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Neuroforum 1/03 März 2003 D 13882 F 1.03 IX. Jahrgang ISSN 0947-0875 Perspektiven der Hirnforschung ........................................................................ Neurowissenschaftliche .......n Gesellschaft .. ...........................................................Neuro forum Organ der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Neuronale Schäden bei der bakteriellen Meningitis – Enstehungsmechanismen Handlungssteuerung, Handlungsauswahl und Handlungswahrnehmung Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird Neuroforum 1/03 1 Sophisticated Research Instrumentation ● INHALT For all lab animals for Life Sciences and Laboratories ● 3-dimension precision manipulator for left- & right-hand use ● Optional fine adjustment in the 3rd axis ● Choice of animal adapters, Stereotaxic Systems ear bars & accessories N ESIG ● D Versatile attention testing EW N system for rats & mice ● 5-choice serial reaction task ● The complete solution for drug research ● Pellet feeder or liquid ● Fully computerized custom systems dispenser configuration for rats and mice 5-Hole-Box ● Assess incorrect, correct & Operant Behavior Systems Operant Behavior ● Includes ready-to-use trials such as FR, premature responses VR, PR, FI, VI, DRH and DRL ● Create your own schedules with the unique program composer! ● Analyze acoustic, tactile & fear-potentiated startle ● Control 4 units with one PC ● User-defined trial sequences ● Complex pre-pulse designs ● Outputs response latency & Startle Response amplitude ● Study open field behavior or home-cage activity ● Variable box sizes and infra- ● For all arenas including open field, water red sensor densities maze, elevated plus maze, radial maze... ● Vertical movement detection ideoMot 2 - Activity System Video ● Outputs distance travelled, time spent, ● Detailed spatial & temporal V latencies, entries, speed, rotation Motility Systems analysis of locomotion ● With key-board event recorder Contact us for other products and details. Saalburgstr. 157 D-61 350 Bad Homburg/Germany TSE Phone: +49 (0 ) 6172-7 89-0 Technical & Scientific Fax: +49 (0 ) 6172-7 89-50 0 Equipment2 GmbH E-Mail: [email protected] 1/03 Internet: http://www.TSE-Systems.de INHALT INHALT 3 HAUPTARTIKEL Roland Nau und Joachim Gerber 4 Neuronale Schäden bei der bakteriellen Meningitis – Entstehungsmechanismen und mögliche Konsequenzen für die Behandlung Zum Titelbild: Andreas Wohlschläger und Wolfgang Prinz 11 Embryonen der Strandkrabbe carcinus Handlungssteuerung, Handlungsauswahl und Handlungswahrnehmung maenas (Decapoda, Malacostraca) dar. (Vergl. Neuroforum 4/02, S. 267-273, Artikel von Steffen Harzsch) ARTIKEL DES QUARTALS Neurowissenschaftliche ....... Gesellschaft vorgestellt von Herbert Zimmermann 17 n Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird Vorstand: NACHRICHTEN AUS DER NEUROWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT Prof. Dr. Herbert Zimmermann, 4. Internationaler Preis der Dargut und Milena Kemali Stiftung 20 Frankfurt/M. Neurowissenschaften (Bewerbungsaufruf 2003) Präsident FENS Schools Program 2003 21 Human Frontier Science Program 23 Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Hoffmann, Bochum Boehringer Ingelheim FENS Research Award 2004 23 Vizepräsident 14. Neurobiologischer Doktorandenworkshop 2003 23 AFI Fördermittel für die Alzheimer-Forschung 23 Prof. Dr. Andreas Draguhn, Heidelberg Who is who im Vorstand der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft – 25 Schatzmeister die neuen Vorstandsmitglieder stellen sich vor th Prof. Dr. Helmut Kettenmann, Berlin 29 GÖTTINGEN NEUROBIOLOGY CONFERENCE 29 Generalsekretär 5th MEETING OF THE GERMAN NEUROSCIENCE SOCIETY Einladung zur Mitgliederversammlung auf der Göttinger Tagung 30 Prof. Dr. Klaus Pawelzik, Bremen der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft (12. – 15. Juni 2003) Sektionssprecher Computational Neuroscience Prof. Dr. Sigrun Korsching, Köln Entwicklungsneurobiologie/Neurogenetik BÜCHER Prof. Dr. Mathias Bähr, Göttingen Frontalhirn: Funktionen und Erkrankungen 30 Klinische Neurowissenschaften Schokolade im Gehirn 31 Prof. Dr. Niels Birbaumer, Tübingen Kognitive Neurowissenschaften und Verhalten AUSBLICK/IMPRESSUM 32 Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner Müller, Düsseldorf Molekulare Neurobiologie Prof. Dr. Werner J. Schmidt, Tübingen Neuropharmakologie und -toxikologie Prof. Dr. Hermann Wagner, Aachen Systemneurobiologie Prof. Dr. Tobias Bonhoeffer, Martinsried Zelluläre Neurobiologie Neuroforum 1/03 3 NEURONALE SCHÄDEN BEI DER BAKTERIELLEN MENINGITIS Neuronale Schäden bei der Einleitung Ohne Einschluss periodisch auftretender bakteriellen Meningitis – Epidemien durch Meningokokken erkranken weltweit mindestens 1,2 Millionen Men- Entstehungsmechanismen und schen pro Jahr (Schätzung) an bakterieller Hirnhautentzündung (Meningitis). Die mögliche Konsequenzen für die Sterblichkeit