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The Languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the Level of Coverage
Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 5 (December 2012) Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century, ed. by Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer, pp. 13–33 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp05/ 2 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4559 The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage Harald Hammarström Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthopology Sebastian Nordhoff Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthopology The present paper assesses the state of grammatical description of the languages of the Melanesian region based on database of semi- automatically annotated aggregated bibliographical references. 150 years of language description in Melanesia has produced at least some grammatical information for almost half of the languages of Melanesia, almost evenly spread among coastal/non-coastal, Austronesian/non- Austronesian and isolates/large families. Nevertheless, only 15.4% of these languages have a grammar and another 18.7% have a grammar sketch. Compared to Eurasia, Africa and the Americas, the Papua- Austronesian region is the region with the largest number of poorly documented languages and the largest proportion of poorly documented languages. We conclude with some dicussion and remarks on the documentational challenge and its future prospects. 1. INTRODUCTION. We will take Melanesia to be the sub-region of Oceania extending from the Arafura Sea and Western Pacific in the west to Fiji in the east – see the map in figure 1.1 This region is home to no fewer than 1347 (1315 living + 32 recently extinct) attested indigenous languages as per the language/dialect divisions of Lewis (2009), with small adjustments and adding attested extinct languages given in table 1. -
A Grammar of the Dom Language a Papuan Language of Papua New Guinea
A Grammar of the Dom Language A Papuan Language of Papua New Guinea TIDA Syuntaroˆ i Table of Contents Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xv Maps xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Geographical and demographic background . 1 1.2 Socio-linguistic setting . 1 1.2.1 Tribes and clans . 3 1.2.2 Names and Naming . 4 1.3 Linguistic background . 5 1.3.1 Genetic relationships . 5 1.3.2 Typological profile . 6 1.3.3 Papuan context . 7 1.4 Previous work . 7 1.5 Present study . 8 Chapter 2 Phonology 9 2.1 Vowels . 9 2.1.1 Minimal pairs . 9 2.1.2 Lengthening . 9 2.1.3 /e/ . 9 2.1.4 [1] and /i/ insertion . 10 2.1.5 /i/ . 11 2.1.6 /o/ . 11 2.1.7 /u/ . 12 2.1.8 /a/ . 12 2.1.9 Sequence of vowels . 12 2.2 Consonants . 13 2.2.1 Minimal pairs . 13 2.2.2 Prenasalisation and gemination . 13 2.2.3 Obstruents . 14 2.2.3.1 /p/ . 14 2.2.3.2 /b/ . 14 2.2.3.3 /k/ . 14 2.2.3.4 /g/ . 14 ii Table of Contents 2.2.3.5 /t/ . 15 2.2.3.6 /d/ . 15 2.2.3.7 /s/ . 15 2.2.3.8 /r/ . 15 2.2.3.9 /l/ and /L/........................... 16 2.2.3.10 /s/, /t/ and /l/ . 17 2.2.3.11 /c/ and /j/ . 18 2.2.4 Nasals . 19 2.2.4.1 /n/ . 19 2.2.4.2 /m/ . -
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to January 2020 Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands Background An inquiry from a librarian in Micronesia about how to identify subject headings for the Pacific islands highlighted the need for a list of authorized Library of Congress subject headings that are uniquely relevant to the Pacific islands or that are important to the social, economic, or cultural life of the islands. We reasoned that compiling all of the existing subject headings would reveal the extent to which additional subjects may need to be established or updated and we wish to encourage librarians in the Pacific area to contribute new and changed subject headings through the Hawai‘i/Pacific subject headings funnel, coordinated at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.. We captured headings developed for the Pacific, including those for ethnic groups, World War II battles, languages, literatures, place names, traditional religions, etc. Headings for subjects important to the politics, economy, social life, and culture of the Pacific region, such as agricultural products and cultural sites, were also included. Scope Topics related to Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai‘i would predominate in our compilation had they been included. Accordingly, we focused on the Pacific islands in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (excluding Hawai‘i and New Zealand). Island groups in other parts of the Pacific were also excluded. References to broader or related terms having no connection with the Pacific were not included. Overview This compilation is modeled on similar publications such as Music Subject Headings: Compiled from Library of Congress Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies. -
2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar. -
2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar. -
