genus Centratherum. These Vernonia species, however, have much smaller heads, achenes with fewer ribs and no outer involucral scales, which are foliaceous. They agree with Centratherum in the prominently ribbed achenes and in the single caducous row of pappus-hairs, whereas Vernonia, as a rule, has a biseriate pappus, of which one row at least is permanent. GLEASON (1905 —1907) and EKMAN (1914) have severed Vernonia chinensis Vernonia from the Vernonia the ( patula) genus (reinstating genus Cyanthillium of BLUME, 1825), on account of its 4—5-angular achenes of and its uniseriate, caducous pappus. In other sections Vernonia, find also uniseriate and achenes. however, we a pappus 4—5-angular Thus there is no reason to keep Vernonia patula and the closely allied Vernonia moluccensis from the Vernonia. It is apart genus desirable, the section which these however, to split up Cyanopis, to two species Claotrachelus is belong, into two sections. For one of these the name proposed (in accordance with one of its species Claotrachelus rupestris of this section ZOLLINGER, 1845) ; the species belonging to are distinguished biseriate the with uniseriate caducous by a pappus, whereas species a be in the section The section pappus must placed Cyanopis (s. str.).