DOCSLIB.ORG

Kaedah Rehabilitasi Berbanding Kaedah Punitif

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

KAEDAH REHABILITTASI BERBANDING KAEDAH PUNITIF : PRO DAN KONTRA Definisi Rehabilitasi • Proses membantu mereka yang telah melakukan kesalahan seperti jenayah militan atau kesesatan agama melalui kaedah rawatan pemulihan untuk kembali ke pangkuan keluarga dan masyarakat. Definisi Punitif • Suatu hukuman terhadap individu atau kumpulan sebagai balasan kepada pelanggaran peraturan atau arahan yang telah dilakukan mengikut peruntukan undang-undang sesebuah negara berperlembagaan. Kaedah Punitif Berbanding Deteren • Merupakan hukuman • Merupakan satu peringatan terhadap seseorang individu terhadap individu untuk disebabkan oleh kesalahan menjauhi sesuatu yang telah dilakukan. larangan/perintah. • Dalil al-Qur'an berkaitan • Dalil al-Qur'an berkaitan Punitif punitif: Lelaki dan perempuan deteren: Jangan kamu yang mencuri, potonglah Deteren hampiri zina, sesungguhnya tangan mereka sebagai zina itu adalah suatu balasan terhadap apa yang perbuatan yang keji dan suatu mereka kerjakan dan sebagai jalan yang jahat (yang siksaan dari Allah. membawa kerosakan). (Surah Al-Maa'idah ; 5: 38). (Surah Al-Israa'; 17:32). • Berdasarkan contoh di atas, • Berdasarkan contoh di atas, hukuman memotong tangan kerajaan boleh mengambil bagi negara yang langkah untuk memisahkan melaksanakan hukuman lelaki dan perempuan di hudud adalah contoh kepada masjid dan tempat awam hukuman punitif. bagi mencegah penzinaan. • Hukuman bagi kesalahan khalwat adalah deteren bagi mengelakkan penzinaan. 1 Jenis-jenis Jenayah Militan Tindakan umat Islam yang telah ataupun ingin berjuang atas nama jihad di bumi Syria bagi menyokong golongan ISIS ataupun ISIL adalah sia-sia kerana perjuangan mereka tidak tergolong sebagai jihad dan kematian mereka juga tidak dikategorikan sebagai mati syahid mengikut kerangka Hukum Syarak. Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan Malaysia • Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL • The Levent merujuk kepada wilayah sekitar Syria termasuk Lebanon, Israel, Palestine dan Jordan • Islamic State in Iraq and Syria ISIS • Al-Syam merujuk kepada wilayah Syria yang ditawan • Islamic State IS • Kumpulan ini menggugurkan dua perkataan di hujung untuk mendapatkan pengiktirafan masyarakat dunia tentang khalifah yang mereka isytiharkan sendiri • Al-Dawla al-Islamiya fi Iraq wa ash-Sham DAESH • DAESH merupakan singkatan nama dalam Bahasa Arab 2 Kenapa Orang Terpengaruh Dengan Militan 1 Tidak memahami konsep jihad, Daulah Islamiyyah dan Khilafah Islamiyyah. Tidak boleh membezakan antara aliran Salafi dan Wahabi sehingga 2 beranggapan aliran Salafi lebih Islamik dan lebih suci berbanding aliran arus perdana. 3 Merasakan diri lebih baik berbanding orang lain sehingga merasakan hanya mereka yang layak masuk syurga. 