Spain, Spanish Architecture Has Received Many Different Influences and Has Had Many Different Expressions
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RCHI ATECTURE IN C EMA O C MIC A D NCE ITER LATURE U M SIC AI PNTING HOT POGRAPHY CU S LPTURE PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE RCHI ATECTURE IN Due to the temporal and geographic amplitude of the history of C EMA Spain, Spanish architecture has received many different influences and has had many different expressions. O C MIC The real development came with the Romans who left behind in A Hispania some of their most amazing monuments. The Muslim D NCE invasion in 711 meant a radical change during the eight ITER centuries that followed and produced great step forwards in the LATURE culture and the architecture. Córdoba, the capital of the U Umayyad dynasty and Granada, capital of the Nasrid dynasty, M SIC became cultural centers of great importance. AI Many Spanish architectural structures, even big parts of the NTING P cities, have been given the status of World Heritage Site given HOT their artistic relevance. Spain is the second country with more POGRAPHY places with the status of World Heritage Site granted by the CU UNESCO, the first one is Italy. S LPTURE PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE RCHI MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE IBERIAN AND CELTIC ARCHITECTURE TECTURE During the Stone Age the Castro de Baroña The Castro culture, A Galicia most widespread megalith that arose in the north and in the IN Cueva de Menga in the Iberian Peninsula was C EMA Antequera the dolmen. The plans of center of the these funerary chambers used to be pseudocircles or Peninsula and that O trapezoids, formed by huge stones stuck on the ground was directly or indirectly related to C MIC and with others above them as a roof. the Celts, developed the The complex of Antequera contains the largest dolmen in characteristic constructions called A Europe. The Cueva de Menga is 25 meters deep and four castors. These are walled villages D NCE meters high and was built with 32 megaliths. Now, on the usually located on the top of hills or inside a well has been discovered, whose origin is mountains. ITER unknown. LATURE ROMAN AGE U The Roman conquest of Hispania that began in 218 BC meant M SIC the almost complete Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula. The local population deeply adopted the Roman culture: former military camps and Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlements AI Emérita PNTING Augusta - Mérida were transformed into large cities, like the Emerita Augusta for Aqueduct of Segovia example, united by a complex net of roads. The development of HOT construction includes some monuments of comparable quality to POGRAPHY those of the capital, Rome. Itálica CU Sevilla - Spain S LPTURE Aqueduct of Mérida PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE RCHI PRE-ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Visigothic Architecture Asturian Architecture TECTURE The term Pre-Romanesque refers to A the Christian art after Classical times IN and before Romanesque art. It covers C EMA different artistic displays, for they were made in different centuries and San Pedro de la Nave Santa María del Naranco by different cultures. The Spanish Zamora - Spain Asturias - Spain O territory has a large variety of Pre- MIC The Asturian Pre-Romanesque is a particular style that, C Romanesque architecture: some of its combining elements from other styles such as the A branches, like the Asturian art, Visigothic style and local traditions, created and D NCE reached high levels of refinement for developed its own personality and characteristics and their time and cultural context. reached a high level of refinement, not only in ITER construction but also in aesthetics. LATURE La Torre del Oro La Giralda AL-ANDALUS ART Sevilla - Spain Sevilla - Spain U M SIC In the Iberian Peninsula Allah was AI prayed to and Arabic PNTING was spoken during 8 La Mezquita de Córdoba centuries. HOT Córdoba - Spain POGRAPHY CU S LPTURE Alhambra de Granada Granada - Spain PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela ROMANESQUE ART RCHI Santiago de Compostela - Spain TECTURE A During the Romanesque IN period architecture was the C EMA supreme art above painting O and sculpture that were MIC subordinated to it. Paintings C and sculptures were used to A decorate the Romanesque NCE D constructions. ITER LATURE Cathedral of Burgos GOTHIC ART U Burgos - Spain M SIC Gothic style appeared in the second half of the 12th century, when architects replaced the AI semicircular arch for the lancet arch and the PNTING barrel vault for the ribbed vault. This gave more height and length to the buildings and so it was HOT possible to install large windows. POGRAPHY The Gothic period covers four centuries and through this style Europe showed its artistic ingenuity. Two main factors helped to the CU development of this style: the masters’ LPTURE S experience and the economy. PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE Cathedral of Jaén Convent of San Lorenzo el Real RENAISSANCE ART RCHI Jaén- Spain El Escorial - Madrid - Spain In Spain the Renaissance period ATECTURE