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Georgia Historical Society Georgia Historical Society Hopeton, Model Plantation of the Antebellum South Author(s): James M. Clifton Reviewed work(s): Source: The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Winter, 1982), pp. 429-449 Published by: Georgia Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40580967 . Accessed: 12/12/2012 13:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Georgia Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Georgia Historical Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Wed, 12 Dec 2012 13:10:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hopeton,Model Plantation of the AntebellumSouth By JamesM. Clifton 1833, J. D. Legare, renownededitor of the SouthernAgri- culturist,wrote in his journal followinga visit to Hopeton Plantationon the Altamaha River in Glynn County,Georgia: We hesitatenot to sayHopeton is decidedlythe best plantation we have evervisited, and we doubtwhether it can be equalled in the SouthernStates; and whenwe considerthe extent of thecrops, the varietyof thesame, and thenumber of operativeswho have to be directedand managed,it willnot be presumptiveto saythat it may fairlychallenge comparison with any establishmentof the United States,for the systematic arrangement of thewhole, the regularity and precisionwith which each and all of theoperations are carried out,and the perfectand dailyaccountability established in every department.1 Too, Hopeton is probablythe finestexample among antebellum southern plantationsof crop diversification,with three major - staples sea island cotton,sugar, and rice- being producedsimul- taneouslyand some yearshaving approximately the same acreage devoted to each. Finally, the surviving Hopeton records are amazinglycomplete for virtually the entireantebellum era, thus providingfor an in-depthanalysis of crop production,operational procedures,slave managementpractices, and the plantation's profitability. Hopeton was establishedin 1805 by John Couper and James Hamilton,who had come to Savannah togetherfrom Scotland in the fall of 1755 as teenageboys and subsequentlyremained close in both personal and business ties. The original two thousand acres were soon expanded to forty-fivehundred. The 637 slaves, ij. D. Legare, "Account of an Agricultural Excursion Made into the South of Georgia in the Winter of 1832; by the Editor," Southern Agriculturistand Register of Rural Affairs6 (June-August1833), 359. Mr. Clifton is professorof historyat SoutheasternCommunity College, Whiteville, North Carolina. The Georgia Historical Quarterly Vol. LXVI, No. 4, Winter 1982 This content downloaded on Wed, 12 Dec 2012 13:10:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 430 GeorgiaHistorical Quarterly manyof direct African extraction, were purchased to preparethe fields,first for sea islandcotton, then sugar, and finallyrice as the principalcrops of theplantation.2 Records for Hopeton are very scantyuntil 1818, when James Hamilton Couper, John Couper's twenty-threeyear old son and Hamilton'snamesake, became man- ager followinghis graduationfrom Yale; henceforth,there are completecrop reports to 1841and financialrecords to the1850s.3 The partnershipof JohnCouper and JamesHamilton ended in 1826.Over the years Couper fell victim to suchvicissitudes as theburden of heavy borrowing (both to establishand sustainthe plantation)at 8 percentcompound interest, losses of profitsfrom theEmbargo and Non-IntercourseActs before the War of 1812, and theloss of sixty prime slaves valued at fifteenthousand dollars at thehands of the British during the war, replaced only through moreborrowed capital. Finally, the loss of twocomplete cotton crops,first in 1824to a hurricaneand thenin 1825to caterpillars, in conjunctionwith declining prices of cotton,slaves, and land, convincedhim to sell his portionof theplantation and slavesto Hamilton.Hamilton, in turn,sold one-halfinterest in Hopeton along with381 slavesto JamesHamilton Couper for$137,000 to be paid overa periodof fifteenyears at 6 percentinterest. Couperwas to receivehalf the profits of the plantationand two thousanddollars per annum as manager.4James Hamilton died in 1829,but Coupercontinued to manageon thesame basis for the Hamiltonestate until 1841, when, to freehimself from debt, he turnedback his interest in theplantation to theestate. From 1841 to 1850,Couper, no longerentitled to halfof Hopeton'sprofits, 2John Couper Papers, Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Georgia; List of Slaves Belonging to James Hamilton and John Couper, January, 1806, Francis Porteus Corbin Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; Memories of Charles Spalding Wylly, Mackay-Stiles Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, N.C.; James C. Bonner, The Georgia Story (Oklahoma City, 1961) , 164-69; George M. White, Historical Collections of Georgia (New York, 1855) , 469. 