4 Ingin mendekati agama Islam untuk menebus kesilapan lalu secara jalan pintas dan menjadi pengebom berani mati untuk mati syahid. Mempunyai fahaman agama yang cetek dan beramal mengikut tafsiran sendiri 5 melalui media sosial (Whatsapp dan Youtube) sehingga dipengaruhi oleh fahaman ISIS. Beranggapan agama Islam itu terlalu “eksklusif” dan menolak untuk 6 memahami keindahan Islam sehingga timbul rasa bermusuh dengan orang bukan Islam dan bersikap keras sesama Muslim yang tidak sealiran. Kecetekan pengetahuan agama menyebabkan mereka mudah terpengaruh 7 dengan hadis-hadis palsu atau hadis lemah yang dimanipulasi oleh kumpulan ISIS. Tidak memahami sejarah dan peradaban Islam sehingga terpengaruh dengan 8 perjuangan ISIS yang ingin menegakkan Khilafah Islamiyyah sebagai tiket ke syurga. Menjadi ekstrem dan mempunyai nilai toleransi yang sangat tipis terutamanya 9 terhadap saudara seagama mereka sendiri disebabkan ilmu agama yang cetek dan pandangan yang sempit dari aspek muamalat dan siasah (sosial dan politik). 3 Kaedah Mengelak Pengaruh Militan • Jangan berkongsi atau • Setkan di minda aktiviti dan menyebarkan apa-apa bahan perjuangan ISIS adalah salah. mengenai ISIS. • Tidak perlu kita bersimpati atau • Pelaksanaan undang-undang menyokong perjuangan ISIS. baharu oleh kerajaan (SOSMA, POTA & POCA) yang mana • Fahami bahawa ISIS tidak mempromosi, merekrut, berjuang mewakili orang Islam. menyebar, menggalakkan, membantu, melindungi dan Individu Khilafah yang diisytiharkan mereka tidak diiktiraf oleh menganjurkan aktiviti negara di dunia. keganasan adalah satu kesalahan. • Fahami situasi di Syria dan Iraq • Didik masyarakat untuk pada masa ini adalah perang Masyarakat memikirkan implikasi kepada diri, saudara di antara beberapa keluarga, rakan serta organisasi kabilah atau puak untuk berkuasa sekiranya terlibat dengan aktiviti dan mengawal sumber alam di keganasan. Iraq dan Syria. Ia tiada hubungan dengan jihad atau mempertahankan agama Islam. 4 Kaedah Rehabilitasi Dalam Menangani Jenayah Militan Pro Kontra 1. Pusat Rehabilitasi Yaman ► Dibina dengan kos USD 18-20 juta sebagai ► Perbelanjaan besar bagi Yaman yang persediaan untuk pesalah kembali ke merupakan negara miskin di rantau Arab pangkuan masyarakat setelah dibebaskan bagi pemulihan sekumpulan kecil daripada Penjara Guantanamo. rakyatnya dari penjara Guantanamo. ► Merupakan usaha yang disokong oleh ► Namun, hanya 56 org sahaja dibebaskan. Amerika Syarikat dengan bantuan dari Yang lain masih ditahan disebabkan negara-negara Teluk Arab. (Sumber: Reuters 25 Mac 2013) sokongan secara pilih kasih oleh Presiden Amerika Syarikat. ► Di sebalik usaha ini, masih terdapat satu daripada jaringan Al-Qaeda yang masih aktif berpusat di Yaman. Persoalannya, adakah tindakan ini suatu yang memberi kesan positif? 2. Pusat Rehabilitasi Arab Saudi ► Lima Pusat Rehabilitasi mewah dibina untuk ► Arab Saudi negara kaya mampu membimbing militan Al-Qaeda. mendirikan Pusat Rehabilitasi mewah ► Bertujuan memperbetulkan pemikiran yang mungkin tidak menjadi realiti pesalah tentang jihad serta keseimbangan kepada negara lain. antara intelektual dan psikologi. ► Kos pengurusan Pusat Rehabilitasi di ► Pusat Rehabilitasi ini boleh menampung Riyadh yang hanya menempatkan 228 3,000 banduan dalam satu masa. orang banduan dimaklumkan setara ► Seramai 2,336 tahanan Al-Qaeda telah dengan pengurusan 10 buah padang menjalani proses rehabilitasi. bola sepak. ► Baduan yang cemerlang dibenarkan ► Pusat rehabilitasi yang bercorak santai, membawa isteri bermalam selama dua hari tidak mengancam malah seolah-olah di suite di dalam kompleks berkenaan. suasana bercuti dan berehat. ► Namun, Al-Qaeda di Arab Saudi tetap meneruskan serangan pada 2003-2006 