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Política E Identidad Odile Hoffmann Odile Hoffmann

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Política E Identidad Odile Hoffmann Odile Hoffmann 4 Primera entrega de una serie dedicada a la “Diáspora afrodescendiente en México y América Central”, este vo- lumen analiza los procesos políticos contemporáneos que atañen a las sociedades, grupos organizados, colec- tivos sociales e individuos calificados o autoconsiderados como “negros” o afrodescendientes. Los autores parten de estudios de caso y análisis teó- ricos, con textos que analizan la dimensión política de las organizaciones afrodescendientes y sus estrategias para afirmarse como sujetos políticos y culturales en sus respec- tivos ámbitos. El libro defiende una tesis que resulta simple: el dere- cho a decidir y a organizarse con base en el respeto a la “diferencia” y la “ciudadanía multicultural” se asocia con Política e identidad Afrodescendientes en México y América Central su contrario, es decir, con la libertad de no escoger, el res- peto a la identidad no-étnica y la ciudadanía “sin adjetivo”. Odile Hoffmann, geógrafa del Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ird, Francia), ha trabajado en México y Colombia sobre procesos identitarios desde Política e identidad una perspectiva geográfica y política, en particular con Coordinadora Afrodescendientes en México poblaciones afrodescendientes. y América Central Odile Hoffmann Odile Hoffmann , 2009. Coordinadora COLECCIÓN AFRICANÍA paradoxale Écriture CONSEJO NACIONAL PARA LA CULTURA Y LAS ARTES-INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS Y CENTROAMERICANOS : © Melissa Portilla, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO-CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE Portada INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Port Pol Ident.indd 1 6/17/10 11:13 AM POLÍTICA E IDENTIDAD. AFRODESCENDIENTES EN MÉXICO Y AMÉRICA CENTRAL COLECCIÓN AFRICANÍA POLÍTICA E IDENTIDAD. AFRODESCENDIENTES EN MÉXICO Y AMÉRICA CENTRAL Odile Hoffmann Coordinadora CONSEJO NACIONAL PARA LA CULTURA Y LAS ARTES- INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS Y CENTROAMERICANOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO-CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Primera edición: 2010 D. R. © Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Córdoba 45, col. Roma, México, D.F. 06700 [email protected] D. R. © Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán México, D.F. 04510 D. R. © Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos Sierra Leona 330, col. Lomas de Chapultepec, México, D.F. 11000 Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, París, Francia [email protected] D. R. © Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Cicerón 609, col. Los Morales, México, D.F. 11530 [email protected] Portada: Fotografía de Melissa Portilla, Écriture paradoxale, 2009 ISBN: 968-6029-92-3 Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, la fotocopia o la grabación, sin la previa autorización por escrito de los titulares de los derechos de esta edición. Impreso y hecho en México ÍNDICE • 11 Prólogo Elisabeth Cunin, Odile Hoffmann, Juan Manuel de la Serna y María Elisa Velázquez 15 Introducción Odile Hoffmann PRIMERA PARTE MOVILIZACIONES Y MOVIMIENTOS DE AFRODESCENDIENTES. MODELOS Y EXCEPCIONES 31 Las luchas por los derechos colectivos de los afrodescendientes en América Latina Juliet Hooker 65 Génesis de redes transnacionales. Movimientos afrolatinoamericanos en América Central Carlos Agudelo 93 Los indígenas y los “étnicos”: inclusión restringida en el Régimen de Autonomía en Nicaragua Miguel González 7 129 El movimiento negro en Panamá: una interpretación histórica y política, 1994-2004 Georges Priestley y Alberto Barrow 157 Los criollos de Belice. ¿Encarnación de la identidad nacional o afirmación étnica? Elisabeth Cunin SEGUNDA PARTE EL MANEJO DE LA DIFERENCIA EN EL ACCESO A RECURSOS 189 El poder de la demarcación: el primer deslindamiento en Barranco, Belice Joseph O. Palacio, Judith Rae Lumb y Carlson Tuttle 233 Pensar el feminismo afronicaragüense Courtney Desiree Morris 271 Memoria social de las mujeres criollas. Política y derechos sobre la tierra de afrodescendientes en Nicaragua Jennifer A. Goett 307 Una corriente etnopolítica en la Costa Chica, México (1980-2000) Gloria Lara 335 Acerca de los autores y coordinadores 8 in memoriam Georges Priestley Para Melesio P., por los caminos andados y los que faltan explorar PRÓLOGO • Este volumen forma parte de una serie de cuatro libros elabo- rados a partir de una experiencia colectiva de investigación. * Al momento de celebrar 200 años de Independencia en Amé- rica Latina y 100 de la Revolución mexicana, esta serie con- tribuye a reflexionar cómo se