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Cse-300 02-07-2018 Engenharia e Tecnologia Espaciais – ETE Engenharia e Gerenciamento de Sistemas Espaciais CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial L.F. Perondi 02.07.2018 L.F. Perondi SUMÁRIO - EMERGÊNCIA DO CONCEITO DE PROCESSO EM ATIVIDADES PRODUTIVAS (CONT.) - CARACTERÍSTICAS E MODELOS DE ORGANIZAÇÕES - OPERAÇÕES E PROJETOS CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 2 L.F. Perondi - EMERGÊNCIA DO CONCEITO DE PROCESSO EM ATIVIDADES PRODUTIVAS (CONT.) CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 3 L.F. Perondi The Art Of Systems Architecting 1st Ed. Mark W. Maier and Eberhardt Rechtin, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1997. Architecting, the planning and building of A ação de arquitetar, ou seja, planejar e structures, is as old as human societies — and construir estruturas, é (uma atividade) tão as modern as the exploration of the solar antiga quanto as sociedades humanas — e tão system. moderna como a exploração do sistema solar. The Art Of Systems Architecting 2nd Ed. Mark W. Maier and Eberhardt Rechtin, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2000. - O trabalho anterior baseou-se na premissa de que métodos arquitetônicos, semelhantes aos formulados séculos antes, em obras civis, eram utilizados, ainda que inconscientemente, para criar e construir os (modernos) complexos aeroespacial, eletrônico e de software, bem como os (correntes) sistemas de comando, de controle e de fabricação. - Se assim o fosse, (continuava nossa hipótese de trabalho), então outras ferramentas arquitetônicas e ideias (pertencentes ao mundo) de obras civis — como raciocínio qualitativo e as relações entre cliente, arquiteto e construtor — poderiam mostrar-se ainda de maior relevância nos campos da engenharia, mais recentes. - Cinco anos mais tarde, quando da primeira edição deste livro, julgando-se a partir de várias centenas de estudos retrospectivos, realizados na University of Southern California, cobrindo dezenas de sistemas pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, a premissa original foi validada. Com cinco anos adicionais de estudos, as observações originais somente ganharam força adicional. - Correntemente, o desenvolvimento de arquiteturas de sistema mostra-se, de fato, conduzido por princípios, e atendendo objetivos, muito semelhantes àqueles afetos à arquitetura civil – criar e construir sistemas por demais complexos para serem tratados somente com as ferramentas de análise da engenharia. CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 4 L.F. Perondi 2750 AC: Construída a Grande Pirâmide de Gizé Estudiosos e pesquisadores até hoje discutem sobre como foi construído o complexo de pirâmides de Gizé. A Grande Pirâmide, com 146.7 m de altura e 230 m de base, é a maior de todas as 80 pirâmides do Egito. Se a Grande Pirâmide estivesse na cidade de Nova Iorque por exemplo, ela poderia cobrir sete quarteirões. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A2mides_de_Giz %C3%A9 CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 5 L.F. Perondi A Esfinge de Gizé com a Pirâmide de Quéfren ao fundo. https://historialivre.com.br/3-assuntos-de-egito-antigo-que-voce-precisa-focar-para-o-enem/a-esfinge-de-gize-com-a-piramide-de-quefren-ao-fundo/ CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 6 L.F. Perondi A precisão com que as pirâmides foram construídas há muito impressiona pesqui-sadores e estudiosos. Os quatro lados são praticamente do mesmo comprimento, sugerindo que os antigos egípcios encontravam-se muito avançados em matemática e em engenharia, em uma época em que muitos povos ainda eram caçadores e nômades. A base da Grande Pirâmide forma um quadrado quase que prefeito, com lado médio da ordem 230m, com somente 19 cm de diferença entre o maior e o menor lado (~0,018 %). Este quadrado encontra-se, também, quase que perfeitamente nivelado. Quando finalizada, a Grande Pirâmide tinha uma altura de 146.7 m – altura equivalente a um prédio de 50 andares. - http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A2mides_de_Giz%C3%A9 CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 7 L.F. Perondi O centro da pirâmide inclui, possivelmente, uma pequena montanha ainda não escavada, tornando impossível determinar exatamente o número de blocos de pedra que a constituem. Pesquisadores estimam que algo como 2,3 milhões de blocos de pedra, com massa média de 2,5 toneladas cada, foram utilizados em sua construção. O maior bloco possui massa de cerca de15 toneladas. Registros antigos sugerem que havia gerentes para cada uma das quatro faces da Grande Pirâmide. Desconhece-se o que havia em termos de planejamento, execução e controle no gerenciamento deste projeto. A Grande Pirâmide manteve-se como a mais alta estrutura feita pelo homem até a construção da Torre Eiffel, em 1900, 4.400 