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Intel Oh Intel Jilid Badan Intelijen dari masa ke masa: Alat Negara atau Memperalat Negara? Tulisan ini merupakan *Muqaddimah* pada sebuah buku berjudul *Awas! Operasi Intelijen*, yang diterbitkan oleh Ar Rahmah Media, Jakarta, September 2006, khususnya pada halaman 6 hingga 21. Oleh Irfan S. Awwas *) SELAIN TNI dan Polri, badan intelijen merupakan salah satu alat negara, bukan alat pemerintah atau alat dari rezim tertentu yang sedang berkuasa. Namun dalam kenyataannya, terutama selama rezim Orde Baru berkuasa, badan intelijen lebih terkesan sebagai alat penguasa. Badan intelijen yang dimiliki negara RI, tidak saja BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara), tetapi ada badan-badan intelijen di bawah kendali TNI, Polri, dan bahkan lembaga sipil lainnya. Pimpinan badan intelijen di tubuh TNI dan Polri, tentu saja dijabat oleh perwira-perwira TNI dan Polri yang masih aktif. Sedangkan badan intelijen di luar TNI-Polri seperti BIN, mengapa lebih sering dijabat oleh para perwira TNI atau purnawirawan TNI. Menurut berbagai sumber yang berhasil dirangkum oleh badan Litbang Majelis Mujahidin, selama empat dasawarsa lebih, sejak 1965 hingga tahun 2006 ini, kepala badan inteljen selalu dijabat oleh perwira TNI minimal berbintang dua. Badan Pusat Intelijen (BPI) yang didirikan sejak November 1959 dan pernah dipimpin Dr Subandrio (tokoh PKI), dibubarkan pada tahun 1965. Sejak itu, badan intelijen bernama KIN (Komando Intelijen Negara) di bawah pimpinan Jenderal TNI Soeharto yang saat itu juga menjabat sebagai Menpangab/Menteri bidang Hankam/Ketua Presidium Kabinet Ampera. Namun dalam kesehariannya, KIN dijalankan oleh Mayjen TNI Hertasning, hingga tahun 1967. Periode 1967-1968, setelah KIN dibubarkan, dibentuk BKI (Badan Kerja Intelijen), yang dipimpin Mayjen TNI Sudirgo. Ternyata, Sudirgo dianggap kekiri-kirian, maka KIN pun dibubarkan, kemudian menjadi Intel Oh Intel 1 BAKIN (Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara), dirintis oleh Letjen TNI Yoga Soegama yang sempat menjalankan lembaga ini selama beberapa bulan (November 1968 hingga Maret 1969). Letjen TNI Yoga Soegama dikirim ke New York menduduki posisi sebagai orang kedua untuk perwakilan Indonesia di PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa) dengan pangkat Duta Besar, setelah terjadi peristiwa kehilangan tas berisi dokumen di bandara. Posisi Yoga dilanjutkan oleh Mayjen TNI Sutopo Yuwono (1969-1974). Yoga kembali menduduki posisi Kepala BAKIN (1974-1989), setelah sekitar lima tahun bertugas di New York. Pasca kepemimpinan Letjen Yoga Soegama, berturut-turut BAKIN dipimpin oleh Letjen TNI Soedibyo (1989-1997), kemudian Mayjen TNI Muthojib (1997-1998), dilanjutkan oleh Mayjen TNI ZA Maulani (1998- 1999), dan terakhir Letjen TNI Arie J. Kumaat (1999-2001). Tahun 2001, BAKIN menjadi BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara), dipimpin pertama kali oleh Letjen TNI Purn AM Hendropriyono dan berfungsi menjalankan koordinasi atas seluruh badan intelijen yang ada. Sejak KIN hingga BIN, Drs. As'ad merupakan orang sipil pertama yang berhasil menduduki posisi cukup tinggi, yaitu sebagai wakil kepala badan intelijen, sejak 1998 hingga masa kekuasaan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Oleh