3The James Hamilton Couper Plantation Records (1818-1854) in the Southern Historical Collection consist of four volumes. The firsttwo volumes are detailed plantation accounts; volume three gives a complete summary of the crops at Hopeton from 1818 to 1841; and volume four, entitled "Agricultural Notes," is a compilation of the observations of Couper as to the production and processing of the various crops. 4John Couper to James Couper, 24 May 1828, John Couper Papers, Southern Historical Collection; List of Slaves Belonging to James Hamilton Couper, 1826, Corbin Papers; Couper Plantation Records. This content downloaded on Wed, 12 Dec 2012 13:10:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HoPETON,Model Plantation 431 receiveda salaryof five thousand dollars as manager,and for1851 and 1852 (at whichtime the financial records cease), six thousand dollars.6Francis Porteus Corbin, who had marriedHamilton's onlychild and heiressof the plantation,joined Couper as co- managerof the plantation in 1856.From then until the Civil War Couperco-managed Hopeton on a half-interestpartnership with Corbin.6When James Hamilton Couper became manager in 1818, Hopeton'splanted acreage was 544 acres; by 1841, 957 acres; and by 1857,1,025 acres.7 The originalslave population of 637 in 1806 had decreasedby themid- 1840s to about 500 whereit remained forthe rest of the antebellum period.8 A quicksurvey of Hopeton'scrop records from 1818 to 1841 (see Figures1 and 2) indicatesthat Hopeton was initiallya sea Figure One Hopeton AgriculturalTrends Profile 800 Cotton p - Sugar ^ 700 Rice Í V^ «50°- '; ' / 400- V g<30°- y^. yyf - h^^y ' 200 / :* ' -; 100- / ' /^*'****"". ^ 1 j ' i V'''" o 1 i i i i i i n'"ì" i i i V i i i i i iXi-j - i- i 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 YEAR SOURCE: Couper Plantation Records öCouper Plantation Records; Charles Spalding Wylly, typescript concerning James Hamilton Couper's entry into planting, Mackay-StilesPapers. eCorbin Papers. 7Couper Plantation Records; James Hamilton Couper to Francis Porteus Corbin, 6 March 1857, Corbin Papers. 8List of Slaves Belonging to James Hamilton and John Couper, January, 1806, Corbin Papers; Charles Lyell, Second Visit to North America, 2 vols. (New York, 1849) , 1: 261-62; Manuscript Census Returns, Schedule II, Glynn County, Georgia, 1850 and 1860. This content downloaded on Wed, 12 Dec 2012 13:10:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 432 Georgia Historical Quarterly 2 "03 £J OONOO00 Ng PQ "53 *^* oot^oo o o 8 PS5 ç* 5 rfj Q © Q «O C* tR C4MQ w M V ÍO£JrHX>OOi-HOQOOOt^OOí*-« P •« t<n9( (MO) O) iQ O >í) iQO) Nt H g pq ^h" p-í^« ^ ofÎNeî i <• C4i-iiC500»O M< Cvfl>»r> iOC^XOTttÍ>^O^00©>O?í có u ^ *° o 00 d § S 2 »q«O oo-^l oo 0A^^c^fiq^î-.oow j „ S« b î> is t> w h « © h Tjî oo o flo i> ^* ö 00<0«0O 'S ^OOiS^S^O^^OOíOOOCvfr-^OOtOOO^ il 13 I S S g S S 2 S io S 5 S §1 ä g{1 ^ .H HOHH^eOOi^^OOiflN Ü J 5 S riiOiHtONMOOtOeOFHQOQO I "** "d ftß W W O O O5 îfi ìfì di 00 0)CT>»-*0 tû (O ^ OJ T*< O JS oo o Sí S S S 5; S » g S ^3 cUoo S nS5wS§ "g wis »ij;« o» c^ oo q oo * ^ ^H cr q q ooot^c^i-t«-i g »So irrrs00^*"*0^^ ^ «-• NwoN c^oTt^^oo^cví o I I M ^«5 0)<Û^O>0 (O <O O if) © 00 WOO OWmO *■* Ü O XT) (M r- ïO S 00 ^ 00 OO $î O ^h C4 22 OO ^HU) )fì 1Í) OQ (Oj-H IQ ^h i-i *-h 1- I g <J IT) m NNNDIH ,_) jM ï. I S Jh OOOOhNW^ IOÇÛ^OOOJOfhWW^iOONooOOiH 65 ^ 00000000000000 oocooooooooooooooooooooooooocoooco O This content downloaded on Wed, 12 Dec 2012 13:10:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hopeton, Model Plantation 433 island cotton plantation (all 544 planted acres in 1818 were in that crop). Then from 1826 to 1828 rice became the principal crop,only to give way to sugar from1830 to 1832. Rice regained the ascendancyin 1833 for the remainder of the antebellum period.By 1838,rice had become the onlycommercial staple, with cottondiscontinued entirely and only 40 acres planted in sugar cane, principallyfor molasses as provisions.The 1841 crop report shows714 acres planted in rice;9by 1857, rice covered 810 acres out of a total of 1,025 acres planted at Hopeton. The only other staple still to be planted, sugar cane, had been reduced to just 25 acres.10 Hopeton's crop recordbook shows a definitepattern of con- versionfrom sea islandcotton to sugarto rice.Such a patternprob- ably resultedfrom both pragmaticexperimentation and a con- sciousconversion as a resultof long-rangeplanning.
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