anos depois da construção da pirâmide. - http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A2mides_de_Giz%C3%A9 CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 8 L.F. Perondi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 9 L.F. Perondi 208 AC: Construção da Grande Muralha da China Com mais de 8.850 km de extensão, a Grande Muralha constitui-se em um gigantesco empreendimento, executado ao longo de aproximadamente 1.000 anos. Em sua fase inicial, entre 221 e 206 AC (Qin Dynasty), foram construídos em torno de 3.000 km, com o objetivo de conter invasões de povos do norte. Acredita-se que os trabalhos na muralha ocuparam a mão-de-obra de cerca de um milhão de homens, entre soldados, camponeses e cativos. Calcula-se que a Grande Muralha tenha empregado cerca de trezentos milhões de metros cúbicos de material, o suficiente para erguer cento e vinte vezes a pirâmide de Quéops ou um muro de dois metros By Severin.stalder, CC BY-SA 3.0, de altura em torno da Linha do https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39661035 Equador. CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 10 L.F. Perondi Volume de pedras na Grande Muralha da China = ~ 120 pirâmides ....................................................... CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 11 L.F. Perondi Detalhe – Muro lateral CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 12 L.F. Perondi “… The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns. Aqueduct water supplied public baths, latrines, fountains, and private households; it also supported mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens. Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight overall downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick, or concrete; the steeper the gradient, the faster the flow. Most conduits were buried beneath the ground and followed the contours of the terrain; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunneled through. Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high- pressure lead, ceramic, or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks, which helped reduce any water-borne debris. Sluices and castella aquae (distribution tanks) regulated the supply to individual destinations. In cities and towns, the run-off water from aqueducts scoured the drains and sewers. Rome's first aqueduct was built in 312 BC, and supplied a water fountain at the city's cattle market. By the 3rd century AD, the city had eleven aqueducts, sustaining a population of over a million in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many public baths. Cities and towns throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model, and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire". …” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 13 L.F. Perondi 312 AC: Aquedutos Romanos - O comprimento combinado dos aquedutos da cidade de Roma é da ordem de 790 Km. - Somente 47 km encontram-se acima do solo. - Aquedutos romanos eram construções sofisticadas, construídos com tolerâncias muito precisas: em Pont du Gard (Fr.), gradiente de 34 cm por km (3,4:10,000), com caimento vertical total de somente17 m no comprimento total de 50 km. (ângulo -= 1’:10’’) Pont du Gard, France Acqueduct from Gorze to Metz, France https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 14 L.F. Perondi 312 AC: Aquedutos Romanos Bulgaria Lebanon Plovdiv Aqueduct (1) Aqueduct of Zubaida, Beirut (23) Croatia Aqueduct of Tyre, Tyre (24) Burnum Aqueduct near Burnum (2) Aqueduct of Msaylha, Batroun (25) Diocletianus Aqueduct near Split in southern of Croatia Aqueduct of Nahr Ibrahim, Jbeil (26) (3) Republic of Macedonia France Skopje Aqueduct (27) Acqueduct from Gorze to Metz, France (4) Spain The Pont du Gard in southern France (5) • Aqueduct of Segovia (28) Barbegal aqueduct, France (6) • Acueducto de los Milagros, Mérida (29) Four aqueducts supplying Lugdunum (Lyon) (7) • Almuñécar (5 above ground aqueducts - 4 still in Aqueduct of the Gier (8) use) (30) Nîmes (9) • Las Medulas (31) Aqueduct from Gorze to Metz (10) • Aqüeducte de les Ferreres, Tarragona (32) Germany Tunisia Eifel aqueduct, Germany (11) • Aqueduct of Hadrian, Tunisia (33) Greece Turkey • Nicopolis, Epirus (12) Valens Aqueduct, Istanbul, Turkey (34) • Moria, Lesvos (13) Aspendos, Antalya Province, Turkey (35) • Hadrian's Aqueduct, Stymphalia to Corinth, Corinthia Lamas Aqueduct, Mersin Province, Turkey (36) (14) United Kingdom Italy Dolaucothi (37) Aqua Augusta (15) Dorchester, Dorset (Durnovaria) (38) Pont d'Aël, Aosta Valley (16) Lanchester (Longovicium) (39) Aqua Appia, Rome (17) Aqua Virgo, Rome (18) Aqua Alexandrina, Rome (19) Aqua Anio Novus, Rome (20) Aqua Alsietina, Rome (21) Israel Caesarea Maritima, Israel (22) CSE-300-4 Métodos e Processos na Área Espacial 02/07/2018 15 L.F.
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