dan mengorbankan 150 warga Arab Saudi dan warga asing. ► Pesalah dibimbing melalui seminar berkaitan ► Tiada program susulan untuk masalah agama. memastikan bekas tahanan militan yang ► Teknik dialog dan persuasi (berhujah) juga telah dibebaskan setelah proses digunakan untuk membimbing mereka rehabilitasi tidak kembali ke Al-Qaeda. kembali kepada pemikiran rasional. ► Para pengkritik berpendapat pendidikan ► Perkhidmatan bimbingan lain: agama yang diberikan kepada banduan • Sesi kaunseling adalah: • Perawatan SPA • Tidak cukup moderat • Perkhidmatan sauna • Terlalu dekat dengan interpretasi 5 Pro Kontra • Kemudahan olahraga seperti gimnasium kelompok itu tentang Al-Qur’an dan kolam renang bertaraf Sukan • Terlalu dekat dengan pandangan Olimpik. yang disokong oleh Al-Qaeda. 2. Kejayaan Pusat Rehabilitasi Arab Saudi ► Seramai 166 bekas anggota Al-Qaeda dan ► Arab News melaporkan tiada militan militan telah dibebaskan selepas menjalani perempuan yang telah dbebaskan. program kaunseling jangka panjang (munasaha). ► Tidak dinyatakan secara terpeinci bentuk kerjasama yang telah diberikan ► Militan yang dibebaskan dipantau oleh oleh bekas banduan dari Pusat penguatkuasa dilantik. Rehabilitasi ini. ► Bekas militan yang dibebaskan mendapat bimbingan untuk menyesuaikan diri ke ► Belum ada dapatan kajian yang pangkuan masyarakat selain dibantu untuk menunjukkan keberkesanan pendekatan mendapatkan pekerjaan. rehabilitasi ini. ► Pusat Rehabilitasi di Arab Saudi turut mengadakan beberapa program rehabilitasi. Antara topik yang dibincangkan meliput syariah, sosiologi, psikologi, sejarah dan sukan. 3. Kejayaan Pusat Rehabilitasi Malaysia ► Malaysia menyediakan Sembilan pusat ► Tiada program susulan bersama pemulihan di seluruh negara untuk militan banduan untuk mengukuhkan kesan yang ditahan termasuk Pusat Pemulihan program dan latihan yang telah Kamunting di Perak. diberikan. Contoh, menggunakan ► Jabatan Penjara Malaysia berjaya banduan militan yang telah dipulihkan memulihkan 160 daripada 162 orang berkhimat sebagai mentor atau banduan militan yang menjalani hukuman fasilitator dalam program pencegahan penjara di Malaysia. Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. ► Hanya dua orang yang masih menjalani ► Dua orang militan tegar iaitu Yazid program rehabilitasi Jabatan Penjara. Mereka Sufaat dan Abdul Murad Sudin wajar ialah Yazid Sufaat, anggota militan Jemaah dijadikan subjek kajian kes untuk Islamiah yang ditangkap pada 2001 dan Abdul Murad Sudin, seorang peniaga dari mengelakkan kejadian yang sama Teluk Intan yang ditangkap pada 2002 berulang. Profil, personaliti, sejarah, kerana terlibat dengan Kumpulan Militan pemikiran dan sikap mereka diselidiki Malaysia (KMM). agar menjadi bahan rujukan kepada proses rehabilitasi yang lebih berkesan ► Menggunakan pendekatan mengasingkan banduan tegar daripada banduan radikal pada masa hadapan. ringan bagi mengelak mereka saling berkongsi pegangan yang menyeleweng. ► Menempatkan mereka di pusat pemulihan yang sama akan melemahkan proses rehabilitasi. 6 Kaedah Punitif Dalam Menangani Jenayah Militan Pro Kontra 1. Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (ISA) ► Sebelum akta ini dimansuhkan, seramai 75
Recommended publications
  • Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

    Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

    Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Name: Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Type of Organization: Insurgent non-state actor religious terrorist transnational violent Ideologies and Affiliations: Islamist jihadist Qutbist Salafist Sunni takfiri Place of Origin: Indonesia Year of Origin: 1993 (formal establishment) Founder(s): Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah Sungkar Places of Operation: Indonesia (primary operations); Malaysia and Singapore (cells); the Philippines, Cambodia, and Thailand (possible operations) Overview As Known As: • Islamic Organization1 • Jema’a Islamiyyah7 • Jemaa Islamiyah2 • Jemaah Islamiah8 • Jema’a Islamiyah3 • Jemaah Islamiya9 • Jemaa Islamiyya4 • Jema’ah Islamiyah10 • Jema’a Islamiyya5 • Jemaah Islamiyyah11 • Jemaa Islamiyyah6 • Jema’ah Islamiyyah12 Executive Summary: Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) is a jihadist group in Southeast Asia that seeks to establish a caliphate in the region through violent means. The group is led by its co-founder, Abu Bakar Bashir, who pledged loyalty to ISIS in July 2014. JI first raised its global profile after carrying out bombings in Bali in 2002 and 2005, killing 202 and 20 people (mostly foreign tourists), respectively.13 Among other violent operations, JI is known for its links to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as well as the 1995 failed “Bojinka” plot, an attempt to bomb 12 U.S. commercial airlines in the span of two days.14 JI has links to al- Qaeda and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), a Philippines-based terrorist organization.15 1 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Analyst J.M. Berger has stated that JI is defunct.16 Nevertheless, the group remains a threat given its extensive network and ties to both ISIS and the Nusra Front. Australian authorities in particular have expressed concern about JI foreign fighters returning to the region.
  • Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 7, Issue 4 | May 2015

    Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 7, Issue 4 | May 2015

    Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis www.rsis.edu.sg ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 7, Issue 4 | May 2015 A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH The Call of ISIS: The Medium and the Message Attracting Southeast Asians ANTON CHAN Myanmar at The Crossroads: The Shadow of Jihadist Extremism LAURA STECKMAN The Road to ISIS: How Indonesian Jihadists Travel to Syria and Iraq MUH TAUFIQURROHMAN Impact of ISIS’ Online Campaign in Southeast Asia NUR AZLIN MOHAMED YASIN Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 7, Issue 4 | May 2015 1 Building a Global Network for Security Editorial Note Southeast Asia Focus e are pleased to release Volume 7, Issue 4 (May 2015) of the Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis (CTTA) at www.rsis.edu.sg/research/icpvtr/ctta (ISSN 2382-6444) by the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. W TheW threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria (ISIS) has reverberated in Southeast Asia, from where individuals, including young women and individuals with families, have travelled to conflict zones in Syria and Iraq. The seriousness of the threat of ISIS however, comes from Southeast Asian fighters who will return home from battle with fresh combat skills, radical ideologies and extensive networks. The potential for these Southeast Asian terrorist returnees to mount attacks and to further radicalise and recruit other individuals, is therefore, of notable concern to governments in this region. In this issue, Anton Chan discusses the medium and the message used by ISIS that has appealed to its legions of supporters in Southeast Asia.
  • Intel Oh Intel Jilid