komunitas politik, Drs. As'ad disebut sebagai orang NU. Ia mulai menduduki jabatan sebagai Waka BAKIN sejak BJ Habibie menggantikan Soeharto sebagai Presiden RI. Drs. As'ad ketika itu mendampingi Mayjen TNI Z.A . Maulani. Ketika Habibie turun dan digantikan Abdurrahman Wahid, Drs As'ad tetap pada posisinya, namun kali ini ia mendampingi Letjen TNI Arie J. Kumaat (Nashara). Pada saat jabatan Presiden RI dipegang Megawati, Kumaat digantikan Letjen TNI Purn Abdullah Makhmud Hendropriyono, kader PDI-P, dan Drs As'ad tetap pada posisinya. Setelah Megawati tidak lagi menghuni Istana Negara, akibat kalah dalam Pilpres 2004 dan muncul Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudojono (SBY) yang terpilih untuk pertama kalinya melalui pemilihan langsung, AM Hendropriyono yang pernah menjadi atasan SBY melepaskan jabatannya. Posisi Hendro kemudian diisi oleh Letjen TNI Purn Syamsir Siregar. Intel Oh Intel 2 Sementara itu, Drs As'ad tetap awet pada posisinya, entah sampai kapan? Naik turunnya kepala badan intelijen negara seirama dengan jatuh bangunnya pemimpin puncak lembaga eksekutif (presiden), maka tidaklah keliru bila ada yang menyimpulkan bahwa badan intelijen negara belum menjadi alat negara sepenuhnya, tetapi lebih sering menjadi alat penguasa. Ali Moertopo dan Ekstrim Konon Sosok intelijen yang paling dikenal dan licin adalah Ali Moertopo, meski ia belum pernah berhasil menduduki posisi puncak di lembaga intelijen. Ali pertama kali secara resmi berkiprah di dalam lembaga intelijen negara adalah pada tahun 1969 1974, ketika Mayjen TNI Sutopo Yuwono menjabat sebagai Kepala BAKIN, dan Ali Moertopo mendampinginya sebagai Deputy Kepala BAKIN. Pada tahun 1974-1989, ketika Kepala BAKIN dijabat oleh Letjen TNI Yoga Soegama, Mayjen TNI Ali Moertopo menjabat sebagai Wakil Kepala BAKIN, selama kurang lebih empat tahun (1974-1978). Posisinya kemudian digantikan oleh Mayjen TNI LB Moerdani (1978-1980), yang juga menjabat sebagai Ketua G-I/Intel Hankam. Sebelum 1974, agenda kerja intelijen lebih banyak mengurusi ekstrim kiri (komunis), dwikora (konfrontasi dengan Malaysia), korupsi, pengamanan Pemilu, Timor Timur (yang kala itu masih dijajah Portugis). Baru setelah tahun itu masuklah agenda mengawasi ekstrim kanan khususnya generasi kedua DI/TII-NII. Sebelum bergabung dengan TNI, Ali Moertopo pernah bergabung dengan tentara * Hizbullah*, salah satu unsur cikal bakal TNI. Danu M. Hasan adalah salah seorang anak buah Ali di Hizbullah. Pada gilirannya, ketika Ali masuk TNI, Danu bergabung ke dalam DI/TII. Danu M. Hasan sempat menjabat Komandeman DI/TII se Jawa. Kelak, pasukan Danu berhasil ditaklukkan oleh Banteng Raiders yang dikomandani Ali Moertopo. Perjalanan berikutnya, pasca penaklukan, terjalinlah hubungan yang lebih serius antara Ali dengan Danu di dalam kerangka "membina mantan DI/TII". Pada persidangan kasus DI/TII, 1980-an, terungkap bahwa Ali Murtopo secara khusus menugaskan Kolonel Pitut Soeharto untuk menyusup ke golongan Islam, antara lain dengan mengecoh Haji Intel Oh Intel 3 Ismail Pranoto (Hispran) di Jawa Timur. Di Jawa Barat, Pitut "membina" Dodo Kartosoewirjo dan Ateng Djaelani. Namun gagal, kecuali Ateng Djaelani, sehingga di kalangan pimpinan DI dia dianggap pengkhianat. Pada 1976 muncul kasus Komando Jihad (Komji) yang merupakan muslihat