came united to the Gothic forms in the last decades of the IN 15th century. The style began C EMA to spread mostly due to local architects: this created a O specific Spanish Renaissance C MIC style influenced by southern Italy architecture, sometimes A by means of illustrated books D NCE and paintings, and by the Gothic tradition and the local ITER idiosyncrasy. LATURE BAROQUE ART Convent of La Encarnación U Madrid - Spain SIC Spanish cities of the Baroque period M are mostly conventual. In Sevilla AI around 70 monasteries were built. PNTING Many Baroque architects were monks. Spanish cities experienced large HOT urban transformations in their POGRAPHY architecture. The urban alterations end with the CU construction of the Main Square in the S LPTURE center. Plaza Mayor Salamanca - Spain Plaza Mayor PERMANENT UNIVERSITY Salamanca - España UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE Casa Batlló THE 20TH CENTURY Barcelona - Spain RCHI MODERNISM ATECTURE In Spain, modernism was concentrated in Barcelona when IN the city extended its territory over its historical limits, EMA creating the Eixample (urban expansion area) designed by C Ildefonso Cerdá, in which the so-called Catalonian Sagrada Familia Barcelona - Spain modernism would be developed. It broke away from former O styles and was inspired by organic forms, as the Art C MIC Noueveau in France and the Jugendstil in Germany. The most famous architect is Antoni Gaudí, whose work in A Barcelona (among the most well-known: The Sagrada D NCE Familia, Park Güell, Casa Milà and Casa Batlló) combines traditional architecture with new styles. He was the Casa Milà precursor of modern architecture. ITER Barcelona - Spain LATURE THE 21ST CENTURY U In Spain one of the most famous architects is Santiago SIC M Calatrava. Nowadays Calatrava is considered to be one of the architects specialized in large structures. He has The City of Arts and Sciences AI received many awards and acknowledgment for his NTING Valencia - Spain P work. Calatrava’s work means an authentic revolution in architecture and it’s characterized by the HOT combination of architecture and engineering, which POGRAPHY had been separated since the 18th century. Santiago Calatrava means a reunion with architecture’s constructive tradition, influenced by Fernando Tenerife’s CU Higueras, JØrn Utzon, Antonio Gaudí and the Gothic S LPTURE Auditorium and Roman architecture. Tenerife - Spain Plaza Mayor PERMANENT UNIVERSITY Salamanca - España UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE RCHI ATECTURE IN C EMA O C MIC A D NCE ITER LATURE U M SIC AI PNTING HOT POGRAPHY CU S LPTURE PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE RCHI SPANISH CINEMA ATECTURE Spanish cinema is of great importance when it comes to know the IN historical evolution of the Spanish society. Besides, for decades C EMA the Spanish cinema has not only been an entertainment for the O masses but also an important historical and artistic document. MIC Nowadays it is the second in a global level if it’s compared with C the cinema produced by the Anglo-Saxon countries, mostly in the A United States. One of the main figures of the Spanish cinema is Luis Buñuel, a D NCE director whose production had a great influence in Europe (through France) and ITER Latin America (through Mexico) and also the international sporadic successful LATURE works of directors like Segundo de Chomón, Florián Rey, Juan Antonio Bardem, Luis García Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Jesús Franco, Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi, Mario U Camus, Pedro Almodóvar or Alejandro Amenábar. SIC M Other aspects have had less international repercussion. Only some figures have AI achieved fame, mostly for their work out of Spain, like the artistic director Gil PNTING Parrondo, winner of two Oscar Awards in Hollywood, and the director of photography Néstor Almendros (who developed his whole career out of Spain) or HOT actors like Fernando Rey, Francisco Rabal, Fernando Fernán Gómez, Antonio POGRAPHY Banderas, Sergi López and Javier Bardem and actresses like Sara Montiel, Ángela Molina, Victoria Abril, Carmen Maura, Maribel Verdú and, above all, Penélope CU Cruz. S LPTURE PERMANENT UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE DIRECTORS RCHI LUIS BUÑUEL ATECTURE 1929 – An Andalusian Dog 1953 – This Strange Passion 1961 - Viridiana 1930 – The Golden Age 1954 – Illusion Travels by Streetcar 1962 – The Exterminating Angel 1933 – Land Without Bread 1954 – Wuthering Heights 1964 – The Diary of a Chambermaid IN 1947 – Magnificent Casino 1954 - Robinson Crusoe 1965 – Simon of the Desert C EMA 1949 – The Great Madcap 1955 – Rehearsal for a Crime 1966 – Beautiful during the day 1950 – The Forgotten 1955 – The River and Death 1969 – The Milky Way O 1951 - Susana (The devil and the flesh) 1956 – That is the Dawn 1970 - Tristana MIC 1951 – The daughter of Deceit 1956 – Death in the Garden 1972 – The Discret Charm of the C 1952 – A Woman Without Love 1959 - Nazarín Bourgeoisie 1952 – Ascent to Heaven 1959 – Fever Rises in El Pao 1974 – The Phantom of Liberty A 1953 – The Brute 1960 – The Young One 1977 – That Obscure Object of Desire D NCE LUIS GARCÍA BERLANGA ITER 1952 – Welcome Mr.