    Intel Oh Intel Jilid

    Badan Intelijen dari masa ke masa: Alat Negara atau Memperalat Negara? Tulisan ini merupakan *Muqaddimah* pada sebuah buku berjudul *Awas! Operasi Intelijen*, yang diterbitkan oleh Ar Rahmah Media, Jakarta, September 2006, khususnya pada halaman 6 hingga 21. Oleh Irfan S. Awwas *) SELAIN TNI dan Polri, badan intelijen merupakan salah satu alat negara, bukan alat pemerintah atau alat dari rezim tertentu yang sedang berkuasa. Namun dalam kenyataannya, terutama selama rezim Orde Baru berkuasa, badan intelijen lebih terkesan sebagai alat penguasa. Badan intelijen yang dimiliki negara RI, tidak saja BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara), tetapi ada badan-badan intelijen di bawah kendali TNI, Polri, dan bahkan lembaga sipil lainnya. Pimpinan badan intelijen di tubuh TNI dan Polri, tentu saja dijabat oleh perwira-perwira TNI dan Polri yang masih aktif. Sedangkan badan intelijen di luar TNI-Polri seperti BIN, mengapa lebih sering dijabat oleh para perwira TNI atau purnawirawan TNI. Menurut berbagai sumber yang berhasil dirangkum oleh badan Litbang Majelis Mujahidin, selama empat dasawarsa lebih, sejak 1965 hingga tahun 2006 ini, kepala badan inteljen selalu dijabat oleh perwira TNI minimal berbintang dua. Badan Pusat Intelijen (BPI) yang didirikan sejak November 1959 dan pernah dipimpin Dr Subandrio (tokoh PKI), dibubarkan pada tahun 1965. Sejak itu, badan intelijen bernama KIN (Komando Intelijen Negara) di bawah pimpinan Jenderal TNI Soeharto yang saat itu juga menjabat sebagai Menpangab/Menteri bidang Hankam/Ketua Presidium Kabinet Ampera. Namun dalam kesehariannya, KIN dijalankan oleh Mayjen TNI Hertasning, hingga tahun 1967. Periode 1967-1968, setelah KIN dibubarkan, dibentuk BKI (Badan Kerja Intelijen), yang dipimpin Mayjen TNI Sudirgo. Ternyata, Sudirgo dianggap kekiri-kirian, maka KIN pun dibubarkan, kemudian menjadi Intel Oh Intel 1 BAKIN (Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara), dirintis oleh Letjen TNI Yoga Soegama yang sempat menjalankan lembaga ini selama beberapa bulan (November 1968 hingga Maret 1969).
  • Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Keempat Belas Penggal Kedua Mesyuarat Ketiga

    Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Keempat Belas Penggal Kedua Mesyuarat Ketiga

    Naskhah belum disemak PENYATA RASMI PARLIMEN DEWAN RAKYAT PARLIMEN KEEMPAT BELAS PENGGAL KEDUA MESYUARAT KETIGA Bil. 43 Selasa 22 Oktober 2019 K A N D U N G A N JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN MENTERI BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN (Halaman 1) JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN LISAN BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN (Halaman 11) RANG UNDANG-UNDANG: Rang Undang-undang Perbekalan 2020 (Halaman 50) USUL-USUL: Waktu Mesyuarat dan Urusan Dibebaskan Daripada Peraturan Mesyuarat (Halaman 49) Anggaran Pembangunan 2020 (Halaman 50) DR. 22.10.2019 1 MALAYSIA DEWAN RAKYAT PARLIMEN KEEMPAT BELAS PENGGAL KEDUA MESYUARAT KETIGA Selasa, 22 Oktober 2019 Mesyuarat dimulakan pada pukul 10.00 pagi DOA [Tuan Yang di-Pertua mempengerusikan Mesyuarat] JAWAPAN-JAWAPAN MENTERI BAGI PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN 1. Tuan Ahmad Fahmi bin Mohamed Fadzil [Lembah Pantai] minta Perdana Menteri menyatakan adakah kerajaan berhasrat untuk mengawal selia sektor ekonomi gig, contohnya berkait skim pembayaran Syarikat Foodpanda, demi membela nasib dan kebajikan pekerja-pekerja ekonomi gig. Perdana Menteri [Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad]: Tuan Yang di-Pertua, sebagai mana Ahli Yang Berhormat sedia maklum, gig economy adalah sistem pasaran terbuka, di mana pekerja bebas, dengan izin, independent workers mengikat kontrak kerja untuk melaksanakan sesuatu projek dalam jangka masa tertentu dan kebiasaannya dilaksanakan secara freelance. Ia kini menjadi trend semasa dan kerajaan mendapati gig economy mampu menjadi sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi baharu dan memberi peluang kepada rakyat meningkatkan pendapatan serta taraf hidup mereka. Sebagai satu trend yang baru, di mana pekerjaan kini lebih fleksibel, kerajaan menghadapi cabaran dalam penjagaan kebajikan para pekerja yang terlibat dengan gig economy ini berikutan hubungan master and servant dan hubungan pekerjaan, dengan izin, employment relationship dengan majikan yang kurang jelas.
  • GLOBAL JIHAD in SOUTHEAST ASIA Examining the Expansion of the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda

