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Groundcover Restoration in Forests of the Southeastern United States

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Groundcover Restoration in Forests of the Southeastern United States Groundcover RestorationIN FORESTS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Jennifer L. Trusty & Holly K. Ober Acknowledgments The funding for this project was provided by a cooperative • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission of resource managers and scientific researchers in Florida, • Florida Department of Environmental Protection Conserved Forest Ecosystems: Outreach and Research • Northwest Florida Water Management District (CFEOR). • Southwest Florida Water Management District • Suwannee River Water Management District CFEOR is a cooperative comprised of public, private, non- government organizations, and landowners that own or We are grateful to G. Tanner for making the project manage Florida forest lands as well as University of Florida possible and for providing valuable advice on improving the faculty members. CFEOR is dedicated to facilitating document. We are also indebted to the many restorationists integrative research and outreach that provides social, from across the Southeast who shared information with J. ecological, and economic benefits to Florida forests on a Trusty. Finally, we thank H. Kesler for assistance with the sustainable basis. Specifically, funding was provided by maps and L. DeGroote, L. Demetropoulos, C. Mackowiak, C. Matson and D. Printiss for assistance with obtaining photographs. Cover photo: Former slash pine plantation with restored native groundcover. Credits: L. DeGroote. Suggested citation: Trusty, J. L., and H. K. Ober. 2009. Groundcover restoration in forests of the Southeastern United States. CFEOR Research Report 2009-01. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 115 pp. | 3 | Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . 7 PART I - Designing and Executing a Groundcover PART II – Resources to Help Get the Job Done Restoration Project CHAPTER 6: Location of Groundcover CHAPTER 1: Planning a Restoration Project . 11 Restoration Projects . 51 Maps of Current Restoration Sites . 51 CHAPTER 2: Implementing a Restoration Project . 15 Restoration Sites Listed According to State and County . 52 Selecting Reference Sites . 15 Contact Information of Practitioners Listed According Preparing the Restoration Site . 16 to Habitat Type . 57 Managing Invasive Species . 19 Increasing Biodiversity and Coverage of Native CHAPTER 7: Forested Communities of the Groundcover Species . 21 Southeastern U.S. 61 Monitoring . 24 Southern Coastal Plain Communities . 61 Southeastern Plains Communities . 63 CHAPTER 3: Tailoring Restoration Strategies to Initial Site Conditions . 27 CHAPTER 8: Plant Species of the Forest Scenario A: Areas with Site-Appropriate Overstory Species Communities of the Southeastern U.S. 65 and Degraded Groundcover . 27 Bayhead . 65 Scenario B: Areas with Off-Site Overstory Species Lacking Cypress Dome and Strand . 66 Native Groundcover . 29 Cypress-Tupelo Swamp . 68 Scenario C: Areas Lacking Overstory and Native Flatwoods and Dry Prairie . 69 Groundcover . 33 Magnolia-Beech Forest . 74 Mangrove . 74 CHAPTER 4: Important Considerations for Maritime Hammock . 75 Groundcover Establishment . 35 Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest . 76 Outplanting . 35 Pine Rockland . 78 Direct Seeding . 36 Pine Savannah . 83 Rockland Hammock . 85 CHAPTER 5: Costs Associated with Groundcover Sandhill . 89 Restoration . 37 Scrub . 92 Site Prep . 38 Scrubby Flatwoods . 93 Seeding and Planting . 39 Southern Floodplain Forest . 96 Site Assessment and Monitoring . 39 Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest . 99 Total Project Costs . 39 White Cedar Swamp . 100 Equipment . 40 CHAPTER 9: Online Resources for Restoration . 103 LITERATURE CITED . 41 CHAPTER 10: Comprehensive Bibliography . 105 | 5 | Introduction Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the agency reports, and online sources. It is the objective of recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, this manual to serve as a starting point for groundcover damaged or destroyed as a direct or indirect result of restoration in the Southeast by summarizing the existing human activities (SER 2004). Any activity that intentionally information into a single, available and understandable initiates or accelerates the return of an ecosystem to source. The manual serves as both a guide to tested its historic developmental pathway can be considered groundcover restoration techniques (Part 1) and as a catalog ecological restoration. of information on existing restoration sites and the people and plants associated with each (Part 2). Traditionally, emphasis in forested areas has been placed on tree species, while understory or groundcover In order to distill the information from the ever-expanding communities received