construyeron las sociedades nacionales, cada una con su diversidad y complejidad, y cómo fueron considerados, en mayor o menor medida, los ciudada- nos. Los debates sobre la construcción de las nuevas naciones, abiertos en el marco de las celebraciones de los bicentenarios, no pueden dejar de lado la reflexión sobre la heterogeneidad característica, ayer y hoy, de las sociedades latinoamericanas, y la compleja relación entre ciudadanía y diferencia. Es fundamental recordar que las sociedades americanas no sólo resultaron del “encuentro entre dos mundos”. Por sus múltiples mestizajes e intercambios, fueron un laboratorio de la modernidad planetaria que hoy en día todos compartimos. Las poblaciones africanas, primero como parte de las hues- tes de los conquistadores, después como esclavos y más tarde como personas libres con participación en diversas activi- dades, fueron y siguen siendo parte fundamental de este pro- ceso. La migración forzosa y el gran comercio de esclavos de África hacia América, practicados por negociantes europeos, 11 Prólogo fue el primer movimiento a escala mundial que de alguna for- ma condicionó y permitió el desarrollo capitalista, lo que lue- go se llamó la “modernidad” y la “primera mundialización”. La cuestión de la diáspora negra en el mundo y en América es, por tanto, un tema que nos interesa y atañe a todos, ciu- dadanos, académicos, científicos, así como a los pueblos e instituciones de todos los continentes y países. La trayectoria de los estudios sobre este tema cuenta cier- tamente con varias décadas de investigaciones. En este con- texto, nos pareció necesario analizar un aspecto poco tratado hasta ahora en relación con las experiencias de México y los países centroamericanos, es decir, la historia que los africa- nos y sus descendientes compartieron durante el periodo co- lonial, así como las diferencias que vivieron en el siglo XIX e intercambiar experiencias del presente con el propósito de crear nuevos lazos de cooperación académica entre los países de la región, pues existen pocos intercambios en este sentido. Con esta serie de cuatro libros pretendemos contribuir a este conocimiento con algunas innovaciones. En primer lu- gar queremos insistir en un diálogo más equitativo entre la historia, la antropología y otras ciencias sociales. En segundo lugar, ir más allá de los estereotipos sobre la importancia de la herencia africana en las manifestaciones espectaculares como la danza o la música. Entendemos su validez, pero nos inte- resa ir más allá y reflexionar sobre la contribución de los afri- canos y sus descendientes en las sociedades americanas desde el trabajo, la política o la cultura de la vida cotidiana, es decir sus aportaciones a la construcción de las naciones, sin conside- rarlas como primera, segunda o tercera raíz, sino como nuevas formas de concebir la diversidad cultural colectiva. El tercer objetivo, pero quizá el primero en importancia, consiste en 12 Prólogo reflexionar sobre los problemas de discriminación y racismo presentes en nuestros países, bajo distintas modalidades y ca- racterísticas con el fin de denunciar, buscar soluciones y ampliar nuestras perspectivas en relación con estos conflictos. Estos libros se gestaron a partir del diálogo entre científi- cos mexicanos, centroamericanos, europeos y norteamericanos, durante el congreso “Diáspora, nación y diferencia. Pobla- ciones de origen africano en México y Centroamérica” que tuvo lugar en Veracruz, México, en 2008. El evento brindó la oportunidad de hacer un balance de las investigaciones en curso, tanto en México como América Central, y se contó con gran riqueza de innovaciones teóricas y nuevas perspec- tivas fundadas en trabajos documentados en archivos y en investigaciones etnográficas, tanto desde los estudios de his- toria y antropología como desde otras disciplinas, entre ellas la geografía o la ciencia política. Dicho congreso anunció una ruptura en relación con los abordajes clásicos, criticó los tér- minos “tercera raíz” o “aporte cultural” y propuso interpre- taciones más contextualizadas y politizadas de la “cuestión negra” en la región. Sentó así las bases de una renovación teó- rica y metodológica, política y ética, para comprender la di- versidad étnica y cultural de las sociedades latinoamericanas y las dificultades que tienen para enfrentar la desigualdad y el racismo persistentes. Entusiasmados con los resultados del congreso decidimos publicar cuatro libros con artículos de diversos autores en cua- tro líneas de investigación: i) las características de los proce- sos políticos contemporáneos, ii) aspectos relacionados con las políticas y culturas de lo afro, iii) debates que hoy interesan a los historiadores y iv) cuestiones también históricas que ata- ñen a los procesos
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