    GLOBAL JIHAD in SOUTHEAST ASIA Examining the Expansion of the Islamic State and Al-Qaeda

    GLOBAL JIHAD IN SOUTHEAST ASIA – GLOBAL DIIS · Danish Institute for International Studies Southeast Asia has been called a second front for Islamic State following the The Danish Institute for International Studies is a leading recent pushback in Syria and Iraq. It is a new theatre for the Islamic State (IS) public institute for independent research and analysis of movement, whereas al-Qaeda (AQ) has been present in the region since the Examining the expansion of Islamic State and al-Qaeda international affairs. We conduct and communicate turn of the century. Through four studies, this book specifically zooms in on multidisciplinary research on globalisation, security, the presence of IS and AQ activity in selected countries in Southeast Asia, development and foreign policy. DIIS aims to use our namely the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. research results to influence the agenda in research, policy and public debate, and we put great effort into Looking into the four cases it appears that this region has the potential to informing policymakers and the public of our results and teach us something about how local insurgencies, democratic transitions, their possible applications. nationalist struggles, and polarised debates about the state and religion all Defence and Security Studies at DIIS matter for explaining the occurrence of transnational jihad. Most interestingly, This publication is part of the Defence and Security the book raises the question of why some local conflicts in the region escalate Studies at DIIS. The aim of these studies is to provide and are redefined as part of a global ideological battle, while others maintain multidisciplinary in-depth knowledge on topics that are a local focal point.
  • Jihadists Assemble: the Rise of Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia

    Jihadists Assemble: the Rise of Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia

    JIHADISTS ASSEMBLE: THE RISE OF MILITANT ISLAMISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Quinton Temby A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University Department of Political & Social Change Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs College of Asia & the Pacific Australian National University © Copyright Quinton Temby All Rights Reserved July 2017 I certify that this dissertation is my own original work. To the best of my knowledge, it contains no material that has been accepted for the award of a degree or diploma in any university and contains no material previously published by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Quinton Temby ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this thesis has left me indebted to many people. It would not have been possible at all without the generous support of my primary supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Fealy, who encouraged my curiosity for this topic from the outset and who expertly guided and challenged me throughout the long process of research and writing. On my supervisory panel, I was privileged to have Professor Ed Aspinall and Professor Robert Cribb, whose critical feedback and scholarly example has been an object lesson. For help and guidance in ways impossible to count or measure, much less repay, I am grateful to Sidney Jones. In both Canberra and Jakarta, I enjoyed the support of Associate Professor Marcus Mietzner. For persistently challenging me to think regionally, I owe much of the vision of this thesis to Dr Kit Collier. In Indonesia, above all I would like to thank Sita W.
  • Conflict, Community, and Criminality in Southeast Asia and Australia