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to December 2014 A Kinum (Papua New Guinean people) Great Aboré Reef (New Caledonia) USE Kaulong (Papua New Guinean people) Récif Aboré (New Caledonia) A Kinum language BT Coral reefs and islands—New Caledonia USE Kaulong language Abui language (May Subd Geog) A Kinun (Papua New Guinean people) [PL6621.A25] USE Kaulong (Papua New Guinean people) UF Barawahing language A Kinun language Barue language USE Kaulong language Namatalaki language A’ara language BT Indonesia—Languages USE Cheke Holo language Papuan languages Aara-Maringe language Abulas folk songs USE Cheke Holo language USE Folk songs, Abulas Abaiang Atoll (Kiribati) Abulas language (May Subd Geog) UF Abaiang Island (Kiribati) UF Abelam language Apaia (Kiribati) Ambulas language Apaiang (Kiribati) Maprik language Apia (Kiribati) BT Ndu languages Charlotte Island (Kiribati) Papua New Guinea—Languages Matthews (Kiribati) Acira language Six Isles (Kiribati) USE Adzera language BT Islands—Kiribati Adam Island (French Polynesia) Abaiang Island (Kiribati) USE Ua Pou (French Polynesia) USE Abaiang Atoll (Kiribati) Adams (French Polynesia) Abau language (May Subd Geog) USE Nuka Hiva (French Polynesia) [PL6621.A23] Ua Pou (French Polynesia) UF Green River language Adams Island (French Polynesia) BT Papuan languages USE Ua Pou (French Polynesia) Abelam (New Guinea tribe) Admiralties (Papua New Guinea) USE (Abelam (Papua New Guinean people) USE Admiralty -
Online Appendix To
Online Appendix to Hammarström, Harald & Sebastian Nordhoff. (2012) The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage. In Nicholas Evans & Marian Klamer (eds.), Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century (Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication 5), 13-34. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ’Are’are [alu] < Austronesian, Nuclear Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo- Polynesian, Oceanic, Southeast Solomonic, Longgu-Malaita- Makira, Malaita-Makira, Malaita, Southern Malaita Geerts, P. 1970. ’Are’are dictionary (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 14). Canberra: The Australian National University [dictionary 185 pp.] Ivens, W. G. 1931b. A Vocabulary of the Language of Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies VI. 963–1002 [grammar sketch] Tryon, Darrell T. & B. D. Hackman. 1983. Solomon Islands Languages: An Internal Classification (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 72). Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Bibliography: p. 483-490 [overview, comparative, wordlist viii+490 pp.] ’Auhelawa [kud] < Austronesian, Nuclear Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo- Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic linkage, Papuan Tip linkage, Nuclear Papuan Tip linkage, Suauic unknown, A. (2004 [1983?]). Organised phonology data: Auhelawa language [kud] milne bay province http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=49613 1 Lithgow, David. 1987. Language change and relationships in Tubetube and adjacent languages. In Donald C. Laycock & Werner Winter (eds.), A world of language: Papers presented to Professor S. A. Wurm on his 65th birthday (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 100), 393-410. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University [overview, comparative, wordlist] Lithgow, David. -
1 Bibliography 1. Wurm, Helen M. Sing-Sing at Kotuni
1 Bibliography 1. Wurm, Helen M. Sing-Sing at Kotuni. Australian Territories. 1961; 1(3): 26-31. Note: [1958: Gahuku]. 2. Wurm, S. A. Languages: Eastern, Western and Southern Highlands, Territory of Papua & New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University; 1961. Map. (Linguistic Circle of Canberra Publications, Series D; v. 4). Note: [general PNGH]. 3. Wurm, S. A., Editor. Bulletin No. 1. Canberra: Australian National University; 1964. iv, 9 pp. (Linguistic Circle of Canberra Publications, Series D; v. 1). 4. Wurm, S. A. Spreading of Languages in the South-western Pacific. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Linguistics; 1975. Map. (Pacific Linguistics, Series D; v. 27). Note: [general NG]. 5. Wurm, S. A., Editor. Language Maps of the Highland Provinces, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Linguistics; 1978. iii, 6 pp. + 2 Foldout Charts + 6 Foldout Maps. (Pacific Linguistics, Series D; v. 11). Note: [general PNGH]. 6. Wurm, S. A. The Application of the Comparative Method to Papuan Languages: General and Highlands. In: Wurm, S. A., Editor. New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Vol. 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Linguistics; 1975: 237-261. (Pacific Linguistics, Series C; v. 38). Note: [general NG]. 7. Wurm, S. A. Aribwatsa, an Almost Extinct Language in Northeastern Papua New Guinea. In: Wurm, S. A., Editor. Materials on Languages in Danger of Disappearing in the Asia-Pacific Region No. 1: Some Endangered Languages of Papua New Guinea: Kaki Ae, Musom, and Aribwatsa. -
Kwomtari Phonology and Grammar Essentials
Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages Volume 55 Kwomtari Phonology and Grammar Essentials edited by Murray Honsberger Carol Honsberger Ian Tupper 2008 SIL-PNG Academic Publications Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea Papers in the series Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages express the authors’ knowledge at the time of writing. They normally do not provide a comprehensive treatment of the topic and may contain analyses which will be modified at a later stage. However, given the large number of undescribed languages in Papua New Guinea, SIL- PNG feels that it is appropriate to make these research results available at this time. René van den Berg, Series Editor Copyright © 2008 SIL-PNG Papua New Guinea [email protected] Published 2008 Printed by SIL Printing Press Ukarumpa, Eastern Highlands Province Papua New Guinea ISBN 9980-0-3426-0 Table of Contents List of maps and tables...................................................................................viii Abbreviations.................................................................................................... ix Introduction to the Kwomtari people and language by Carol Honsberger, Murray Honsberger and Ian Tupper ............. 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Language setting.................................................................................. 2 1.2 The Kwomtari people........................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Traditional way of life -