limited consideration. However, field of understory restoration theory and techniques to a in recent years restoration practitioners have become manageable size, this manual provides an extensive reference increasingly interested in restoring the structure and bibliography rather than repeating information already function of the understory or groundcover vegetative described in detail from every available source. Our goal has community. Regardless of the physical size of your project been to outline the general steps required to restore native site, restoration can be an enormous and, depending on the groundcover and to provide resources that should help level of degradation, daunting task. The goal of this manual accomplish this task, rather than to provide protocols for is to provide information that will make the planning of a every imaginable scenario. Individuals interested in a more groundcover restoration project less overwhelming. The thorough step-by-step guide of prescriptions for restoration resources we provide will include tips on how to go about activities and associated timelines are encouraged to planning a restoration project, suggestions regarding factors examine detailed publications such as Gordon (1994), to consider when determining what restoration actions to Brockway et al. (2005), USDA Natural Resources use, descriptions of successful methodologies for restoring Conservation Service (2008), and Matson et al. (in prep). sites from various initial habitat conditions, and cost estimates of time, materials, and equipment to implement Restoration: Why? groundcover restoration projects. We have also included Ecological restoration projects are initiated for many a comprehensive list of references from the literature for reasons, such as to reverse biodiversity loss, augment individuals interested in additional information. Finally, wildlife habitat, restore ecosystem services, reduce the risk we have compiled an elaborate list of restoration projects in of catastrophic wildfire, enhance aesthetic value, heighten forested ecosystems throughout the Southeastern United personal enjoyment, or increase financial gain through States, complete with information on the location and wetland mitigation credit sales. This list is not exhaustive: characteristics of sites being restored as well as contact there is a large volume of literature available to cement information for personnel associated with each project. Our the rationale of the benefits to be gained from restoration hope is that this will facilitate networking opportunities (Leopold 1949; Bradshaw and Chadwick 1980; Daly and among resource managers with similar interests. Cobb 1994; Cairns 1995; Balmford et al. 2002; Lackey 2004; Aronson and van Andel 2006; Clewell and Aronson 2006). The impetus for this manual arose from the recognition This manual assumes that you have already addressed the that the information needed to guide the planning of question “Why should I restore?” and are ready for the next groundcover vegetation restoration projects was often big question; “How do I restore?” scattered in a diverse array of books, scientific journals, | 7 | PART I Designing and Executing a Groundcover Restoration Project Chapter 1 Planning a Restoration Project roundcover restoration is assisting the recovery of periodic flood events can occur. Due to legal, operational the structure and function of herbaceous and low- or societal constraints, not all sites are suitable for Ggrowing woody species to plant communities. restoration. If the factors that caused the degradation cannot be changed, the efforts put into ecological One common goal of restoration projects is the restoration are not likely to succeed. establishment of the assemblage of species characteristic of similar, non-degraded ecosystems. Groundcover restoration 2. Define your goals and objectives in very specific terms. is typically one component of projects that attempt to alter Each restoration project has a unique purpose and the species composition or vegetation coverage at a site. a necessary first step in every restoration project is The successful restoration of understory plants is directly identification of your definition of restoration success. dependent upon knowledge of a multitude of disciplines, Only after yout have decided exactly what you want including botany, plant ecology, plant physiology, to achieve (your goals) can you begin to plan the path horticulture, and natural resource management. Do not be you need to take to get there. Goals should be broad discouraged. Many groundcover restorationists have been ecological statements of what you hope to achieve. Some forging the path ahead. They have identified the following examples of goals are: basic “steps to success” in a groundcover restoration project: • Convert an agricultural/silvicultural area to a 1. Identify the factors that have caused or are causing community with
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