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The Preservation of Tabby Ruins: Suggestions for the Future of Chocolate Plantation ______

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Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2016 The rP eservation of Tabby Ruins: Suggestions for the Future of Chocolate Plantation Rachel Walling Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Walling, Rachel, "The rP eservation of Tabby Ruins: Suggestions for the Future of Chocolate Plantation" (2016). All Theses. 2328. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2328 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PRESERVATION OF TABBY RUINS: SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF CHOCOLATE PLANTATION ______________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Schools of Clemson University and the College of Charleston ______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Historic Preservation ______________________________________________________ by Rachel Walling May 2016 ______________________________________________________ Accepted by: Amalia Leifeste, Committee Chair Craig Bennett Kristopher King Richard Marks, III 1 ABSTRACT The preservation efforts undertaken at historic tabby sites have varied greatly from site to site with differing levels of success. A critical look at different preservation strategies enables the development of best practices for appropriate tabby preservation. These best practices may be applied to an array of sites but are tested in this thesis as they are applied to Chocolate Plantation. Chocolate Plantation is a historic site from the early nineteenth century composed primarily of tabby buildings on the Georgia barrier island of Sapelo. Constructed during the Spalding Era of tabby, between the years 1790 and 1875, Chocolate is representative of plantation design in the most active era of tabby construction. After years of neglect, Chocolate stands primarily in ruin with no plan for preservation or interpretation. Aided by the analysis of other tabby ruins of the Spalding Era this thesis seeks to find an appropriate solution for the preservation of Chocolate through the creation of a preservation plan. Working from a list of over fifty Spalding Era tabby ruins, sites are analyzed for their preservation strategies. The analysis narrows the tabby sites further to a few model samples that display specific preservation options that may be applied to Chocolate Plantation. These sites were chosen for their similarities in ownership, accessibility, and condition to Chocolate so that the application of strategies are more directly relatable. The recommendations compiled for Chocolate Plantation offer strategies that have been utilized with success at other sites. The comparative analysis as a whole provides a broader look at preservation of tabby structures by synthesizing best practices from most remaining tabby sites. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my thanks to all those who have offered me their insight, guidance, and support throughout this thesis process. First, to our great program director, Carter Hudgins, thank you for answering all of my emails over the summer that pushed me into finding a thesis topic that truly interested and excited me.To Fred Hay, manager of Sapelo Island, thank you for giving me the idea to explore preservation at Chocolate Plantation. To Amalia Leifeste, my thesis advisor, who constantly pushed my vague ideas into clearer and more substantial directions. Without your guidance I would have been totally lost in this process. And to my committee, including Craig Bennett, Richard Marks, and Kristopher King whose guidance, experience, and connections contributed greatly to making my thesis better. Special thanks to Colin Brooker for answering all of my emails and phone calls. Your experience with tabby preservation provided me with valuable information that you were always so willing to share. Thank you too for introducing me to the very helpful and gracious John Huntley of Historic Dataw Foundation. A big thank you to Mr. Huntley for allowing me access on to your great tabby site and for allowing me to borrow your personal papers related to the management of Sams Plantation. Another big thank you to all of those who answered my emails and phone calls and provided me with information into tabby site management: Morgan Baird at the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, William Brunson with Camden County PSA, Royce Hayes with St. Catherines Island, Kyle Messina at the De Soto National Memorial, Angie Spisak of the Tolomato Island Property Owners Association, and many others with the National Park Service and State Park systems. iii A huge thank you to my fabulous group of friends in the MSHP program. Meghan White, Meredith Wilson, Haley Schriber, and Jean Stoll, you have all helped me persevere in this program and throughout the thesis process. I could not have done this without your constant friendship and support. And lastly, to my amazing mother, you introduced me to Sapelo Island and Chocolate Plantation, prompting the topic of my thesis. Thank you for accompanying me on the long bike rides up to Chocolate and exploring the Sapelo wilderness to find hidden tabby building remains.Your strength, optimism, and support has always guided me in positive directions and has proved extremely valuable and inspirational in every aspect of my life. iv6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION, HISTORIC CONTEXT & EXISTING LITERATURE.......................................................................1 Introduction...................................................................................1 Part 1: History of Sapelo Island......................................................7 Part 2: History of Chocolate Plantation........................................27 Part 3: History of Tabby..............................................................31 Part 4: Literature Review.............................................................43 II. THE LAYOUT OF CHOCOLATE PLANTATION...............................61 Methodology...............................................................................61 Chocolate Plantation Site Conditions.........................................63 III. ANALYSIS OF TABBY RUIN SITES...................................................85 Part 1: Broad Analysis ................................................................85 Part 2: Comparables Sites to Chocolate Plantation...................128 Part 3: Exemplary Sites for Tabby Preservation.......................146 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSIONS.....................................157 Recommendations for Chocolate Plantation.............................157 Conclusions................................................................................161 APPENDICES..............................................................................................................165 A: Site List.................................................................................................167 B: Site Surveys...........................................................................................177 C: Chocolate Plantation Condition Photos................................................203 D: Chocolate Plantation Building Recommendations................................219 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................233 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Deteriorated tabby wall, McIntosh Sugar Mill, Georgia...................................2 1.2 Map of Sapelo Island, GA.................................................................................3 1.3 Aerial view of Chocolate Plantation today.........................................................4 1.4 Map of Georgia Barrier Islands..........................................................................8 1.5 Shell Ring, Sapelo Island, GA.........................................................................10 1.6 Map of Sapelo’s Geechee communities...........................................................24 1.7 Map of Chocolate Plantation Tract..................................................................30 1.8 Interpretive sign of tabby construction and tabby cradle reproduction, Dataw Island, SC.............................................................................................37 1.9 Failing stucco, Stoney-Baynard Plantation, SC..............................................38 1.10 Fragile tabby floor at Kingsley Plantation, FL.................................................39 1.11 Pitched tabby roof at Sams Plantation of Dataw Island, SC.............................40 1.12 Remaining beam of tabby roof system, The Thicket, Tolomato Island, GA.......40 1.13 Rectangular column, McIntosh Sugar Mill, Camden County, GA....................41 1.14 Deteriorating tabby bricks,
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