Supplementary Module 2.4 Language Ecology an Introduction to The
Language Strand Unit 2: The Nature of Language Supplementary Module 2.4 Language Ecology An Introduction to the Ecology of PNG Community Languages Student Support Material LA 2.4 Language Ecology ii Acknowledgements Materials written and compiled by Dr Steve Pickford in consultation with Elizabeth Topa, Holy Trinity PTC, Ben Tamengit, Gaulim PTC and George Kinavai, Madang PTC. Layout and diagrams supported by Nick Lauer. Date: 4 August 2003 PASTEP Primary and Secondary Teacher Education Project Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) GRM International Papua New Guinea-Australia Development Cooperation Program Additional Student Support Material LA 2.4 Language Ecology iii Unit outline Unit # Modules 1 Language Families (Core) Unit 2 2 Spoken and Written Language (Core) The Nature of Language 3 Language Structure (Core) 4 Language Ecology (Optional) Icons Read or research Write or summarise Activity or discussion Additional Student Support Material LA 2.4 Language Ecology iv Contents Part A: An Introduction to the Ecology of PNG Community Languages Introduction: Language Ecology………………………………………………….….1 Reading 1: Vanishing voices – the ecology of language …………………………5 Languages as Memories…………………………………………………………....13 Language as Identities……………………………………………………………....14 Language Ecology and the impact of literacy………………………………….….16 Selecting and encoding a language ……………………………………………….17 Problems of standardisation……………………………………………………...…17 Language Shift……………………………………………………………………….18 Types of Languages……………………………………………………………...….19 Why is it important?………………………………………………………………….21 Appendix 1: Languages of Papua New Guinea List ……………………………..22 Additional Student Support Material LA 2.4 Language Ecology 1 Part A: An Introduction to the Ecology of PNG Community Languages Prerequisites An Introduction to the Ecology of PNG Community Languages (3.3a) is the first of two modules on the topic of Language at Home and at School, within Unit 3: Language as Social Practice. -
ANUA 233 – Stephen Wurm Papers Download List
ANUA 233 – Stephen Wurm papers Download list AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES ANUA 233 Creator: Professor Stephen Wurm Series Title: Papers, 1922-2001 Box Item Item Title Description Format Date Range CORRESPONDENCE 1 1 Letters Re conferences, books, cheque book 1954-1956 2 Private and official letters Includes correspondence re New Guinea languages 1954-1956 3 Oceanic letters Letters from A. Capell, New Guinea Department of 12 Nov 1949 Education, Elkin, list of Hazara words of possible - 23 Jan 4 Correspondence re New Guinea 1958-1959 5 Carbon copies of letters 1958 Includes translation of Mustafa Yanbolu's petition to 1958 Queen Elizabeth, correspondence with John Barnes, Jeremy Beckett re Indigenous languages in western 6 Correspondence re New Guinea Includes information about field equipment 1958 7 Information about Trip Equipment in New Guinea 1958 8 Correspondence 1958 Includes letters from A. Capell 1957-1958 9 Correspondence Letter from A Capell on the Wurm's arrival in Australia 1954-2001 [1954]; Stephen's American Social Security Account card [1965]; letter re election as Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities [1977]; letter from Chancellor John Crawford [1982]; letter from Peter Karmel, Vice-Chancellor on Wurm's retirement [1987]; 10 Correspondence Letters to and from Stephen Wurm while travelling in 1973-1974 Alaska, includes correspondence with Sebeok at 11 Correspondence Letters to and from Stephen Wurm while travelling in 1973-1974 Alaska, includes correspondence with Sebeok at 12 Correspondence Letters arranging trip to Lima; Letter from D. Laycock to 1985 Professor Shanks, Vice-Chancellor of University of Adelaide 1986; List of books for sale ADMINISTRATIVE PAPERS, RESEARCH SCHOOL OF PACIFIC STUDIES Copy of ANUA 233 Wurm updated 2019.xls 1 AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES ANUA 233 Creator: Professor Stephen Wurm Series Title: Papers, 1922-2001 Box Item Item Title Description Format Date Range Papers relating to the Linguistics Departments contribution to the ANU Annual Report. -
Pacific Languages Pacific Languages
Pacific Languages Pacific Languages AN INTRODUCTION John Lynch © 1998 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 98 99 00 01 02 03 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lynch, John Pacific languages: an introduction / [John Lynch]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–8248–1898–9 (alk. paper) 1. Pacific Area—Languages. I. Title. P381.P3L96 1998 499—dc21 97–24552 CIP University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources Designed by Josie Herr This book is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic for- mat for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Creative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Please refer to the credit lines and source nota- tions in the book to determine the copyright holders for images and other third- party material. The open-access ISBNs are 9780824842581 (PDF) and 9780824881832 (EPUB). The open-access editions of this publication were made possible by The Univer- sity of the South Pacific (USP) OER Course Conversion Grant. This competitive funding program is open to all USP faculty and staff wishing to integrate open materials into mainstream teaching and learning.