beträgt über 10% [WHO Fact Sheet (http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact Behandlung 105.html)]. Trotz Einführung verbesserter diagnostischer Verfahren, neuer Antibiotika Roland Nau und Joachim Gerber und Fortschritten in der Intensivmedizin hat sich in den industrialisierten Ländern die Sterblichkeit der bakteriellen Meningitis ins- Zusammenfassung gesamt in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten nicht Tod in der Akutphase der Erkrankung und neurologische Spätschäden sind häufige entscheidend verringert und liegt bei 5-10% Komplikationen einer bakteriellen Meningitis. Diese werden gemeinschaftlich verur- bei Kindern und ca. 25% bei Erwachsenen. sacht durch 1.) die systemische Entzündungsreaktion des Wirts (Einwanderung von Die drei häufigsten Erreger der außerhalb Granulozyten und Monozyten in das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS), Gefäßentzündung, des Krankenhauses erworbenen bakteriellen Hirnschwellung und sekundäre zerebrale Durchblutungsstörungen), 2.) die Stimulati- Meningitis sind Neisseria meningitidis (ca. on residenter Mikrogliazellen im ZNS durch bakterielle Produkte und 3.) direkte Neu- 500.000 Fälle pro Jahr), Streptococcus pneu- rotoxizität einiger Bakterienbestandteile. Die neuronale Schädigung wird vermittelt moniae und Haemophilus influenzae (selten durch freie Radikale, Proteasen, Zytokine, exzitatorische Aminosäuren und intrazel- in Ländern, in denen die Kinder routinemä- lulären Kalzium-Einstrom. Unmittelbar zum Zelltod führende Ereignisse sind zellulä- ßig gegen H. influenzae Typ B geimpft wer- rer Energieverlust mit Depolarisation des Ruhemembranpotenzials, Aktivierung von den) (Peltola 1999), gefolgt von Mycobac- Caspasen und anderen Proteasen. Bei der antibiotisch behandelten experimentellen terium tuberculosis und Listeria monocyto- Pneumokokken-Meningitis verstärkt das Glukokortikoid Dexamethason den Neuro- genes. nenschaden in der Formatio hippocampi. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass trotz positiver N. meningitidis ist der einzige Erreger, der klinischer Studien die Gabe von Glukokortikoiden zusätzlich zur antibiotischen The- im sogenannten Meningitis-Gürtel im Süden rapie nicht die ideale adjuvante Behandlungsstrategie darstellt. Ansätze, die selektiver der Sahara vom Senegal bis nach Äthiopien in die Mechanismen der neuronalen Schädigung eingreifen und die in Tiermodellen große Epidemien verursachen kann. Die In- wirksam sind, sind die Therapie mit Proteinsynthese-hemmenden Antibiotika, die Bak- fektion erfolgt über den Nasen-Rachen- terienzellen zwar töten, aber nicht lysieren, die Gabe von Antioxidanzien sowie Inhibi- Raum. Bei jungen Kindern sowie Jungend- toren von Transkriptionsfaktoren, Matrix-Metalloproteinasen und Caspasen. lichen und jungen Erwachsenen ist das Er- krankungsrisiko am größten. L. monocyto- Abstract genes wird mit der Nahrung aufgenommen Death in the acute phase of the disease and neurological sequelae are frequent compli- und kann kleine Epidemien verursachen. cations of bacterial meningitis. They are jointly caused by 1.) the systemic inflammato- ry response of the host (invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by granulocytes Standardtherapie and monocytes, vasculitis, brain oedema and secondary cerebral ischaemia), 2.) the stimulation of resident microglia in the CNS by bacterial compounds and 3.) direct Entscheidend für die Therapie der bakteri- neurotoxicity of some bacterial products. Neuronal injury is mediated by free radicals, ellen Meningitis ist die rasche Diagnose und proteases, cytokines, excitatory amino acids and intracellular calcium influx. Immedi- der schnelle Beginn der antibiotischen Be- ate causes of death are cellular energy failure, membrane depolarisation, and the acti- handlung. Für die in Deutschland außerhalb vation of caspases and other proteases. In experiments involving pneumococcal men- des Krankenhauses erworbene Meningitis ingitis treated with antibiotics the corticosteroid dexamethasone increases neuron in- benutzen wir die Kombination von Cefota- jury in the hippocampal formation. This indicates that, despite positive clinical stud- xim oder Ceftriaxon (um auch S. pneumoni- ies, the administration of corticosteroids as an addition to antibiotic therapy may not ae mit einer verminderten Empfindlichkeit be the ideal adjuvant strategy. Approaches which intervene more selectively in the gegenüber Penicillin G zu erfassen) + Am- mechanism of the neuronal damage and have been shown to be effective in animal picillin (um L. monocytogenes abzudecken). experiments, include treatment with bactericidal protein synthesis inhibiting antibiot- In Regionen mit einem hohen Anteil Peni- ics, which destroy the bacterial cells, but do not cause lysis, additional therapy with cillin- und Cephalosporin-resistenter Pneu- antioxidants, inhibitors of transcription factors,
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