cerdik Ali Moertopo. Menggunakan istilah Islam sebagai perangkap menjebak umat Islam. Pada mulanya, Ali Moertopo mengajak para petinggi DI untuk menghadapi bahaya komunisme dari Utara (Vietnam). Ketika itu Vietnam yang komunis berhasil mengalahkan tentara Amerika (1975). Perang Vietnam berlangsung sejak 1961. Kemenangan komunisme Vietnam, kemudian dijadikan momok dan ancaman bagi Indonesia yang sejak awal Orde Baru sudah menjadi 'sekutu' AS. Karena, sejak awal 1970-an sudah terlihat kecenderungan bahwa AS akan dikalahkan oleh kekuatan komunis Vietnam. Dengan alasan menghadapi ancaman komunisme dari utara itulah, petinggi DI pasca wafatnya Imam NII, As-Syahid Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo, diminta mengorganisasikan laskar, semacam Pam Swakarsa. Dalam waktu relatif singkat terkumpullah ribuan orang dari seluruh penjuru Nusantara, siap menghadapi bahaya komunisme dari utara. Semangat membela tanah air dan mempertahankan aqidah Islam dari bahaya komunisme inilah yang menjadi alasan bagi sejumlah orang sehingga mau terlibat. Mereka yang berhasil direkrut pada umumnya rakyat kebanyakan, mulai dari pedagang, guru mengaji, guru sekolah umum, bahkan ada juga prajurit TNI. Walau sudah berhasil merekrut ribuan orang, namun tidak ada satu tetes perbuatan radikal pun yang dilakukan mereka. Tiba-tiba, secara licik mereka semua ditangkap, dan dipenjarakan dengan tuduhan hendak mendirikan Negara Islam Indonesia, dituduh subversif, dan diberi label Komando Jihad. Gerakan Islam dan Intelijen Hampir tidak ada lembaga Islam pergerakan di Indonesia yang steril dari penetrasi intelijen. Bahkan sejak awal Orde Baru, hal ini sudah mulai dilakukan. Tidak saja dalam rangka memata-matai, pada beberapa kasus justru menjadi 'arsitek' bagi terciptanya anarkisme atau gerakan Intel Oh Intel 4 radikal. Awal tahun 1970, Ali Moertopo 'menggarap' Nur Hasan Ubaidah, sehingga berhasil dinobatkan sebagai "Imam" sebuah kelompok puritan ekstrim kanan yang kemudian terkenal dengan nama Islam Jama'ah (IJ). Salah satu ajarannya adalah mengkafirkan orang Islam di luar komunitasnya. Untuk menghindari protes massa akibat ajaran sesat yang dikembangkannya, Lembaga ini berganti nama menjadi Lemkari, kemudian berganti lagi menjadi LDII hingga kini. Jenderal TNI Purn Rudini mantan KASAD yang kemudian menjadi Mendagri, ketika itu berada di belakang perubahan nama dari IJ menjadi Lemkari, dan menjadi salah satu unsur pendukung GOLKAR terutama sejak Pemilu 1971. Oleh MUI, IJ atau Lemkari atau Darul Hadits dinyatakan sebagai aliran sesat. Bahkan Kejaksaan Agung telah mengeluarkan pelarangan di tahun 1971, melalui Surat Keputusan Jaksa Agung RI No: Kep-089/D.A./10/1971. Meski tidak berhasil memproduksi berbagai tindakan radikal, setidaknya Ali Moertopo –kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Rudini– melalui Nur Hasan Ubaidah dan Islam Jama'ah-nya telah berhasil mendiskreditkan Islam sebagai sosok yang menakutkan, pemecah belah, bahkan sumber anarkisme. Pada tahun 1978, intelijen berhasil membina dan menyusupkan Hasan Baw, mahasiswa IAIN Jogjakarta, ke dalam gerakan Warman, yang terkenal dengan serangkaian aksi radikalnya dengan sebutan Teror Warman di Jawa Tengah. Tahun 1981 Najamuddin disusupkan ke dalam gerakan
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