    Conflict, Community, and Criminality in Southeast Asia and Australia

    Conflict, Community, and Criminality in Southeast Asia and Australia CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Assessments from the Field A Report of the CSIS Transnational Threats Project 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 editors Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Arnaud de Borchgrave E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org Thomas Sanderson David Gordon foreword Marc Sageman June 2009 ISBN 978-0-89206-583-7 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Ë|xHSKITCy065837zv*:+:!:+:! CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Conflict, Community, and Criminality in Southeast Asia and Australia Assessments from the Field A Report of the CSIS Transnational Threats Project editors Arnaud de Borchgrave Thomas Sanderson David Gordon foreword Marc Sageman June 2009 About CSIS In an era of ever-changing global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and practical policy solutions to decisionmakers. CSIS conducts research and analysis and develops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to the simple but urgent goal of finding ways for America to survive as a nation and prosper as a people. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent public policy institutions. Today, CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, DC. More than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focus their expertise on defense and security; on the world’s regions and the unique challenges inherent to them; and on the issues that know no boundary in an increasingly connected world.
  • 104 RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM and RADICALISATION of MUSLIMS in MALAYSIA: the MALAY TIES with the MUJAHIDIN, AL QAEDA and ISIS Muhammad

    104 RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM and RADICALISATION of MUSLIMS in MALAYSIA: the MALAY TIES with the MUJAHIDIN, AL QAEDA and ISIS Muhammad

    Journal of Nusantara Studies 2020, Vol 5(1) 104-123 Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin ISSN 0127-9386 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp104-123 RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM AND RADICALISATION OF MUSLIMS IN MALAYSIA: THE MALAY TIES WITH THE MUJAHIDIN, AL QAEDA AND ISIS Muhammad Izzuddin Jaafar & *Elmira Akhmetova Deptartment of History and Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 26 Jun 2019 Accepted: 10 Dec 2019 ABSTRACT This study discusses the reasons behind the rise of religious extremism in Malaysia within the framework of international politics and the world order by highlighting the ties of Malay Muslims with the Mujahidin, Al Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) over the last four decades. For that purpose, a qualitative analytical approach is used, referencing secondary sources such as academic journal articles and scholarly books. In understanding the situation, online newspaper articles were also considered as secondary sources to extract the data to understand the destructive situation in Malaysia, which has gradually become a fertile ground for the sowing of radical ideas. The paper highlights that since the 1970s, religious extremism and radicalism have intensified due to the Cold War politics, the conflict between Palestine and Israel, and, later, foreign invasions of Muslim nation-states, giving rise to many local religious extremist groups with their relations to international extremist groups. Analysis of the secondary sources reveals the existence of a radical understanding of Islam by a substantial portion of the population, thus suggesting that the authorities should pay attention to extremist influences on the moderate nature of social relations in multi-ethnic and multi-religious Malaysia.
  • Believing in Extremism: What Drives Our Youths

    Believing in Extremism: What Drives Our Youths

    Believing in Extremism: What Drives Our Youths A study of young adults in Malaysia of their normative beliefs about violent extremism and its associations with socio-demographic and psychological characteristics. October 2019 www.imanresearch.com Foreword The politics of violence and extremist trends is on the rise and is hurting nearly every region in the world, from the Middle East, Africa, Asia to Europe and America. While not new, violent extremism and terrorism has become cross-border especially with the help of more modern tools and gadgets. Technological advancement has benefited humanity greatly, but it has also unintended consequences. Hijacked by extremist groups, giving them a whole new platform to spew their propaganda of hate, this phenomenon has reached even the most remote corners of the world – how else do we explain youths as young as 15-year-old British girl willingly joining ISIS half way across the world. Or how can the Christchurch terrorist be inspired by the Norwegian mass shooting. The internet has indeed broken-down barriers and borders, in more ways than one. Malaysia, a small country of 31 million has also not been spared. According to our Home Ministry, as of 31 July 2019 – 519 have been arrested for terrorism related activities. That is a sizeable number especially when compared to the size of the country. At the same time, we are also seeing the rise in ethno-religious tensions. Hence, it is timely that as a member of civil society, IMAN Research has attempted to understand better Malaysian youths since they are the most disproportionately affected and influenced.
  • Strategies for Combating Dark Networks

    Strategies for Combating Dark Networks

    Journal of Social Structure JoSS Article: Volume 12 JoSS Strategies for Combating Dark Networks Nancy Roberts Department of Defense Analysis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943 [email protected] Sean F. Everton Department of Defense Analysis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943 [email protected] Abstract Our goal in this paper is to explore two generic approaches to disrupting dark networks: kinetic and non- kinetic. The kinetic approach involves aggressive and offensive measures to eliminate or capture network members and their supporters, while the non-kinetic approach involves the use of subtle, non-coercive means for combating dark networks. Two strategies derive from the kinetic approach: Targeting and Capacity-building. Four strategies derive from the non-kinetic approach: Institution-Building, Psychological Operations, Information Operations and Rehabilitation. We use network data from Noordin Top’s South East Asian terror network to illustrate how both kinetic and non-kinetic strategies could be pursued depending on a commander’s intent. Using this strategic framework as a backdrop, we strongly advise the use of SNA metrics in developing alterative counter-terrorism strategies that are context- dependent rather than letting SNA metrics define and drive a particular strategy. Key Words Dark networks, counter-terrorism, counter-insurgency, strategy Acknowledgements We would like to thank JoSS editor James Moody and two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our paper. Their thoughtful comments greatly enhanced the final version of this paper. 1 Introduction Tracking dark networks, i.e., illegal and covert networks (Raab & Milward, 2003), has a relatively long history. Considerable effort and energy have gone into gathering and analyzing data to flesh out networks’ relational structures and members’ locations.
  • Country Reports on Terrorism 2007

    Country Reports on Terrorism 2007

    Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 April 2008 ________________________________ United States Department of State Publication Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism Released April 2008 1 Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f (the ―Act‖), which requires the Department of State to provide to Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of the Act. COUNTRY REPORTS ON TERRORISM 2007 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Strategic Assessment Chapter 2. Country Reports Africa Overview Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership The African Union Angola Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Comoros Cote D‘Ivoire Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Liberia Madagascar Mali Mauritania Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Somalia South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe East Asia and Pacific Overview Australia Burma Cambodia China o Hong Kong 2 o Macau Indonesia Japan Republic of Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Europe Overview Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania 3 Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom o Northern Ireland Middle East and North Africa Overview Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen South and Central Asia Overview Afghanistan Bangladesh India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Western Hemisphere Overview Tri-Border Area Argentina 4 Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Chapter 3.
  • Textual Analysis of Tempo News Magazine Representation of Terrorism

    Textual Analysis of Tempo News Magazine Representation of Terrorism

    87 Textual Analysis of Tempo News Magazine Representation of Terrorism Prayudi Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “ Veteran” Yogyakarta Jl. Babarsari No. 2 Tambakbayan Yogyakarta 55282, Telp. (0274) 485268 HP. 0815 680 1807, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This research analyses how the Indonesian news media represents issue of terrorism within Indonesian context. An attempt by the news media institutions in representing reality incorpo- rates technology to produce and to distribute texts; institution where technology is formed and controlled to produce texts; and cultural forms relate to the structuring of media technology and organization; how language and meaning are composed into codes. Further, news media institu- tions must also consider political and cultural contexts of the event. Thus, controversial and crucial issues like terrorist attack and international war on terror are represented in accordance with internal policy of news media institutions and the consideration of cultural and political contexts. Tempo weekly news magazine is the news media under study. The research finding indicates that Tempo focused on the investigation process and the un-cover of terrorist network. Both issues were constructed within strong political and cultural perspectives that become the characteristic of Tempo as a news media that is critical and free from any pressures. Actuality, in-depth reporting and accuracy represent Tempo’s strong and independent editorial policy. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis media berita yang merepresentasikan isu terorisme dalam konteks Indonesia. Upaya lembaga media berita dalam menampilkan realitas melalui teknologi untuk memproduksi dan mendistribusikan teks; keberadaan institusi di mana teknologi dibentuk dan dikendalikan untuk menghasilkan teks; dan bentuk budaya yang berhubungan dengan penataan media teknologi dan organisasi, bagaimana bahasa dan makna yang tertuang dalam kode.